Dialectical Approach Research Articles

Dialectical Study of Class Division in Harper Lee’s to Kill a Mockingbird

This study employs Marxist analysis to the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, focusing on the portrayal of class divide within the story. The examination of social stratification is a prominent subject in Marxism, and Marx himself asserts in the Communist Manifesto that the progression of all societies throughout history is characterized by conflicts between different social classes (Marx & Engels, 1969). Marxism is a prominent literary criticism theory that examines issues such as injustice, exploitation, class separation, and alienation. Marxism posits that the primary purpose of literature is to foster class consciousness and incite a revolution among the working class (Beteillie, 2007). The study is characterized by its qualitative nature and employs an interpretive methodology. The story is analyzed using a dialectical approach, revealing that class separation serves as the fundamental source of injustice, social discrimination, and exploitation. The study demonstrates that American society was fragmented based on both social class and race. In America, race not only served as a means of categorization but also contributed to the split between the privileged upper class and the economically disadvantaged and marginalized class.

Trends and peculiarities of local budgets functioning in the conditions of war

The paper summarizes the theoretical and applied principles of functioning of local budgets as a component of public finance, an instrument for ensuring financial self-sufficiency, regulating socio-economic development and stimulating investment activity of regions and territorial communities, and identifies their features (territorial affiliation, dependence of the volume of local budget funds on the economic potential of the territory, social orientation, dependence on interbudgetary transfers, imperative and regulatory certainty of budgetary. The paper examines the impact of fiscal decentralization on the functioning of local budgets and the ability of local governments and executive authorities at different levels of administrative and territorial structure to exercise delegated and own powers. Based on the use of methodological tools of the dialectical approach to cognition of the essence of local budgets, a comprehensive scientific approach to this definition is formulated in terms of essence, content, form and as a phenomenon. The social purpose of local budgets is clarified, the realities are analyzed and the peculiarities of their functioning in wartime are revealed. The expediency of changes in the budget process is argued, changes in budget and tax legislation are characterized. Based on the analysis of the dynamics, composition of revenues and expenditures of local budgets, the main problems of formation and use of budgetary resources of local governments are identified. It is argued that one of the most important problems in the organization of budgetary relations at the local level is the discrepancy between local budget revenues and the need of local governments and local executive authorities for financial resources to ensure the provision of quality and affordable public services to the population.

UP TO A POINT, THE DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM IS DIALECTICAL IDEALISM, IN HEGEL’S MEANING; BUT THEN IT IS MORE

The paper investigates the common and different features of Hegel’s and Marx’s philosophy, thus not the historical and personal aspects of authors are important but the internal articulation of their philosophical methodologies. These features are both the dialectical approach of the knowledge of the world and, somehow deriving from the dialectical method, the understanding of objectivity. The beauty and limits of the dialectical pattern of Hegel is shown in his treatment of the finites. The analysis is rather andialogue between the dialectical idealism and the dialectical materialism. The conclusion is not a synthesis seen dogmatically - as a final state, apotheosis of philosophy - but as an inherent development of thought, therefore even as its division into the never-completed dialectical materialist methodology and the eternally necessary convergence of philosophical interrogations and science.

Military training in modern geopolitical realities

Introduction. An assessment is made of the role of military training in terms of the geopolitical stability of Russia as an important player on the world stage. The interrelation of war and military affairs from the factors of domestic and foreign policy is shown.Purpose setting. The problem of military training in the conditions of military confrontation with the countries of the «collective West» is put forward as the fundamental task of the study. Analyzing the reforms of the country's military organization, starting from the 2000s of the XX century, the author focuses on the fact that the sovereignty of the state can be ensured only if there is a combat-ready Armed Forces, where an important role belongs to a full-fledged military mobilization reserve. Two components of the personnel of the Ministry of Defense – professional military personnel and those liable for military service who are in the reserve – act as a condition and guarantor of their readiness to repel aggression. Therefore, their military training should be organized taking into account changes in the field of military affairs, and the system of military training itself should cover the entire population.Methodology and methods of the study. The methodology is based on the analysis and comparison of the experience of military reforms by the top leadership of the military department of the Russian Federation since the early 2000s and the solution of these issues at the present time and in the near future. The dialectical approach helps the author to show the causal relationship of military reforms in Russia and their impact on the state of military educational activities, and, accordingly, the quality of training of military personnel.Results. The results of the study should be considered a demonstration of military training in Russia from the point of view of the changed conditions of geopolitics.Conclusions. The outcomes that conclude this study sum up the full range of information presented that, in order to ensure long-term peace, a country must have a reliable military capability based on militarily trained human resources. It is not by chance that the article analyzes the nature of the special military operation in Ukraine. This experience, as well as the experience of Russia's participation in other wars and military conflicts, allows us to substantiate the conclusions about the organization of an effective system of professional military training in Russia.

Does Free Will Really Exist? The Motivational Congruence Theory's Perspective.

Free will plays a critical role in human motivation. Recent advances in science and technologies have had a significant impact on free will. They have raised serious concerns regarding the threatening effects of such advancements on perceived autonomy. However, there is still a longstanding debate on the existence of free will, known as the problem of free will. Philosophers have provided contrasting views regarding the existence of free will and its relationship with causal determination and mental causation problems. These problems are related to the underlying dualistic approach between mental and physical factors. Similar to the philosophy literature, the motivation literature is concerned with the problem of free will and its influence on motivation and performance. Cognitive evaluation and self-determination theories are the most renowned theories which assert the effect of autonomy (i.e., free will) on intrinsic motivation. However, these theories have mainly focused on the effect of the need for autonomy as an underlying driver of intrinsic motivation. They have not been able to address the fundamental question about the existence of actual free will and its effect on motivation and performance. This is mainly due to their dualistic approach in the form of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation dichotomization. Motivational congruence theory addresses the problem of free will and substantiates its effect by going beyond such a dualistic approach and resolving the related problems of mental causation and causal determination. The theory does this by taking a cotextualist and dialectical approach to the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational mechanisms and context.

Targeted financing of land reclamation works at agricultural enterprises: Accounting and reporting

Subject. This article discusses the issues of ensuring food security in Russia through improving the quality of agricultural land, which can be achieved through the implementation of reclamation measures on agricultural lands, the financing of which is performed through the provision of State aid. Objectives. The article aims to study the methodology of accounting for State aid to land reclamation works in agriculture, identify problems, and propose ways to solve them. Methods. For the study, I used a dialectical approach, observation, analysis and synthesis, comparison, as well as elements of the accounting method. Results. An analysis of the accounting of budget financing for land reclamation works reveals that different regulatory documents contain different methods. On the basis of this analysis, the article proposes a set of accounting records for State aid, as well as analytical accounts for accounting for budget financing for reclamation work performed for agricultural enterprises. Conclusions and Relevance. The proposed system of analytical accounting and accounting records for accounting of State aid for land reclamation works in agriculture will improve the efficiency of control over the targeted use of allocated budget funds. The results of the study can be applied in the system of accounting and internal control of agricultural organizations.

The Megaric Possibility Paradox

Abstract In Metaphysics Theta 3 Aristotle attributes to the Megarics and unknown others a notorious modal thesis: (M) something can φ only if it is φ-ing. Aristotle does not tell us what motivated (M). Almost all scholars take Aristotle’s report to indicate that the Megarics defended (M) as a highly counterintuitive doctrine in modal metaphysics. But this reading faces several problems. First: what would motivate the Megarics to hold such a counterintuitive view? The existing literature tries, in various ways, to motivate (M) in a way neither trivial nor absurd. But, as we will argue, the main approaches end up attributing an unsustainable position to the Megarics. Second: most historical evidence for the Megaric lineage presents the group’s philosophical practice as dialectical or negative. So why think that the claim reported in Theta 3 presents a positive, and highly controversial, metaphysical claim? This paper addresses these problems by proposing a dialectical (or negative) reading of the Megarics in Theta 3. By ‘dialectical’ we here mean a mode of philosophizing that neither seeks to establish the truth or falsity of certain theses, nor takes a skeptical stance. There are different reasons why a philosopher might want to take up such a mode; in the case of the Megarics we argue that they might have wanted to put pressure on Aristotle’s idea of possibility and the ‘test’ for possibility that Aristotle mentions in several works. Reading, as we do, (M) as (part of) a paradox about possibility and actuality, we argue that the Megarics’ dialectical approach here aims to highlight a shortcoming of an intuitive conception of possibility, which underpins Aristotle’s idea of possibility and which features in his test for possibility.

Psychological conditions of the impact of social exclusion during the pandemic on the psychoemotional state of students

Relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on all spheres of life, as it was preceded by a series of sweeping changes. Therefore, the study of the factors and objects on which it affected is an extremely topical issue in modern scientific doctrine. The increased interest is also due to the fact that social exclusion is a fairly new phenomenon in every society, to which citizens were clearly not prepared and which in turn provoked not only technical and organizational difficulties, but also psychological.Purpose. The aim of this work is to study the psychological conditions affecting the psycho-emotional state of students, in the context of the fight against acute respiratory disease COVID-19.Methodology. Different methods of scientific research were used to realize this goal. Among them functional and dialectical approaches, as well as a method of psychological analysis, synthesis, comparison, qualitative analysis of psychical phenomena.Results. As a result of the study, solid conclusions were obtained on the issue under consideration. Accordingly, the article reveals the theoretical part, which consists in establishing the essence and properties of basic concepts, such as distance learning, psycho-emotional state. In addition, practical results were also identified by examining the main conditions and factors that have the greatest impact on students and their internal condition during the pandemic and, consequently, general social exclusion.Conclusions. Later work should explore ways to reduce the impact of the pandemic and isolation on school-age children, to maintain their normal psycho-emotional state. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that it can be used both by teachers during the educational process and by parents or directly by students who are studying remotely and are forced to be isolated from other social groups.

Enhancing Young Violinists’ Musical Identities Using a Dialectical Approach Drawn from the Stanislavsky System

ABSTRACT This paper draws on the fields of music education and actor training. It describes the use of acting techniques based on the Stanislavsky system in music education as a means of facilitating the exploration of musical identity in young violinists. It also investigates how acting activities can enhance students’ development through the social interactions of group teaching, and how the power of language, storytelling, imagination, and fiction can trigger meaningful processes and influence behaviour by shaping and shifting young students’ beliefs about a performer’s musical identity. The focus of this article is on the application of approaches and activities, based on the Stanislavsky system, to music education, in the context of violin pedagogy.

EDUCAÇÃO PARA UMA CULTURA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS: compartilhamento intersubjetivo de valores

ABSTRACT: The set of Human Rights is a direct response to the totalitarian practices of extermination of human beings, the result of a technical-instrumental rationality, during World War II (1939 - 1945). Thus, this article seeks to investigate whether education is an adequate strategy for the formation of a multidimensional Culture of Human Rights based on the intersubjective sharing of values, without using force/violence or political/economic superiority as elements as promoters of the commons. It begins with the presentation of some concepts and characteristics regarding education and Human Rights. Next, the multiplicity of foundations and dimensions of Human Rights Education HRE as outlined from the second half of the twentieth century, in international and national documents. Finally, the main characteristics of a technical-instrumental world-culture and the possibilities of social transformation are addressed, through human interaction mediated by communication. The article is developed in a dialectical approach, using the literature review as a technique, which subsidizes the discussion of concepts and the analysis of some legal documents. After the investigative path, it is concluded that HRE is a multidimensional strategy for promoting a Culture of Human Rights by reinforcing the common aspects of humanity, producing consensus around human dignity, respect, and inclusion, without resorting to the use of force, threat, or oppression.

СИСТЕМА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ТРУДОВЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ: РЕЗЕРВЫ ДЕФИНИЦИЙ, ВЕКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ И МЕРЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

The subject of the research is the social and labor relations of subjects of the labor process and representatives of related segments of the social and labor sphere, underlying the formation and development of the general system. The object is the carriers of these relations in the main link of the economy and other economic entities associated with it. The paper aims to analyze the content of social and labor relations and develop recommendations for adopting regulatory measures. The research methods include scientific abstraction, comparison (contrast), and logical and dialectical approaches. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the generalization of the evolution of the formation and specification of the content of social and labor relations. The results of the scientific search were updated conclusions that deepen the understanding of the essence of the studied relations, and recommendations for the formation and implementation of the corresponding policy addressed to the main link of the economy, government authorities of different levels, as well as individual educational institutions.

"Dasein" или "поток переживаний": онтологические основания человека через призму феноменологического и психоаналитического подходов

The article addresses the problem of human existence from the standpoint of phenomenological and psychoanalytic approaches. Human existence from the standpoint of phenomenology is revealed by the concept of Dasein – “here is being” – derived from the consciousness of a person whose being is the being of his consciousness. Psychoanalysis considers human existence as a stream of experiences, often of an unconscious nature, as a result of “games of the unconscious”; however, consciousness and living by the consciousness of the irrational unconscious drives have a therapeutic significance in the treatment of mental disorders, and therefore consciousness is of crucial importance in the ontological foundations of psychoanalysis. This confirms the desubjectifying and rationalizing role of the analyst in a psychoanalytic situation. The aim of the article is to consider the ontological foundations of man through the prism of phenomenological and psychoanalytic approaches. As a result, their common and special features were identified, the concept of Dasien analysis was considered, represented by the use of a phenomenological approach to psychoanalysis. The methodology of the study is related to its problem field. The main method of research is phenomenological analysis. The research also relies on a number of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, modeling, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction. When considering human existence, a dialectical approach was used in the context of the study of the relations of the dichotomous pair “consciousness – the unconscious” as the subject-object foundations of existence. Exploring human existence through the prism of phenomenology and psychoanalysis, similarities were revealed in the understanding of the role of rational or conscious processes in human existence in the works of Martin Heidegger and Sigmund Freud. In phenomenology, the intentionality of consciousness was considered as the most essential being, Dasein residing in active actual thinking. In psychoanalysis, consciousness is the possibility of healing from mental disorders, where the awareness and rationalization of the problem become the central tools of psychoanalytic therapy. For Dasein analysis, consciousness is actually equated with human existence; namely, Dasein is a true reality, while not split by the dichotomy of subject-object relations.

Methods of judicial argumentation in case of semantic uncertainty of a legal text

While in non-legal texts linguistic uncertainty either does not hinder normal linguistic practices or can be removed by clarifications, the elimination of uncertainty in legal texts is complicated since peculiarities of legal language precludes its complete exclusion. Accordingly, the task of overcoming legal uncertainty is delegated to the judge and the question arises as to what methods of dealing with the legal text are applicable. The article examines the approaches distinguished in the theory of legal argumentation to assess whether they can offer a methodology which will be able to overcome the policy consequences of the language “open texture” as a characteristic of uncertainty of the natural language in which legal texts are presented by formalizing the process of choosing one of the possible options of the legal text interpretation in judicial decisions. The author concludes that the methods to deal with an uncertain legal text offered by the topicalrhetorical and dialectical approach are limited to the formulation of requirements for the process of argumentation (which do not guarantee absolute predictability of the decision to be made), as well as criteria to evaluate the justification of the decision retrospectively. In turn, the possibility to critically assess the arguments limits the arbitrariness, forcing the judge to follow standards of acceptability and sufficiency of the reasoning to justify their decision.

First Level of Health Care: The Autonomous Role of Nurses

Introduction: although nursing autonomy is advancing with national legislation towards a competency-based approach, a positivist vision centered on biomedical aspects persists, limiting comprehensive care. Despite training and experience, role conflicts and oppression by the medical team persist, impeding freedom of decision and leading to job dissatisfaction.Objective: to analyze the professional autonomy of nurses in type A, B and C health centers at the first level of care in Health District 09D04 - Febres Cordero.Method: qualitative, descriptive, and dialectical approach, based on the perceptions of nursing professionals about their autonomy in Health District 09D04.Results: the perception of autonomy in the first level of health care is limited, under pressure and subject to demanding schedules. There are restrictions imposed by parameters and regulations, although benefits such as quality care and educational responsibility are recognized. Legal limitations, lack of support and restrictions affecting nurses' autonomy are also identified.Conclusions: to empower nurses, a series of measures are required at both the practical and educational levels. These include the implementation of laws that support their autonomy, ongoing training, the promotion of a favorable work environment, and the strengthening of their educational background with a focus on leadership and solution-finding skills

MODERNIZATION OF THE CONTENT OF HISTORICAL EDUCATION: STEREOTYPES OF NATIONAL HISTORY – «KHORTYTSIA SICH»

The proposed article highlights the genesis of the Zaporozhian Sich, on the clarification of which the approach to the coverage of the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks largely depends. The purpose of the article is to refute the stereotype of national history about the «town» of Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi as the first Zaporozhian Sich and to reflect the relevant terminology in school textbooks and manuals in order to modernize historical education. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and a dialectical approach to the analysis of historical phenomena. It is emphasized that the emergence of the Cossack center on the southern border was due to the growth of its numbers and the need to protect Ukrainian lands from Tatar expansion. No direct evidence of the functioning of the Sich in the 50s of the 16th century has been found in written sources, only the presence of a «town» or «castle» in Zaporizhzhia is recorded. Hence, the idea of identifying Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi's «town» with the so-called Khortytska Sich seems doubtful. At the same time, the representative of an aristocratic family made great efforts to defend Ukrainian lands, thus contributing to the consolidation of the Cossack population. This is the outstanding role of Prince Knight Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi in national history. And the castle he built on the Kichka Cape of the Dnipro River, also recorded in the sources on the island of Mala Khortytsia, became a kind of prototype of the fortification of the Zaporozhian community, which, having established itself on the island of Tomakivka in the 80s of the sixteenth century, was called the Zaporozhian Sich. Thus, the study refutes the stereotypes of national history in order to modernize historical education.

La Méthodologie de la Pensée de Marx sur l’Histoire du Monde

Abstract: Marx’s thoughts on world history (WH) is an essential element of historical materialism, which focuses on the time’s characteristics, unifies theory and practice, and grasps correctly of the situation of human existence and historical development. The deepening of globalization has made the world development environment more complex and led to the intensification of social contradictions. In order to deeply grasp the law of world-historical development and better cope with the problems and challenges brought by globalization, this paper effectively studied the methodology of Marx’s world history thoughts (WHT). After conducting an in-depth analysis of the fundamental content, main issues and ideological features of WHT, this paper explored the methodological principles and significance. It gave full consideration to the practical revelation of the methodology of Marx’s WHT from the perspectives of foreign development and cooperation, scientific and technological level, and the choice of one’s development path. In the natural development process of responding to globalization, firmly following its development path has an important role and value in strengthening foreign development and cooperation, advancing technological capabilities and adopting a dialectical approach towards the development of globalization.

Peoples, nations and social heterogeneity. From Hegel to Laclau and back

Ernesto Laclau?s work, On Populist Reason, is a crucial landmark in the attempts of post-modern political philosophy to grasp the logic of contingency at work in the production of political subjects. However, in recent years, this post-foundationalist approach seems to have reached an impasse when confronted with the persistence, success and efficacy of certain poles of identification that seem to resist the idea of a radical contingency of collective engagements. I argue that a new dialogue between the Hegelian philosophy of history and Laclau?s post-foundationalism can be fruitful in overcoming this stalemate. Rather than reigniting the debate surrounding historicism, Laclau?s evocation of the notion of peoples without history allows for an exploration of the radical heterogeneity implied in the situational, somatic, and affective rootedness of the formation of historical identities. I ground this hypothesis in a detailed examining of Hegel?s own take on the a-historical spiritual formations and on the difference he makes between the ?people?, as institutionalized collective consciousness and the ?nation? as its situated genesis. I claim that this Hegelian dialectic approach to nationhood far from does not limit the political horizons to the ?nationalist? or ?nativist? rhetoric. Instead, it offers a new light on the challenges of post-foundationalist approaches when it comes to understanding the concreteness of political subjectivation.

Legal Pluralism As an Ideology and a Reality

The concepts of legal pluralism used in jurisprudence, anthropology, and sociology are characterized by internal inconsistency and in their radical version are reasonably criticized by many scientists who solve the dilemma of monism and pluralism in favor of the former. At the same time, they are not simple populism, have a long history and are fully correlated with various facts of socio-legal reality such as the existence of international law, informal (direct-social) law in certain social groups, the complex structure of state law, the variability of law-making, law enforcement, non-governmental implementation of law, etc. This prompts us to reconsider the prevailing ideas about the content and meaning of legal pluralism, to demonstrate the possibilities of creating a consistent theory of it. The work uses various methods of scientific research, in particular, a dialectical approach to society (state) and law, a sociological approach in which legal pluralism is considered in an inextricable relationship with social pluralism. It is shown that legal pluralism is, first of all, a type of legal understanding reflecting the idea of the need to reflect in law the conflicting interests (values, ideas) of various personalities, social groups and society, as well as one of the ways to solve social contradictions enshrined in law. It is proved that legal pluralism can manifest itself both as a plurality of systems (subsystems) of law in society, and as an internal pluralism inherent in a particular system (subsystem) of law. The facts of genuine pluralism and quasi-pluralism are distinguished. The general significance of the theory of legal pluralism is seen in the confirmation of the connection of law with the ideas of freedom, justice, competition, in the possibility of consolidating in law extremely diverse models of balancing the interests of various subjects, in substantiating the fact that legal pluralism plays a positive role when it adequately reflects social pluralism as a condition for the preservation and development of society.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The successful functioning of any business entity in a complex and rapidly changing environment of the economy is determined by its competitiveness. A competitive entity is an organization that has a high value and demand for its products. Therefore, one of the most important conditions for business development and expansion is considered to be the correct accounting of environmental costs, along with the skillful Organization of the methodology for accounting for production costs and costing. This article reveals the need to study environmental accounting in modern conditions aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of any production in order to reduce the impact of environmental damage caused by industrial enterprises. The purpose of the article is to disclose the methodology of "environmental cost accounting", which reflects the relationship between economic costs and environmental protection costs, which allows ensuring the competitiveness and reliability of products. During the execution of the article, various research methods were used, including the dialectical approach, monographic research and graphic methods. The results and conclusions obtained from the study are highlighted by the degree of influence of companies on the effective organization of environmental activities of organizations, in addition to demonstrating the ability of companies to use rational methods of effective management of economic and environmental costs and the formation of cost. In the scientific article, the definition of the formation of the target cost is formulated, the importance and methods of environmental accounting are studied to determine the competitiveness of products and the impact of production on the environment.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО РОЗВИТОК ВОЄННОГО (ВІЙСЬКОВОГО) ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

The relevance of the study is due to the prospects for the development of military tourism in Ukraine at the present time and after the end of active hostilities. The aim and objectives of the study are to analyze the essence and structure of this type of tourism, to identify the main challenges faced by this segment of the tourism market and the possibilities of their solution. The article applies systemic-structural and dialectical approaches to the consideration of the problems using the methods of analysis, synthesis, systematization, and modeling. It has been established that military tourism is a multi-segment phenomenon that unites all travels whose main motive is interest in military events and/or military equipment. These trips can be real and virtual, and can be made both to safe areas and to the zone of active hostilities. This type of tourism, like its subtypes, does not have a single name. The existing terminological uncertainty prevents the formation of a clear proposal. The controversial nature of the issue of whether travel to the area of active hostilities belongs to military tourism hinders the definition of the essence of this phenomenon and the development of regulatory support. This, in turn, does not allow to organize legal tourism activities in this segment and to guarantee travel safety; it affects the identification of tourist resources and territories that can be considered as tourist destinations. Obviously, this complicates the training of personnel for this segment of the tourism market and does not allow for the quality organization of work with local communities. A separate issue is the problem of interpreting the military heritage of the Soviet and imperial periods, since the entire territory of Ukraine was a zone of active hostilities of the First and Second World Wars, and this cannot be ignored when organizing military tours. It is found out that the existing problems should be solved at several levels: state (regulatory and legal support), sphere of tourism (development of standards, protocols, research on the needs of the target audience, ways to involve representatives of territorial communities and military retirees, etc.), higher education institutions (updating educational and professional programs), travel agencies (forming offers), by combining the efforts of state authorities, representatives of local self-government bodies, research and teaching staff, and business.