Dialectal Forms Research Articles

Interventions of post-colonial states in the normative structure of world politics: the case of Iran and the norm of democracy

Within Global IR a constructivist-postcolonial literature is emerging which inquires into how postcolonial states intervene into the normative structure of world politics. This research programme has less covered the question how postcolonial states relate to the international norm of democracy, how and in which ways do they contest this norm, and to which effects? This question is important both to study how the ‘postcolonial condition’ can be overcome, as well as to understand which contours and shapes the norm of democracy might be taking in a multiplex world. To study this multifaceted question from a perspective which acknowledges the shadow of the past, as well as the agency of postcolonial states, Wiener’s concept of norm contestation is applied and further developed in three respects: firstly, by staking out various forms of contestation, that is rejection, strategic contestation and the construction of alternative meaning; secondly, by bringing in identity as a mediating device which impacts the forms of contestation; and thirdly, by studying various sites of contestation where actors beyond the state are also taken into account. This framework is then applied to heuristically study the case of Iran which is of particular interest as it intervenes in the global contestation of the norm of democracy on a dual level of external resistance and internal dissent. Studying Iranian contestation at the UN, within Iran and in Iranian-EU engagement, it becomes evident that during times of geopolitical confrontation with the US, the spectre of the past is produced as present and the form of contestation features dialectics of hypocrisy which harm the norm of democracy. At the same time, we also see a strengthening of the norm of democracy through hybridity both in Iranian encounters with the EU, as well as in the contestation of meanings of democracy within Iran itself.

Labial Fricatives in the History of Frisian

Abstract The article has two aims: (1) to survey the main developments of labial fricatives in the history of Frisian; (2) to explain the varied developments of the voiced labial fricative more effectively based on the evidence Old Frisian spellings and reflexes in Modern Frisian dialects. As to the latter aim, it is argued that the currently accepted structural phonological explanation for the emergence of a systematic voicing alternation /f ~ v/ in early Old Frisian is too rigid. In agreement with Theodor Siebs, variable retention and lenition of the voiced bilabial fricative [β] presents another way of accounting for many of the Old Frisian spellings and Modern Frisian dialectal forms.

DIALECTISMS IN NOVEL "MAMY" BY MARIA MATIOS

The article analyzes the accentuation, phonetic, morphological, word-forming and phraseological dialectisms used in the six-act drama "Mamy" by Maria Mathios. Unlike lexical dialectisms, which are mostly presented in page-by-page footnotes with an interpretation of their semantics by the author, the speech units studied in the proposed article mostly function in the text of the work itself and do not require explanation, as they are completely understandable from the context. Instead, phraseological dialectisms are also often explained in footnotes, since their semantics may not be completely clear to the general public. At the same time, we observe the use of phonetic, morphological, accentuation and phraseological dialectisms precisely in the speech of the characters, although lexical ones are also presented in the author's speech. In addition, the researched work presents significant monologues of characters, which contain a number of various speech units from different structural levels of the language. Among the morphological dialectisms, we note speech features primarily in the field of nouns, in particular, the presence of the ending -y in the genitive singular of feminine nouns of the third declension; in verb forms, primarily in the preservation of ancient forms of the past tense, the function of the participle-postfix -sia is mainly in the preposition; in the writer's representation of a number of dialect forms of official parts of speech, as well as exclamations. Accentuational dialectisms are mostly paroxytonated units. Word-forming dialectisms differ from literary language mainly by suffixes, less often by prefixes. Phraseological dialecticisms used in the text of the novel are emotionally saturated, are an important element of the characters' speech, and function mostly with the main component of the verb and verbal semantics. The researched types of dialectisms recorded in the prose text are presented in dialects of the southwestern dialect, primarily Hutsul, Transnistrian, Bukovinian, Transcarpathian, and Boykish. The analyzed dialect units are an important component of the characters' individual speech, logically woven into the linguistic fabric of the artistic text.

Verschriftungsprinzipien im geschriebenen Dialekt: WhatsApp-Nachrichten aus Südtirol

Although the orthographic norm of the standard language has dominated most written registers of German, social media and other non-standardized digital contexts have recently given rise to the written use of dialects and vernaculars in informal communication. The written use of non-standard dialects is especially wide-spread in the south of the German-speaking area, e. g. in Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria and South Tyrol, where various studies have reported the use of dialectal forms in digital contexts such as Chatrooms, WhatsApp or Facebook (cf. Christen 2004; Glaznieks/Frey 2018). Using a corpus of South Tyrolean WhatsApp chats with corresponding audio recordings of the chat authors retelling the chat contents, we analyze four phonetic-phonological phenomena of Tyrolean dialects, characteristic of the southern German-speaking area: pre-consonantal s-retraction, the neutralization of the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in word-initial position, vowels undergoing umlaut or unrounding and the realisation of r in the coda of unstressed syllables. In particular, we analyze if and how these phenomena of the dialect are represented in the written form. The results show that Standard German graphematic conventions form the basis for most dialect spellings in WhatsApp chats. However, they are sometimes abandoned for the benefit of spellings that explicitly represent dialectal pronunciations. Interestingly, in some cases these dialectal spellings do not correspond to the pronunciation of the writers who, instead, opt for a pronunciation closer to that of the standard language.

전남 완도군 해녀의 언어 연구

This study analyzed the language of Haenyeo in Wando-gun lexically, grammatically, and phonologically. In the case of the vocabulary related to the name of the Haenyeo, their work style, and their work tool in Wando-gun, it was similar to the vocabulary used under the influence of the Jeju Haenyeo, but the Jeonnam dialect vocabulary was also used. Regarding the act, Wando’s native Haenyeo used ‘hwipalam, hukkesoli’, and Wando’s settlement Haenyeo used ‘hombes-soli, sonbi-soli, sunbi-soli’, so there was a difference between the two. The particles and connective ending in the language of Haenyeo in Wando-gun coexisted with both Jeonnam dialectal forms and standard language. However, The standard language was used more frequently. Glide was similar to Jeonnam dialect or Jeju dialect. The w-glide formation was coexisting in two forms, but the form in which w-glide formation occurred was more common. The y-glide formation was coexisting in two forms, but the ‘i+eo→yeo’ type is likely to be more common after glide formation. These linguistic characteristics of Wando-gun Haenyeo seem to have been influenced by various factors, including broadcasting media, keeping a distance from local residents, collection methods such as traditional methods and scuba diving, and increased income.

Abstract Spaces for Intervention in Libya and Nigeria

Abstract How is the space for contemporary interventions constructed? This article deepens our understanding of counterterrorism as a dialectical form of intervention by highlighting the importance of unifying rationalities in the creation of “ungoverned spaces” as abstract spaces for intervention purposes. We combine dialectical and decolonial thinking to track how unifying rationalities in Nigeria and Libya are deployed across cognitive, normative, and operational constructs. The article examines how interventions are cognitively tied to coloniality of knowing, being, and power, which exploit identity, religion, or societal divisions to justify ungovernance and normalize state and foreign violence. The simultaneous and reciprocal globalization of local security concerns and localization of global security predicaments facilitates the formation of abstract spaces for counterterrorism purposes. Empirically, our analysis shows how portraying Libya and Nigeria as ungoverned creates a void of meaning, putting external actors in charge of restoring governance and protecting human security, modernity, and civility. Interveners in Libya contributed to normalizing a broader spectrum of violence, frequently internalized by competing actors through their normative tropes. In Nigeria, state and foreign interventionism and counterinsurgency have been responsible for the widespread use of violence against entire communities.

A Project to Collect and Study the Language of a Group of Contemporary Tihama Al-Hijaz Tribes

A project aimed at collecting and studying the language of a group of contemporary Tihama tribes in the Hijaz, namely: Fahm tribe, Hudhayl tribe, and Banu Kinana (Al-Jahadla). These tribes inhabit the southern region of Makkah al-Mukarramah in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and reside in close proximity, despite the scattered nature of their homes, as indicated by demographic and geographical studies. Renowned for their eloquence, these tribes' language holds significant importance in contemporary linguistic research. The project is structured around two main aspects, each branching into secondary auxiliary facets: firstly, gathering linguistic material used by the mentioned tribes in various daily life situations and communication contexts, and secondly, conducting a linguistic study on the phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and semantic levels based on the collected field data. The research addresses a fundamental problem: monitoring linguistic phenomena in the study sample to answer key questions such as the roots of these phenomena in the classical level of Arabic, their developmental trajectory, and the pathways they traversed to attain their present-day usage. The study yielded crucial results, notably the abundance of morphological phenomena within the tribes, with some maintaining their traditional form while others have evolved. These variations appear in patterned forms in the contemporary dialects of the study environment. The research also revealed the presence of phenomena influenced by multiple linguistic sources. Emphasizing the significance of linguistic geography in achieving planned results, the study recommends further scientifically valuable research in the realm of applied linguistics. Additionally, it suggests that specialized research centers and language academies focus on dialects within the realms of first eloquence.

Considerations of dialect on the identification of speech sound disorder in Vietnamese-speaking children.

The dialect spoken by children influences diagnostic decision-making regarding the identification and severity of speech sound disorder (SSD). The primary objective was to review papers that examined the influence of dialect on the identification of SSD in Vietnamese-speaking children. Five studies of mono- and multilingual Vietnamese-speaking children living in Vietnam and Australia were reviewed to examine the influence of dialect on the assessment and analysis children's speech. The main Vietnamese dialects (Standard, Northern, Central, Southern) differ in the production of consonants, vowels and tones. Most speech assessments define correct production using the standard dialect of a language. Insights from recent studies of Vietnamese provide recommendations for also considering dialect in diagnostic decision-making. First, we recommend adding column(s) to the assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults in the child's family or community. Second, we calculate the accuracy of production twice, based on the standard form and dialectal form. Third, we report the percentage of consonants correct-standard (PCC-S) and percentage of consonants correct-dialect (PCC-D). Diagnostic decision-making is influenced by dialectal variation in children's speech, so speech and language therapists need to compare standard and dialectal productions when undertaking assessments, analysis and diagnostic decision-making. What is already known on the subject Most speech assessments use the standard form of a dialect as the correct production. The standard dialect is used for diagnosis of SSD and identification of intervention targets. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This paper examines five research studies of Vietnamese to identify ways to consider dialect in speech and language therapy assessment and analysis. Vietnamese provides a complex environment for this examination since there are numerous Vietnamese dialects and they differ according to consonants, vowels and tones. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapists are encouraged to add column(s) to their assessment score sheet that includes the dialectal variants spoken by adults and to report the PCC-S and PCC-D.

Hyperdialectisms revisited

Abstract Ongoing processes of dialect leveling and loss have given rise to the widespread use of the concept of hyperdialectism in sociolinguistic research. Hyperdialectisms are considered to be a reaction to dialect loss: a typical dialect feature that is distinctive from the standard language or a neighboring dialect is overgeneralized. However, there is pitfall in using the concept as an umbrella term for all deviating dialect forms. In this paper, we aim to provide a revisited view of hyperdialectisms based on written dialect sources. In doing so, we use hyperdialectal adnominal gender marking in southern Dutch Brabantish dialects as a case study. We show that unexpected forms were already present in early twentieth-century dialect use, despite dialect grammar descriptions from the second half of the century often being used as a point of reference for ‘correct’ grammar. Furthermore, we argue that the concept of hyperdialectism requires careful layering in sociolinguistic analysis.

Translator’s “Visibility”: E. Teza and His Translation of Pushkin’s “The Undertaker”

The article deals with the issue of translator’s “visibility” using the translation of Pushkin’s short story “The Undertaker” published by Emilio Teza in the literary journal “Ateneo Veneto” in 1884 as an example. This translation was chosen for two main reasons: firstly, its historical meaning for intercultural relations between Russia and Italy as the first Italian translation of Pushkin’s short story; secondly, its translator – a well-known academician from the late 1800s, whose research concerned different areas of philology, linguistics, and comparative studies, as well as translation. As a result, despite then-predominant domesticating strategies, different elements in the target text reflect Teza’s personality and thus prove his “visibility”. The research started from the scrutiny of the translator’s biography, allowing the contextualization of this translation at a precise moment in Teza’s life. Through the contrastive analysis of the source and the texts several translatologically relevant units were identified. Afterwards, the translation strategies and shifts applied in their rendering into Italian were analysed. The scientific novelty lies in the application of such analysis to a previously unstudied text. The research led to the following conclusions: in the rendering of Russian realia, the target text is characterized by an overall domesticating strategy, typical of late-1800s translations and often correlated to the concept of translator’s “invisibility”. However, the presence of detailed footnotes reflects Teza’s personality as an ethnographer, thus making him “visible”. The presence of Tuscan dialectal forms in the target text hints at the translator’s biography, who in 1884 was living in Pisa. In addition, an example of linguistic interference from Serbian can be seen as a reference to Teza’s multilingualism. Therefore, it was proven that the translator’s personality can become “visible” by thoroughly analyzing linguistic features and translation shifts.

Narrative verbal forms in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects

Abstract I examine various types of verbal forms used in narratives of the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. They have in common the feature of dependence on the preceding discourse. These dependent narrative forms can be classified into ‘underspecified forms’ and ‘subordinate forms’. The underspecified forms include habitual forms and perfect forms, both of which lack the full specification of an event in their prototypical grammatical meaning. The specification of the event depends on the narrative context. The subordinate narrative forms have developed by a process of insubordination whereby their use has been extended from syntactically subordinate clauses to main clauses that are semantically dependent on the preceding discourse. One factor that may have motivated this insubordination process in the case of the narrative subjunctive qaṭəl form is the conservative continuity of the morphological shape of the narrative qāṭēl form, which was a feature of earlier Aramaic narrative style.

Negotiating local in-group norms in times of globalization. Adnominal gender variation in two urban youth varieties in the Netherlands

This paper discusses variation in adnominal gender marking in two urban youth varieties in the Netherlands, i.e., Moroccan Dutch in the city of Gouda and leveled local dialect, Brabantish, in the city of Eindhoven. In both settings, linguistic practices are influenced by language contact with Standard Dutch, the dominant language in society, resulting in variation patterns such as omissions and overgeneralizations (i.e., hyperforms). Interestingly, we find overgeneralizations of common gender determiners in Moroccan Dutch, as described in previous research, but also of neuter gender determiners. This hypercorrect usage of the (neuter) prestige variant contrasts with the variation found in the Brabantish variety, as the Eindhoven speakers tend to overuse the local dialect form instead of the standard variant. However, we show that both variation patterns may well be driven by the same underlying mechanism of (re-)indexicalization. Data from speech recordings and online peer conversations as well as focus group discussions reveal that in both cases the gender feature acquires different indexical meanings, depending on the register and stylistic practices speakers are involved in. These indexical meanings are not fixed, but result from a dynamic process of negotiating in-group norms on the local level of peer interactions.

ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАТАЛОНСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛИЗМ В 1870 – 1930-Е ГГ.: ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКОЛЕНИЯ И СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ

The purpose of this study is to analyze the activities of three generations of Catalan philologists and linguists who have made a significant contribution to the development of linguistic Catalan nationalism. The author analyzes the history, directions, forms and features of the activities of several generations of Catalan intellectuals, whose activity contributed to the normalization and standardization of dialect forms of Romance speech in Catalonia, which led to the emergence of the modern Catalan literary language. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the historical, political and cultural contribution of nationalist intellectuals to the development of the Catalan language through the prism of the social consequences of modernization processes. The article analyzes 1) the main stages in the history of various generations of Catalan linguistic nationalists, 2) their participation and role in the processes of standardization and normalization of the Catalan language, 3) the contribution of language activists to the consolidation of the Catalan linguistic identity in particular and the national Catalan identity in general, 4) the role nationalist intellectuals, amateurs and professional linguists, in the development of Catalan nationalism, 5) the contribution of linguistic nationalists to raising the status of the Catalan language in the social, political and cultural spaces of Catalonia. It is assumed that Catalan linguistic nationalism significantly complemented political nationalism, contributing to its strengthening and consolidation of the Catalan national identity in contexts of social transformation of the region's society. The generations of linguistic Catalan nationalism are identical to the stages in the history of political and ethnic nationalisms. The results of the study suggest that in the 19th and 20th centuries, the cultural activity of linguistic nationalists contributed to the processes of modernization of Catalonia, which led to the transformation of the region from a peripheral one to a region with complete social and political structures, the functioning of which was impossible without the Catalan language.

Strategies for Сreating the Image of a Politician in an Arabic Polycode Text of the Series “٣ اختيار”

According to the classification of speech strategies by O.S. Issers, semantic, lexicogrammatical, and pragmatic indicators act as linguistic indicators of speech strategies. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most significant linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of speech strategies that are used to create the image of the President of Egypt Abdel Fattah Khalil El-Sisi in the movie series “٣ اختيار ” (The Choice 3). These strategies were considered as part of the analysis of the Arabic polycode text, which is presented as the integrity of verbal and non-verbal components. The material of the study was the communicative acts of the main characters and the video sequence of the analyzed series, in which the authors recreated the revolutionary era of Egypt in 2013. The novelty of the study is an attempt to characterize Arabic political discourse as an independent linguistic phenomenon. As a result of the study, the authors arrive at the conclusion that the creation of the image of a politician requires such semantic indicators of speech strategy as: submission, threat, discrediting; lexico-grammatical indicators: syntactic synonyms of various types, paremiae, dialectal forms. The effect of applying these communication strategies, which create the image of the Egyptian president, is enhanced by extralinguistic parameters and symbols studied within the theory of the polycode text. The analysis of the interaction of codes of various genres of the polycode text in the Arabic political discourse is of interest for further research.

The Iranian Sound Change *w- > *γw- in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands and a New Etymology for Gāndhārī and Sanskrit guśura(ka)-

Abstract It is generally accepted that the etymology of the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit official title guśura(ka)- has to be sought within the Iranian sphere, but the details remain debatable. In this article, I first give an overview of recently discovered evidence for an early sound change of *w- > *γw- in some Iranian dialects from the Indo-Iranian borderlands. On this basis, I then propose to derive guśura(ka)- from a dialect form such as *γwazurg / *γwuzurg / *γuzurg < *wazr̥ka- ‘strong’. Two by-products of this article are a new Bactrian etymology for the Gāndhārī personal name G̱aṇavhryaka and some notes on the etymology of the Gāndhārī title sturaka-*.

Pengakuan Sosial dan Nilai Pluralitas dalam Komunikasi Seni Lintas Busana Kontemporer

This research is a conceptual study that produces an understanding of pluralism that can be obtained through the communication actors of cross-dressing artists. This representation has an effect on the acceptance and acknowledgment of the plurality point of view in creating an attitude of respect for differences. Using the concept of recognition from Axel Honneth which provides an overview of social relations built on intersubjective grammar that influences human insight about differences. The researcher uses a qualitative method with a critical methodology to the form of practical dialectics and the theory of cross-dressing art performers, starting from their appreciation of themselves, and their communication behavior and social actions for a moral acceptance that is not in the realm of relativism or absolutism, but on recognition. So that intolerance can be reduced through an attitude of respect for the existence of others.

VARIASI BAHASA PADA CHANNEL YOUTUBE KRISTIAN B. HANSEN HIDUP 7 HARI BERSAMA SUKU DAYAK IBAN DI SUNGAI UTIK (KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK)

The purpose of this study was conducted to reveal language variations in terms of speakers used in everyday life, identify language variations used in social interactions, and identify language variations in reflecting the culture of the Iban Dayak tribe in Sungai Utik. The research method uses data collection techniques using documentation techniques and the data used is content analysis. The result of this research is that there are variations in the forms of dialect, idiolect, and sociolect. There were 9 dialect variations, 13 idiolect variations, and 8 sociolect variations that were observed. Then there is a social function in social interaction that reflects culture in Kristian's YouTube video channel b. Hansen lived 7 days with the Iban Dayak tribe on the Utik River.
 Keyword: Dayak Iban Language Variations, Sociolinguistics and Social Interaction

Spirala i amplituda. Dialektyka sztuki

The article presents a certain dialectic of art, the dialectic developed on the basis of such concepts as essence, potentiality, completeness, sense and phenomenon. The completeness of art is hereby understood as the maximum actualisation of its potential, the pretence of art would be therefore something, in which the potentiality of art isn’t elaborated on. What would be the sense of art then? It would be the process of certain actualisation of art potentiality. The history of art then presents itself as the amplitude whose extents are drawn by the level of the actualisation of that potentiality; from the pretence of art to the appearance of immanence, the epiphanic experience of the omni- -completeness. This might have been the most maximalist vision of art, which can be found, for example, in Schiller, Schelling, Heidegger or Chögyam Trungpa. We can also imagine a different variant of dialectic of art, in which its story would have unfolded in form of a spiral. The history of art would then have been driven by the need for the realisation of its telos. It would have been the achievement of complete sense of art inherent to its concept, which may be derived from Hegel’s aesthetics. Can this spiral and this amplitude be intersecting? And if so, how could this affect understanding of art? It seems that the dialectic form of spiral provides art with the terminological integrity, the possibility of its nominal creation, whereas the form of amplitude reinforces art as the epiphany of omni-completeness. Finally, the art would be the form of energy flow on the certain horizon, horizon of art; the form of flow into its condensation points of completeness; and the moments of transparency of this eternal flow…

Putting local dialect in the mix: Indexicality and stylization in a TikTok challenge

This paper investigates the role of local dialect forms and other semiotic signs in languagecultural practices on social media in the southern Dutch province North Brabant. Although dialect use is severely decreasing in this area, we find abundant dialect features in present-day media productions, but these are not simply some last remains. By conducting a qualitative discourse analysis of a carnivalesque music video (2020), we argue that non-linguistic resources and co-occurring dialect features are enregistered as recognizably ‘Brabantish’ for the purpose of indexing place-based identities. Moreover, we show that reproduction on TikTok (2021) takes place through recontextualization and indexical stance-taking.

The Making of Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-dialectical View

In ‘The making of argumentation theory’ van Eemeren and van Haaften describe the contributions made to the five components of a full-fledged research program of argumentation theory by four prominent approaches to the discipline: formal dialectics, rhetoric/pragmalinguistics, informal logic, and pragma-dialectics. Most of these approaches do not contribute to all components, but to some in particular. Starting from the pragma-dialectical view of the relationship between dialectical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness – the crucial issue in argumentation theory – van Eemeren and van Haaften explain the positions taken by representatives from the approaches discussed and indicate where they differ from the pragma-dialectical approach. It transpires that approaches focusing on dialectical reasonableness are, next to pragma-dialectics, formal dialectics and informal logic; approaches focusing on rhetorical effectiveness are, next to pragma-dialectics, rhetoric and pragmalinguistics, and the informal logician Tindale. When it comes to the relationship between dialectical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness, some interest in it is shown in rhetoric and pragmalinguistics, but only in pragma-dialectics and in Tindale’s work is it a real focus. The main difference between Tindale’s view and the pragma-dialectical view is that in pragma-dialectics the decisive role in deciding about reasonableness is assigned to a code of conduct for reasonable argumentative discourse and in Tindale’s approach this role is assigned to Tindale’s interpretation of the Perelmanian universal audience.