Dialect Groups Research Articles

Argument placement in Swedish

This paper gives an overview of the Swedish data on argument placement in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD; Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected from 54 native speakers in three different locations, and the experimental task elicited argument placement (subject shift, object shift, long object shift, particle shift). The results confirm that there is considerable inter- and intra-speaker variation in argument placement in Swedish, with the exception of the order between arguments and particles. Whereas subject shift appears to be obligatory with pronouns, there is variability in the placement of NP subjects, which cannot fully be explained with information structural factors. Long object shift is frequent with reflexives, whereas only a few speakers produce a small number of instances of long object shift with personal pronouns. Regular object shift is frequent, but not obligatory. We cannot observe any effects of dialect area or age in the dataset.

A Morphophonological Analysis of the Applicability of Nasalisation Principles in Lungu, Mambwe and Namwanga Languages

The paper explores the similarities and variations in the applicability of nasalisation principles in Lungu, Mambwe and Namwanga (LuMaNa) languages. LuMaNa languages are spoken in Northern and Muchinga provinces of Zambia. Lungu is classified as M14, Mambwe as M15 and Namwanga as M22. The study used CV phonology and comparative Bantu morphophonological theories and qualitative methods. Results reveal that nasal homorganic assimilation depends on the consonant which follows the nasal, such as, a voiceless cluster /nk/ when a voiceless velar /k/ follows /n/ and a voiced cluster /ng/ when a voiced velar /g/ follows /n/. Nasal deletion before fricatives from singular to plural forms of nouns are not attested, instead the languages undergo nasal maintenance where /n/→/n/. Nasal deletion before fricatives is only possible during the reverse formation from plural to singular nouns where /m/→/l/ and /n/→/l/. The post-nasal stop voicing happens when converting singular to plural nouns where /l/→/n/. Post-nasal consonant hardening occurs when converting nouns from singular to plural using /l/→/d/, /n/→/m/ and /w/→/b/. Post-nasal stop aspiration only occurs in Namwanga when the voiceless consonant follows a nasal as in; /p/→/ph/. There are more similarities than variations during nasalisation which shows that LuMaNa languages are at dialectal continuum.

Mari, Merya, Muroma — History of the Ethnonyms and Reconstruction of the Substrate Toponymy Languages

The old hypothesis on the relatedness of Merya languages (today we can speak about a group of languages or dialects reconstructed on the basis of substrate toponymy of Central Russia: Merya of Rostov, Merya of Kostroma, and Merya of Murom also known as “Lower Klyazma” Merya) with the Mari (Cheremis) language has been reliably proven in the works of A. K. Matveyev, O. V. Smirnov and others. The authors contribute to the ongoing discussion in this area and argue that the new reconstruction of Proto-Mari vocalism based on the history of Mari-Turkic contacts undoubtedly supports this hypothesis. The article suggests a version of the Stammbaum of Finno-Permian languages, including the Mari-Merya group and some other extinct Finno-Permian languages, reconstructed on the basis of substrate toponymic data. However, since the results of the analysis of substrate toponymy are naturally debatable to a certain extent, the authors propose to turn to the analysis of ethnonymy. The long-noted (by M. A. Castrén) similarity of the ethnonyms Mari, Merya, and Muroma is considered, suggesting them to be self-names of the respective ethnic groups. The reconstruction of the Mari historical vocalism (as well as features of the vocalism of the Merya and Muromian languages that can be extracted from toponymic materials) delivers the proto-forms Mari *märə, Merya *märə, Muromian *mürə, going back to the proto-form *märə. The latter is proposed to regard (as it is now common in the Finno-Ugric studies) as some reflex of Aryan *marya- ‘young man, warrior, member of youth war community’ (the authors are going to devote a special article to the problem of the Aryan source of this ethnonym). The reconstruction of the common Mari–Meryan–Muromian auto-ethnonym *märə is not only a strong argument for the relatedness of these languages, but also indicates to close relations between the respective ethnic groups and their common origin.

Сравнительный анализ лексики традиционных ремесел в восточных среднерусских говорах и западной группе южнорусских говоров (на материале лексики валяльного дела)

Сравнительный анализ лексики традиционных ремесел в восточных среднерусских говорах и западной группе южнорусских говоров (на материале лексики валяльного дела)

A dialectometric approach to Romanian intonation

This paper presents the first dialectometric analysis of intonational variation of standard spoken Romanian. The data analysed (26,680 sentences) were gathered within the AMPER-ROM project and the dialectometrical analysis has been carried out with ProDis. The results are consistent with the geolinguistic descriptions of Romanian varieties. ProDis identified two major areas for yes-no questions: a central-eastern one (Moldo-Walachian), with rising contours, and a central-western one (Transylvanian, discontinuously continuing over Bukovina to Bessarabia—the Republic of Moldova—), which presents also falling contours. The study suggests that intonational areas are somehow more conservative of and (relatively) independent from segmental dialectal areas.

A New Study on Karelian Toponymy Review of: Afanasyeva, A. A. (2022). Toponimija Sjamozer’ja v areale karel’skogo dialektnogo pogranich’ja [Place Names of the Lake Syamozero in the Area of the Karelian Dialect Borderland] (Doctoral dissertation). Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saransk. 235 p.

The review examines the PhD thesis Toponymy of the Syamozerye in the area of the Karelian dialect borderland by A. Afanasyeva, based on rich factual material collected by the author during field research. The studied area of Syamozerye is a unique point of contact of three dialects of the Karelian language: Livvik, Ludic, and Karelian. This borderline character and location at the intersection of migration routes have left their mark on the Syamozerye subdialect of the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language, which is also reflected in the toponymy of the studied territory. Apart from that, there are also Sami, Veps, and Russian elements. The reviewed thesis of five chapters is a comprehensive study of structural and semantic patterns of the toponymy of the Syamozerye region and their areal distribution. A detailed analysis of about 3,000 toponyms allowed the author to identify the principles and naming patterns common to Karelian toponymy, as well as Syamozerye innovations. About a dozen Livvik dialecticisms, calendar and non-calendar personal names preserved as structural elements in local toponyms have been reconstructed by etymological analysis of the toponymic data. These results are valuable for Karelian lexicography. The analysis of dialectal features in toponymy helped clarify the boundaries of the Livvik dialect area and the history of its formation and, thereby, specify the role of Syamozerye in the formation of the Karelian dialect map. The identification of oikonymic patterns based on chronological distribution provided an insight on the evolution of the Syamozerye oikonymic system.

Лексика народного календаря як обʼєкт мовознавчих студій

The vocabulary of the national calendar as a representative of the spiritual and material culture of the ethnos is related to modeling the linguistic picture of the world, because it illustrates the connection between the formation and development of the lexical system of the language and traditional culture, reflecting the worldview and worldview of the speakers. The analysis of the state of study of ononymous (geortonyms, chrononyms) and appellative calendar-ceremonial vocabulary and phraseology in dialects illustrates the unevenness of its study, the superiority of linguistic works on the nomination of individual calendar holidays or their parts in dialects, the lack of materials from a number of dialect areas, and therefore the need to fill gaps in the dialect map. The choice of the study of this thematic group of vocabulary is motivated by the need to preserve those language units that are on the periphery of the dictionary of dialects due to the rapid leveling of calendar rituals. The result of further research will be the most comprehensive presentation of the calendar-ritual nomination ‒ holidays, dedications, rituals, participants, attributes, etc. ‒ in the consolidated dictionary of the language, in textography and linguogeography.

The Local Speech of Three Bistricas in Prekmurje

The local speech of three Bistricas – Gornja, Srednja and Dolnja – is classified as the southern variant (or dialect variant of Dólinsko) of the Prekmurje dialect of the Pannonian dialect group, but in some respects, it is closer to the speeches of Prlekija and Medžimurje dialects than to the neighbouring speeches of Dólinsko. The material-supported paper deals with those phonological, morphological, and verbal phenomena in the local speech of the three Bistricas, which are distinctive in relation to nearby local speeches and which linguists have too often generalized to the entire Prekmurje dialect. A list of uninhabited-area names of Gornja, Srednja and Dolnja Bistrica has also been added.

Accent boundaries and linguistic continua in the laryngeal subsystems of English

A parallel is drawn between the northernmost regions of England represented by Durham and Yorkshire and the transition zone Ouddeken (2016) identifies between voicing and aspiration languages in the Dutch-German dialect continuum. It is argued that, owing to historical changes and dialect contact, the Northern Englishes discussed exhibit hybrid laryngeal systems as a result of being geographically intermediate between Scots in Scotland, which is a voice language similar to Dutch, and mainstream varieties of English spoken more to the south in England (and in most of the rest of the English-speaking world), which are aspiration systems of the German type. We model the emergence of laryngeal systems as the setting of three parameters: (i) whether the laryngeally marked/specified obstruent series contains [voice] (L-system) or [asp] (H-system); (ii) whether the laryngeal prime is able to spread (right-to-left); and (iii) whether the system has pre-obstruent delaryngealisation (POD) (due to which in C1C2, C1 becomes unmarked/underspecified). While spreading L with POD derives voice languages and non-spreading H with no POD derives aspiration languages, two mixed combinations derive the intermediate categories of Durham and Yorkshire (spreading L & no POD and spreading H & no POD, respectively). We also show that all remaining combinations are attested cross-linguistically or else theoretically uninterpretable.

ЗМІНА ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНОГО ВЕКТОРА СУЧАСНОГО МОВОЗНАВСТВА: ДЕЯКІ МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ МІРКУВАННЯ

The ideas of the evolutionary-informational-phenomenological paradigm of linguistic research are under investigation. The current state of linguistic science is analyzed in the context of the development of the latest stage of scientific knowledge, which is characterized by a significant expansion of the conceptual space of research, the interpenetration of disparate scientific paradigms, epistemes and methods, and the blurring of boundaries between different areas of knowledge. The urgent need for intellectualization of equipment and technology is emphasized, caused, first, by the information and network crisis. It is emphasized that the belief that intelligence is a form of individualization of systems, which possesses a language status, is being strengthened in the professional community. In this connection, research hypotheses are formulated, which should form the basis of modern linguistic research. The first hypothesis concerns the informational essence of language. The second claims that the presence of language status is a necessary condition for intelligence. The third arises from the evolutionary nature of the emergence of language. If you think consistently, it is a consequence and a product of social, biological, and general evolution of nature and society. Modern linguistics, having realized that the object of its research — language — is evolutionary, has an informational nature, and in the substantive sense is a carrier of intelligence, faced a cardinal problem for itself: to realize and understand at a fundamental level the nature of the emergence and formation of connections between language and intelligence (and vice versa). The general theory of evolution in its author’s version, which is based on the phenomenological concept of complexity, was chosen as the main methodological base. Three main laws of evolution are presented the law of increasing complexity (a necessary condition for evolution), the law of temporal dynamics of complexity, and the law of anticipatory growth of the so-called «parasitic» complexity. The application of the theory of evolution as a research methodology allows finding out the evolutionary connections between the neural and communication mechanisms of evolution — on the one hand, and other mechanisms on the other. Trace, as far as possible, the evolutionary retrospective of the mentioned connections and the limits of intellectual monopoly claims (anthropocentric, on the one hand, and technotronic, on the other). The next methodological principle is related to the mechanism of extracting from the continuous flow of reality complexes of discrete language units that are carriers of certain semantic properties. The phenomenological basis for this is provided by the information phenomenon of an extremely general nature that we discovered, which we call the lexicographic effect in information systems and which reveals the mechanism of generation from the language continuum of certain discrete complexes sufficient for an adequate representation of reality. This phenomenon provides a theoretical basis for modern processes of digitization, which have acquired a comprehensive character. The last principle of research in the new paradigm is the definition of system-creating components of the concept of system, namely: «Structure», «Substance» and «Subject». The complex of concepts «information», «intelligence», «evolution», «system» and «lexicographic effect» forms the conceptual environment of the evolutionaryinformational- phenomenological paradigm, which provides an epistemological balance between empiricism and metaphysics and introduces the methodology of linguistics to the circle of close methodological principles natural and information technology sciences.

Фемінатыўныя варыянты як марфалагічныя інавацыі ў гаворках паўночна-ўсходняй Польшчы (на прыкладзе ізаморфы kłomel f.)

Dialectal peculiarities in the functioning of the grammatical category of gender, characteristic of the north-eastern dialects of the Polish language, can be geographically and typologically correlated with the corresponding phenomena localized mainly in the north- and south-western Belarusian dialects – the areas of the individual feminine nouns continue in the East of the Polish language continuum. Assuming that the centre of irradiation or the stimulus that caused the appearance of the morphological innovation kłomel (f.), noted in the North-East of Poland, is hypothetically located in Belarus, in the area of expansion of the Polesie dialects, the author presents some results of a comparative analysis of data regarding the variable category of gender in Polish, Belarusian and some other Slavic and non-Slavic languages, as well as linguistic-geographical, structural-semantic, etymological data regarding this areal innovation with available Slavic and non-Slavic material, which allows us to get closer to solving its origin and the reasons for its appearance in the north-eastern speeches of Poland, where the lexeme kłomel (f.) is formally related primarily to the masculine word structure and is used alongside the well-known feminine equivalent kłomla . The research was conducted with the application of comparative, comparative-historical, descriptive-analytical and areal-typological methods. Their complex application leads to the conclusion that the Western Polesian-Panmonian word klomla should be interpreted as a stimulus phenomenon for the formation of the morphological innovation kłomel (f.) in the north-eastern dialects of the Polish language. The expansion of femininum in this case can be considered as the result of the redistribution of feminine and masculine forms in the inter-Slavic and Baltic-Slavic contact zone, which in turn caused changes in morphology and corresponding mutations in the considered lexeme.

Implementation of the Five Language Continuum in the Development of Early Childhood Speech Skills

Early childhood is a golden age where children will grow and develop rapidly, so aspects of their development must be maximized. One of the components of language development is speaking. This study aims to describe the application of the Five Language Continuum in realizing Early Childhood Speaking Ability at Kindergarten Khadijah Wonorejo Surabaya. The research method was carried out qualitatively using a descriptive approach. The respondents were the children of Kindergarten Khadijah Wonorejo Surabaya and their teachers. Data collection techniques in this study are observations, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis techniques in this study were used by Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data visualization, and conclusion. The main result of this study is that children’s speaking skills are significantly developed by applying the five continuum languages. The main conclusion of this study is the application of the five language continuity, which is very helpful in development. This study’s main conclusion is that applying the five language continuums helps develop children’s speaking skills.

Demonstratives in Musandam Arabic: Distinctive Archaisms and Innovations

Abstract This study introduces and analyzes proximal and distal singular demonstratives in fourteen varieties of Musandam Arabic, a little-documented dialect group located on Musandam Peninsula in northern Oman and neighbouring areas of the United Arab Emirates. Following an overview of the dialect group in its regional context, the study provides a description of singular demonstratives from the point of view of phono-logy, morphology, and geographical distribution. The study then focuses on two salient features found in several of the varieties under investigation: gender distinction based on consonantal alternation (d-based masculine forms vs t-based feminine forms); and gemination of the feminine t-element. While the former is attested, albeit rarely, in other Arabic dialects, the latter is unheard of. In the last section of the article, some hypotheses are put forward as to how these forms could have developed from a historical point of view, in light of data from different Arabic and Semitic varieties. While the gemination of the t-element is best regarded as a Musandam-internal innovation, the d : t consonantal alternation reinforces the putative historical link between south-western Arabia and Oman.

A palóc nyelvjárási beszélőközösség diftongushasználatának izoglosszája térben és időben

In recent years I have done researches in the Palóc dialect area. In this region the diphthongs were used by the speakers of a larger area in earlier eras of Hungarian language history. In some dialect groups and local dialects of this region even in the 19th century also reported diphthong pronunciation. At the end of the 20th century and now most of the Palóc speakers do not pronounce diphthongs, this data is demonstrated in language tests. It can be detected divergent linguistic movements. We can perceive those different phenomena on both sides of the Trianon border in the earlier Nógrád county (the borderline between Hungary and Slovakia is here at the present). The geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. The isogloss means a geographical dialect continuum. In my study, I try to draw the temporal and spatial boundaries of diphthong use and disappearance. Sometimes these differences will be larger, sometimes smaller, but they will be cumulative. My corpus shows linguistic changes from the Middle Age to the present. My analysis was done by the following written and oral data: 1. The Code of Gömöry from the 16th century – the nun who copied it (her name: soror Katherina, Legéndy Kató), comes from the Palóc dialect region from the village Legénd. My resources contain the descriptions of the speech and customs of the Palóc speakers from the 18th and the 19th century (Matthias Bel 1735, from the northern Palóc region; Fábián Szeder 1819, the first and the following researches in the area along the river Ipoly; Imre Hollók 1836, from the region of Gömör; István Szabó 1837, in the valley of Karancs; Antal Reguly 1857, notes on her trip in the land of Palóc ethnicity; Gyula Pap 1865, from the region of Salgó; Sándor Pintér 1880, her collections in the western central region of the Palóc; Gyula Istvánffy 1890–1900, her collection of the folk poetries in the area of Mátra); 3. Atlas of the Hungarian Dialects from the middle of the 20th century; 4. the data from the atlases of dialect islands from Slavonien (at the present: Croatia); 5. Dialect Atlas of Medvesalja; 6. and language databases from the 20th and 21th century, my own research from a village Karancslapujtő in the Palóc area. Based on the data, I try to present the isogloss of the spread of diphthongs in space and time in the Palóc dialect area groups.

Відображення мовного та культурного буття поліщуків крізь призму діалектного тексту

The article summarizes the views of scientists on the heuristic value of dialect texts as a reliable source for dialectological studies in view of their systematic presentation of speech features at different language levels; first of all the importance of samples of colloquial speech is noted, for the study of linguistic features of the areas of the Ukrainian dialect continuum. At the same time, attention is focused on the importance of dialect texts for research in the area of other humanities, for studying the mentality of native speakers, their material and spiritual culture. The linguistic existence of polishchuks Based on the material of dialect texts published in the publication "Unity in Diversity. Polishchuks" (2018), recorded by the author for dozens of years in the Central Polish dialects of the Zhytomyr region, collected in the studied area by students of philological specialties during dialectological practice in recent years, is analyzed. The exsistenee which is reflected primarily in the perception and awareness of oneself as a representative of a separate dialect , which differs from the inhabitants of other nearby settlements on the actual linguistic level, as well as in the preservation of a number of dialectal phonetic features in the area of vocalism and consonantism in the studied territory and expressive speech morphological features that confirm the archaic nature of the specified area. The representatives of the cultural life of the polishchuks are texts about their material culture, in particular about everyday life, crafts, farming, cultivation of agricultural crops, harvesting, etc. The spiritual culture of the inhabitants of the Middle Polissya is reflected in the texts about the rituals of the polishchuks, primarily about the wedding ceremony, in the records of beliefs, traditions, customs, which testify to durability in time and preservation in the present, at the same time undergoing dynamics caused mainly by extralingual factors.

Communication Planning In The Development Of Students' Morals At SD Fatma Kenanga Foundation In Bengkulu

This study aims to determine Communication Planning in the moral development of students at SD Fatma Kenanga Foundation Bengkulu. This study uses a qualitative method using descriptive analysis. In this study, Scoot M. Cutlip & Center's communication planning theory is used as an analytical tool. The results of the study that communication planning plays an important role in fostering student’s morals at Fatma Kenanga Foundation Bengkulu as follows: Fact Finding, regarding the findings of student’s problems related to moral development. The problem is that there are still students who are still rude, speak impolite, and are indifferent to their teachers. Planning, the planning program implemented by SD Fatma Kenanga Bengkulu is communication planning using 5 language continuums and the application of children's character pillars. tolerant and peace-loving. Communication Action, in terms of communication action, teachers apply a 5-continuum language learning system in classroom learning. This 5 language continuum is very effectively applied to students at SD Fatma Kenanga Bengkulu. Evaluation, communication planning programs are always evaluated by holding regular meetings with the principals and teachers. For student evaluation, namely with report cards, questionnaires or questionnaires distributed to parents and peers.

GOVOR SVETOGA JURJA (PORED SENJA)

Sveti Juraj (before Jurjevo) is coastal settlement situated 10 kilometers south of the town of Senj and it belongs administratively to Senj. Like all the settlements at the foot of Velebit, except of Senj vernacular, Sveti Juraj vernacular belongs to Štokavian dialect group – Ikavian Štokavian dialect – but it was under a strong influence of the Senj vernacular, what is recognizable also today. In this paper, on the basis of author recent field investigations, author describes important features of the Sveti Juraj vernacular. There are some important features of the local dialect of Sveti Juraj that were discovered during recent field work: the Ikavian reflex of *ě (žívit, sìkira, dvȋ) with a few Ekavian forms mostly because of influence of Senj local dialect (tȇsto, kòleno,zvézda); the reflex of OCS *ę > a after palatal consonants in isolated case (prìjat) and *ę > e in other cases (jèzik, žȅt, mȇso); the semivowel produces the vowel a (dàska, pȁs); we find some examples of Čakavian vocalization of vowels in weak positions (mȁlin, mȁša, vȁjk); the vocalic l and OCS *ǫ are consistently changed into the vowel u (žȗt, ȕdica); examples such as rébacand nàrēst with change ra > re, but grȍb (without change ro > re); no phone-me ǯ (žȅp); the existence of č́(plúč́a, č́ȉst); no phoneme x (strȃ, òraj, mávat); stable position of phoneme f (frȃtar, jȅftin, ùfān se); the phoneme ǯ́as reflex of primary and secondary jotation of the dental d (prȅǯ́a, mlȁǯ́i, rȍǯ́ak, but gȍspoja); the sequences *st’ and *zd’, as well as *sk, *zg gave šć (šč́), žǯ́(nȁtašč́e, prȋšč́, grȍžǯ́e, mòžǯ́ani); the sequence čr (< *čьr, *čer) became cr(crívo, cȑv, cr̀ven); sequences *jt, *jd that resulted from the addition of prefixes ending in a vowel to the verb *i-/id- ‘go’ are developed in the same way as *tj, *dj (dȏǯ́emo, nȃǯ́eš; dȏč́, nȃč́); change of -m > -n in the final position in grammatical endings and indeclinable words (nȍsin, ȍsan); the consonant l is preserved in the syllable-final position (sȍkol, vȅsel, stèlna) but not in the singular of masculine nouns in past participle, there are examples such as bácija, òbaša, pȅka; examples such as mȍreš, mȍremo; a four-accent system (dȅset, u crȋkvi, pívac, tèlič́, govòrit) with a post-accentual length in rare cases; lengthening of vowels before sonorant consonants in few examples (grȏm,gnȏj,but sȉr, dȉm); the I sg. ending -on (krížon, òcon, mȏron); masculine no-uns sometimes lack the suffix -ov (kljúč́i, brȍdi, gȁlebi, but also krȁkovi); the genitive plural has a few of variant forms (mrávī, jèzikov, krílī, óvcī, but also pásā, sélā, sestárā); DIL pl. has a few of variant forms (lȁktin, sèlīn, sȕzan, but also kònjima, kòlenima, rùkama); 3 pl. pres. t. has a few of variant forms (gòvoridu, darívaju, plètū, dr̀žē); the infinitive endings have lost the final i in most examples (nàpunit, pòmoč́); the comparative of most adjectives is formed with the suffix -j- (dȅblji, slȁǯ́i)and -ij- (slàbiji).

DIALECTAL CLASSIFICATION OF KHANTY IN THE LIGHT OF BASIC VOCABULARY

This paper looks at the relationship between Khanty dialects from the perspective of the “language vs dialect” problem, applying the method of lexicostatistics to new archival and field data. Dialectal classification of Khanty is still a debatable issue with no reached consensus among researchers. The borders between dialectal groups within the Khanty language are mostly drawn by the phonetic and morphological criteria. Scholars traditionally separate Khanty dialect continuum into two dialectal groups: Northern (Western) and Eastern Khanty. However, recently many Khanty sources have become available to researchers, ranging from the unpublished 18th century archives to the printed dictionaries and digital field corpora. Having applied the method of lexicostatistics to this new material, the article shows that the Eastern group is not homogenous. As a result, the study identifies three contemporary Khanty languages: Northern Khanty, Vakh Khanty, and Surgut Khanty. Also, the article observes the correlation between these three groups and traditional ones that are distinguished by phonological and grammatical criteria (Eastern, Northern and dead Southern Khanty). Also, 13 new basic vocabulary lists based on the sources from the 18th to 21st centuries are published, which makes it possible to trace evolution of the dialects. Etymological notes and references, as well as proto-form reconstructions, are provided along the lists, which makes the supplementary material a miniversion of an etymological dictionary of Khanty dialects.

UNICKI WARIANT CERKIEWSZCZYZNY? (NA MATERIALE WYDAŃ ECPHONEMATY LITURGIEY GRECKIEY Z WILNA I POCZAJOWA W XVII–XVIII WIEKU)

The article aims to verify the thesis about the existence of one Uniate variant of the Church Slavonic language in the Ruthenian lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This thesis was presented in research on the Vilnius edition of Ecphonemata Liturgiey Greckiey from 1671 made by Ukrainian and Russian philologist – Anna Bolek. The analysis of the phonetics of the two editions of the text Ecphonemata Liturgiey Greckiey (Vilnius 1671 and Poczajów 1784), issued in Latin script, leads to a different conclusion. In two dialectal areas: Belarusian and Ukrainian, there were different variants of the Church Slavonic language used in the Uniate Church that corresponded to the local pronunciation / literary tradition.

Dutch specCP-expletives are main clause complementizers

This paper focuses on so-called specCP-expletives in Belgian Dutch dialects, a type of expletive that only occurs in clause-initial position. The traditional account of these expletives is that they are phrases that are merged in specCP. This paper argues against this analysis, and proposes instead that they are the overt realizations of a C-head, i.e. that they are main clause complementizers. The second(ary) theme of the paper is microvariation within the Belgian Dutch dialects with respect to the presence or absence of these specCP-expletives/main clause complementizers. I show this split to be part of a larger empirical generalization, and propose a parametric account for the difference between the two dialect groups.