Dialect Research Research Articles

Y. R. Chao's Fāngyīn diàochá biǎogé and its role in the evolution of Chinese dialect research methodology

ABSTRACT: The present study compares and contrasts the phonologies of the Y. R. Chao's Fāngyīn diàochá biǎogé 方音調查表格 and Jerry Norman's Common Dialectal Chinese Hànyǔ fāngyán tōngyīn 漢語方言通音, also with reference to the Fāngyán diàochá zìbiǎo 方言調查字表, for what they reveal about their compilers' approaches to Chinese dialect phonology and it's applicability in dialect fieldwork and related research. We find that both were designed as tools to help shed light on the diachronic relationships between dialects. A significant feature that separates the two is how they treat the issue of dentilabialized initials (聲母的齒唇化) and the zhīxì 知系, or zhī, zhuāng, zhāng 知莊章, set of initials. The Biǎogé can be seen to represent a Qièyùn stage of development prior to the dentilabialization that spread widely through the mainstream dialects but that did not affect the Mǐn dialects, while keeping the zhī, zhuāng, zhāng initial sets separate. In contrast, Tōngyīn (CDC) is a reconstruction that includes dentilabialization as an established feature of the stage of Chinese it represents while also merging the zhī, zhuāng, zhāng initials into a single set. This particular mix of features and their developments is illustrative of the watershed series of changes that took place in the evolution of Chinese dialects from the Hàn 漢 to the Sòng 宋 periods. These changes were key to the shape and variety of Chinese dialects as they are found across the map today and are also reflected in the differences between Jerry Norman's Early Chinese and CDC. 摘要: 在完成其具有里程碑意義的《現代吳語的研究》兩年之後，趙元任於 1930 年出版了《方音調查表格》。 該表格的完成，無疑源自實地調查 的寶貴經驗，因而有意付梓，供全國各地方言調查使用。 例如，在湖 北進行田野調查時——其成果正是趙元任與丁聲樹、楊時逢、吳宗濟、 董同龢一同編纂的《湖北方言調查報告》——趙元任和助手們便一定 使用了這一表格。 可以說，該表格歷來都是漢語方言調查不可或缺的 基礎工具，即《方言調查字表》的範本和靈感來源。 "表格"和"字 表"均採用了《切韻》(成書於 601 年)的語音系統，因此被認為代表 了中古音系。 近年來，趙元任先生的學生羅杰瑞(Jerry Norman)在去 世之前提出了一個與現代漢語方言的《切韻》來源說不同的新概念。 他認為，漢語方言歷史上存在兩個主要的發展階段：一個是早期漢語 (Early Chinese)階段，該階段在中古漢語之前，包含閩方言的祖先語 言；另一個則是其後的一個階段，即漢語方言通音(Common Dialectal Chinese/CDC)，該階段代表那些僅見於除閩語以外其他主流漢語方言 的語音變化。 本研究對"表格"和"通音"的語音系統進行了比較， 力求揭示兩位學者對漢語方言音系的各自理解，並探討兩大系統在領 域內的適用性。 我們發現，兩者都深受歷史因素的影響，且都假定了 祖先語言形式，以揭示方言間的歷時關係。 其中，區分二者的一個重 要特徵是如何處理聲母的齒唇化。 可以看到，"表格"呈現的是齒唇 化之前的語音階段，齒唇化在主流漢語方言中廣泛存在，但在閩方言 中卻沒有發生。 相較之下，齒唇化在"通音"所代表的漢語階段中， 卻是一個重要的特徵。 因此，這一特徵便成為了由漢至宋，漢語方言 在演變過程中發生的一系列分水嶺式變化的例證。 而正是這些變化， 塑造了今天我們所看到的漢語方言形態及其多樣性，而它們也反映在 羅杰瑞的"早期漢語"和"漢語方言通音"的差異中。

『경상남도지』의 ｢방언｣에 담긴 경남방언 연구

This article aims to closely examine the ‘Bangeon’ (1963:966-1029) included in the Kyungsangnamdoji published by the Kyungsangnam-do Compilation Committee in 1963 and to reveal the significance of this work in the context of the overall history of South Kyungsang dialect research. The ‘Bangeon’ proactively recognized dialects as "independent language variations" and attempted a synchronic description of the overall South Kyungsang dialect. This endeavor can be considered a groundbreaking achievement, as it overcame the atomistic research approach based on traditional historical linguistics. Meanwhile, the ‘Bangeon’ goes as far as to subdivide the South Kyungsang dialect by examining dialectal features such as the phoneme inventory and the distribution of grammatical morphemes in the South Kyungsang dialect. The fact that the research results of the ‘Bangeon’ are still validly referenced in discussions on this dialect to this day clearly demonstrates the noteworthiness of this work in the history of South Kyungsang dialect research.

Y. R. Chao's Fāngyīn diàochá biǎogé and Its Role in the Evolution of Chinese Dialect Research Methodology

Y. R. Chao's Fāngyīn diàochá biǎogé and Its Role in the Evolution of Chinese Dialect Research Methodology

Методичні засади оцінки використання продовольчого потенціалу підприємств

The food potential of enterprises is a complex, multifaceted, multilevel category, with the regularities of its functioning revealed based on a complex systematic study. To assess the food potential of enterprises, a system of indicators is needed that considers the actual dynamics and theoretical prerequisites of the potential of the enterprise; the assessment of the food potential of enterprises is a purposeful process of determining in monetary terms the value of an object, considering the potential income that occurs in a certain period in the conditions of a competitive market. In modern conditions, various approaches are used: systemic, marketing, functional, reproductive, innovative, etc. Scientists distinguish comparative, cost-effective, and practical methods of assessing the use of the food potential of enterprises. The article aims to analyze the existing methods of using the food potential in modern conditions. In the research process, methods of comparison, analysis, and theoretical and logical generalization were applied. The dialectical research method became the methodological basis. The article highlights scientific approaches to assessing the use of the food potential of enterprises and clarifies the advantages and disadvantages of comparative, cost-effective, and practical methods; it has been proven that the use of food potential is influenced by principles related to land, houses, and structures; principles based on user needs; principles related to the market environment; principles of best and most effective use; a classification of factors influencing methods of food capital assessment is proposed: socio-economic; political; natural and climatic; financial and economic; structural and functional; social and labor; material and technical; market-situational, etc. Keywords: consumption method, region, food potential, factors, resources.

The unintended consequences of temporal leadership: a multilevel investigation of the effects of temporal leadership on employee silence

Purpose Existing research has generally viewed that temporal leadership has positive impacts on employees but ignores its potential drawbacks. This study aims to develop a model to explore its possible negative impacts on employees, drawing upon social information processing theory. Design/methodology/approach This study conducts a multi-wave and multisource survey to test the model, and the authors test the hypotheses with multi-level analysis using Mplus 7.4 and R package for Monte Carlo. Findings Results suggest that temporal leadership induces employee work alienation, thus leading to employee silence. Furthermore, shared temporal cognitions moderate both the relationship between temporal leadership and work alienation and the indirect effect of temporal leadership on employee silence via work alienation. Originality/value Taken together, this study reveals the potential dark side of temporal leadership and provides a more comprehensive and dialectical research perspective for temporal leadership literature.

Analytical monitoring of milk production in Ukraine

Introduction. The dairy industry is socially oriented, and its products should provide Ukrainian consumers with high-quality and nutritious dairy food products. Together with the products of other processing branches of the agro-industrial complex, these are the basis of ensuring food security. Among the branches of the food industry, the dairy industry ranks fourth in terms of the volume of industrial products sold. The population's well-being depends not only on the effective development of the dairy industry but also on reducing social tensions. The article aims to analyze the state of milk production by category of farms in Ukraine. The research process applied the methods of comparison, analysis, theoretical generalization, and logical generalization. The dialectical research method became the methodological basis. The article analyzes the dynamics of milk production in all categories of farms and finds out that there was a significant decrease in it due to military operations, the deterioration of the state of cattle feeding, the increase in the cost of raw material production due to the increase in prices for electricity, fuel, and logistics services was established. The main problems of the dairy industry are substantiated by the low level of technological equipment of dairies, outdated equipment, underdevelopment of the market infrastructure, low level of supply of raw materials and capacity utilization, low quality of final products of dairy industry enterprises; limitation of the possibility of broad differentiation of the assortment due to the low quality of raw materials; decrease in demand for processing products due to the low purchasing power of the population of the region, in particular rural areas; high level of competition from powerful enterprises equipped with modern equipment and technologies. In the raw materials market, district-scale enterprises face significant competition from leading enterprises in large cities, which can offer higher purchase prices to agricultural producers. Conditions for increasing the volume of milk production in modern conditions are proposed and substantiated. Keywords: production indicators, milk, dairy industry, annual yield, cattle.

Regional aspects of formation and use of food potential of enterprises

In the context of modern economic conditions, which are marked by a significant loss of the resource base, the formation, use, and preservation of enterprises' food potential emerge as a priority task. However, the existing mechanism of managing this potential falls short of fully meeting the tasks of increasing work efficiency, achieving high results, and fostering further development. This research underscores the crucial role of food potential in the efficient operation of enterprises, as it can be seen as a tool for maximizing profit and enhancing competitiveness, thereby highlighting its practical implications. Forming the enterprise's potential is one of the directions of its economic strategy. It involves creating and organizing a system of resources and competencies in such a way that the result of their interaction is a success factor in achieving the enterprise's strategic, tactical, and operational goals. The article's purpose is to analyze the impact of regional features on the formation and use of food potential in modern conditions. The research process applied the methods of comparison, analysis, theoretical generalization, and logical generalization. The dialectical research method became the methodological basis. The article highlights scientific views on the interpretation of the concept of "food potential," and it is clarified that it is a set of resources and capabilities of an enterprise to carry out its practical activities to obtain maximum profit; problematic aspects of the formation and use of the food potential of enterprises in modern economic conditions are analyzed; it has been proven that the use of food potential is influenced by existing regional features that shape the production directions of enterprises to ensure their profitable activity; the main principles of managing the food potential of economic entities within the framework of the marketing approach, which determines the orientation of the formation of the company's capabilities on the consumer, are highlighted. Keywords: food security, region, food potential, factors, resources.

A Study of Language Variation Analysis - A Review

Dialectology is the research of dialects, which are varieties of a language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and sometimes grammar. It explores regional, social, and historical variations within a language, aiming to understand how and why these differences occur . This paper has its focus on studying the difference between the regional language and standard language. The data is collected by using various recording devices and mobile phones. The primary goal of this paper is to explore how language changes in different situations. The focus is on examining variations in language usage, especially the choice of words (vocabulary), across various contexts. By carefully analyzing these linguistic differences, the study intends to offer valuable insights into understanding the specific context in which an individual is communicating. This can shed light on how language adapts to different environments and provides a deeper understanding of communication patterns. Analysis of dialects can help identify the geographic or social origin of a speaker, providing insights into their background. This can be useful in cases where the origin of a suspect or victim is uncertain. Linguistic experts may analyze speech patterns, vocabulary, and pronunciation to draw conclusions about a person's likely dialect, contributing to the overall forensic investigation

AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNİN DİALEKTOLOGİYASI VƏ QARABAĞ DİALEKTİNİN BƏZİ NƏZƏRƏÇARPAN CƏHƏTLƏRİ HAQQINDA

Dialectology of the Azerbaijan Language and Karabakh on some Controversial Aspects of Dialect Summary The paper addresses the most significant problems related to the study of the living domestic dialect and language history. Dialects study archaisms that have vanished from the language of literature. Our literary language changes according to the demands of contemporary times as a consequenceof the basic research of dialects. In Azerbaijani linguistics, a great deal of job has been performed in the field of historical dialectology. Key words: literary language, national dialects, modern eras, different words, language development

A Review of Research on The Neural Mechanisms of Lexical Tone Acquisition

The phenomenon of bilingualism is becoming more and more important as international communication becomes closer and closer. In the past, linguists' studies on second language acquisition by bilinguals seldom dealt with the language processing mechanism of the human brain itself, but the further development of science and technology has made it possible to quantify the laws of language learning at the neural level. In this paper, the author reviews the literature on the brain-neural mechanisms of tone perception in the primary stage of bilinguals from the perspectives of native language and bilingual tone perception in light of the previous research results. At present, the main research methods adopted in the study of tone acquisition are phonological experimental research and listening and dialectic research. However, the research on tone perception mostly focuses on differentiation and recognition experiments, the use of neuroscience technology is still insufficient, and the combination between disciplines is not close enough.

Initiating a Fact: the Play of the Imagination as a Way of Being a Word

The article attempts to question and dispute the definition of the “artistic-documentary literature”. The difference between the fact as an inert historical unit and the fact in correlation-contact figurative entities has been revealed applying phenomenological and dialectical research methods and using method of analogy. The key findings of the study argue that a fact in the documentary text is unambiguous, the scope of information it carries is equal to its analog in an empirically representative space; it is one-dimensional, historically and spatially localized, complete and finite in terms of message. The artistic text is a hyper complex combination of various types of contacts, is a synthesis of the in-depth abstracted artistic thought-forms and absolutely concrete meaning of visible things. This is a magical ritual procedure. The article highlights two points: analysis and synthesis. The analysis is aimed at determination of the way the fact functions in the text. The task of synthesis is to trace/identify the scheme that corresponds to the content of the links between the fact and other characteristics of the work. The emphasis is laid on the mechanism of transforming the informative-semantic into the informative-aesthetic. The artistic text is considered as a multichannel system, where the fact is subjected to processing by compression (quintessential), quantization (energy impact), coding (image formation) and correlation. The novel "Leaves of the Earth" by V. Drozd is used to illustrate the theoretical assumptions. The study shows the movement of a historical fact in the direction of expanding its parameters due to the projection of it on the symbolic-mythological, theosophical, psychological plane and formation of new meanings. The key findings of the research prove that the definition of literary-documentary literature is unmotivated and contains features of aporia.

Vowel Pronunciation as an Ethnic Marker: Pacific Islander Teens in Salt Lake County, Utah

This paper analyzes word list recordings from 37 Pacific Islander (PI) and 40 European American (EA) teens from two Salt Lake County (SLCo) high schools to address three questions: (1) Do the teens in the study participate in the linguistic practices previously described for Utah and for the American West? (2) Do EAs and PIs pattern together, or is there a distinctive PI pattern in SLCo? (3) How does the ethnic composition of the school context affect ethnic-based vowel patterns? The analysis focuses on a subset of vowel features associated with the West: the Low-Back-Merger Shift (LBMS) and the fronting of non-low back vowels. Results show the Utah teens employing many LBMS features, with statistical differences based on gender, ethnic group, and school (with school acting as a proxy for ethnic diversity). Non-low back vowel positions are generally consistent with historical baselines. BOAT vowel positions are farther back for PI participants, and there is a small difference in BUT vowel position based on gender, ethnicity, and school. The results of this ethnographically grounded study demonstrate how small phonetic differences may help construct ethnic identity and why it is important to include more participants of color in dialectal research.

Management of competitiveness of enterprises in the context of sustainable development

Introduction. The viability of enterprises' competitiveness is determined by the results of their production and sales activities in conditions of sustainable development. High competitiveness is the primary condition for modern enterprises' development and effective functioning in market conditions. Competition forces enterprises of various forms of ownership to constantly monitor changes in supply and demand and the cost of material resources, reduce production costs, improve the quality of their products and services offered on the market, and increase their competitiveness. Competitiveness is an indicator that reflects the effectiveness of the entire complex of economic mechanisms, considering all factors and mechanisms. Increasing competitiveness is a long-term process that is carried out by the chosen strategy of the company's development and ensures the achievement of competitive advantages: a reduction in the cost of production, increasing its priority; implementation of innovations, identifying the advantages of own goods compared to substitutes; use of price factors to increase competition; search for new areas of product use, etc. Goal. The purpose of the article is to analyze the management of enterprises' competitiveness in the conditions of sustainable development. Method (methodology). The research process applied the methods of comparison, analysis, and theoretical and logical generalization. The dialectical research method became the methodological basis. The results. The article examines the influence of external and internal factors on the management of the competitiveness of enterprises in the context of economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development; problematic aspects of ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises in conditions of sustainable development are analyzed; it has been proven that the dynamism of competitive advantages requires constant monitoring of their development trends and systematic development of complex measures for the development of existing and formation of new competitive advantages of the enterprise; it was determined that fundamentally new management solutions and strategic alternatives must be used to improve the results of operations radically. The conditions for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in the context of the components of sustainable economic development are proposed and substantiated. Keywords: enterprise competitiveness, management, sustainable development, factors, indicators of competitiveness.

Enchanting restaurants: innovation based on traditional food in Belém (Pará, Brazil)

The city of Belém, capital of the state of Pará (PA), located in northern Brazil, was recognized in 2015 as a Creative City of Gastronomy by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This recognition is due to the richness of the intangible cultural heritage of the cuisine of Pará, based on traditional and indigenous ways of making, allied to African and European knowledge. At the same time, participation in the Creative Cities Network presupposes cooperation between member cities, where city planning, creativity, sustainability and the encouragement of a socially fairer society are the principles that guide each one of them. In this sense, the objective of the article is to think about the act of enchantment, based on the communicative process, that restaurants promote in their customers, particularly in the city of Belém. In methodological terms, it is a qualitative and dialectical research that seeks to question and deepen knowledge, based on data collected in field research during participant observation. To conclude, we understand that the taste and mastery of traditional Pará cuisine can be restrictive as a tourist offer given the use of local products, unknown to the general public. Thus, gourmetization, the preparation of new dishes with known products and international dishes seek to complement this gastronomic offer.. However, the enchantment is not only produced from the food itself, but also from the referents and channels used by the different restaurants.

Acoustic Analysis of the Monosyllabic Tone of Ya Dialect in Qingping, Lianjiang

This study investigates the monosyllabic tone of the Ya dialect in Qingping, Lianjiang through the use of acoustic experimentation. The Praat software is employed to obtain objective tone values and tone duration data from a sample. The results indicate that the Ya dialect in Qingping, Lianjiang comprises six tone categories, namely Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng, Qusheng, Yinru, and Yangru, with corresponding tone values of 55, 35, 41, 44, 31, and 5. The order of tone duration, ranked from longest to shortest, is as follows: YinpingShangshengQushengYangpingYinruYangru. Although the tone types align with traditional descriptions, the experimental values for most tone types slightly exceed the traditional values. This phonetic experiment provides a more precise documentation of the phonetic characteristics of the Ya dialect in Qingping, Lianjiang, contributing to the field of Chinese dialect research.

On the issue of the concept of comparability: levels of application and scope of application in data taxation

This work focuses on the study of the concept of data comparability. Despite the importance of ensuring comparability of data in theory, in practice, analysts often forget about the need to verify whether information collected from different sources, for different subjects of economic activity, is suitable for comparative research. Based on this: the object of the study is to directly ensure the comparability of data, and the subject of the study is the application of this theory in practice, with an emphasis on the field of taxation. Moving from general, abstract economic examples in theory related to financial data and reporting, the author gradually moves on to the study of comparability in transfer pricing, in industry analysis using such industry averages as profitability and tax burden. The article uses a number of scientific research methods: formal logical, induction and deduction, as well as dialectical research method. Studying Russian and foreign sources, the author identifies three levels in theory: accounting, correctional and expert; which is also a scientific novelty. With their help, the difficulties associated with comparing enterprises with different characteristics are considered, the scope of comparability is explored, taking into account factors such as differences in jurisdictions, economic conditions and the changing regulatory landscape. Shedding light on these issues, this article gradually delves into the application of the concept in practice in the analysis of tax-related data, pointing out both the positive and negative sides of using industry-wide relative indicators when comparing organizations. At the end of the study, it is concluded that there is a need to apply a more targeted approach when comparing the results of economic activity of organizations.

A Thematic Approach to the Phenomenon of Migration in Dialect Research

Bu çalışmada; Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarının oluşum sürecinde ve bugünkü güncel yapısında belirleyici olan göç olgusunun ağız araştırmalarına ait kavramlara yansıması üzerinde durulmuştur. Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarının bugünkü durumuna bakıldığında, oluşma süreçleri tamamlanmış, pek çok monografik incelemeye konu olmuş yerli ağızlar yanında; göçmen ağızları, ağız adacıkları ve kentleşmenin getirdiği ağız değişimleri de görülmektedir. 
 Oğuzların Anadolu’ya gelişi ve yurt tutması Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarının oluşmasında belirleyici tarihî gerçekliktir, ardından gelen süreçler yerli ağızların şekillenmesinde daha sonra göçmen ağızlarının veya ağız adacıklarının oluşmasında etkili olmuştur. Günümüzde ağızların standart konuşma dili içinde yer bulması yaşanan iç göçlerin bir sonucudur. Birbirini izleyen bu kronolojik süreçlerde göç olgusunun hep ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. 
 Ağız çalışmalarında göç olgusunun ürettiği terminolojiye ve çalışma alanına dikkat çekmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, ağızlar ile ilgili teorik veya inceleme niteliği taşıyan çalışmalardan yararlanılmıştır.
 Özellikle ağız çalışmalarıyla ilgili güncel alanlar olan göçmen ağızları, ağız adacıkları, kentlileşme sürecindeki konuşma dili içerisinde yaşayan “lekt”ler ve bu alanlardaki öncü kabul edilebilecek çalışmalar da bu makalede konu edilmiş, sonuç bölümünde ise güncel ağız çalışmalarının istikameti konusunda görüşler ortaya konmuştur.

On the question of the dialectic of scientific knowledge in russian philosophy: the problem of reflection

The subject of the study is the phenomenon of reflection in the structure of the mechanisms of scientific cognition. The results of studying the phenomenon obtained within the framework of Russian philosophy in different periods of its development – the Soviet and modern stages - are compared. Attention is drawn to the fundamental nature of the research results of scientific reflection obtained during the Soviet period of philosophy development. In the philosophy of that period, the concept of reflection was proposed, which remained outside the field of view of modern research. A feature of the subject of the Soviet concept is the identification of two aspects of scientific reflection – the relationship between reflection and rationality, as well as the relationship between the meaning-setting and meaning-revealing functions of reflection. The subject of modern domestic research is influenced by the Western tradition. Its characteristic feature is the isolation of reflexive thinking on oneself or, in Soviet terminology, the reduction of scientific reflection to a semantic function. The research method is a dialectical-materialistic approach. The peculiarity of the study is the use of internal contradictions of reflection. The novelty of the work is characterized by the application of the results of Soviet dialectical-materialistic research to modern analysis. It is shown that the modern discussion of this problem is in a dialectical context, constituted by the framework of interrelated opposites. The idea is expressed that the dialectical-materialistic approach continues to be fundamental and is an adequate method of considering reflection. In particular, the dialectical-materialistic methodology will contribute to overcoming, in the words of one of the modern researchers, the "epistemological impasse" with which he characterizes the results of modern study. The conclusion is made about the need to resume dialectical research.

Achievements and Prospects of Chungcheong Dialect Research

Achievements and Prospects of Chungcheong Dialect Research

Current Status and Future Tasks of Hamgyeong-do Dialect Research

Current Status and Future Tasks of Hamgyeong-do Dialect Research