Dialect Change Research Articles

Dialect change and language attitudes in Albania

Abstract This study is concerned with attitudes of Albanian listeners toward the two main dialects spoken in Albania: Gheg and Tosk. The study seeks to establish a connection between attitudes and speech features which have been shown to be changing in Gheg, and other features found to be stable. Ratings of four speech features on visual analog scales (VASs) pertaining to dialect identification, status, and solidarity were collected from 125 Albanian listeners and modeled with Bayesian regressions. The results revealed lower status for variants of features found to be changing in Gheg, contrary to stable variants, suggesting a connection between attitudes and dialect change, and highlighting the relevance of both language-external and internal factors in understanding change. All stimuli were also rated as more friendly than unfriendly, which could be related to sociocultural specificities of Albania. The study finally identifies methodological challenges to do with modeling responses from VASs.

Number of Innovations in Kazakh Dictionaries of the Eighteenth Century in Comparison with Those of Other Turkic and Finno-Ugric Languages

The analysis of the dictionary published by P. S. Pallas makes it possible to clarify the chronology of changes in Kazakh dialects. The Kazakh dictionary of P. S. Pallas is important evidence that PTu *č was still preserved in the 18th century in Kazakh, and the changes were PTu *j-, *ĺ not finished yet. The dictionary presents only those innovative changes of consonants that are common for all Kipchak languages. It was also interesting that in the Kazakh language spoken in the late 18th century, only 1 sound change from Proto Turkic; in the Tatar dictionary 2 sound changes; in the Nogai dictionary 1 sound change; in the Hill Mari language 2 sound changes; in the South Khanty 5 sound changes; in the North Khanty 3 sound changes, and in the East Khanty 1 sound change.

Contact-Induced Change in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialects

Abstract In this article, I present an introductory overview of the Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects, followed by a study of various aspects of contact-induced change that are exhibited by these dialects. Neo-Aramaic dialects were also spoken by Christian communities in the same region. The Jewish and Christian dialects differ from one another, even where the two communities lived in the same geographical area. I show that contact-induced change was generally more advanced in Jewish NENA dialects than in neighboring Christian dialects. I also demonstrate that a study of contact-induced changes provides evidence of the migration history of the communities. I present two case studies of differing degrees of convergence with contact languages and evidence of different migration patterns. These are (i) the Jewish and Christian NENA dialects of Urmi (northwestern Iran) and (ii) the Jewish and Christian NENA dialects of Sanandaj (western Iran).

Effects of mobility on dialect change: Introducing the linguistic mobility index.

Increased geographical mobility prompts dialectologists to factor in survey participants' exposure to linguistic variation in their research. Changing mobility patterns (e.g. longer-distance commuting; easier relocation to distant places for work, study or marriage) have caused linguistic connections to become much more diverse, potentially contributing to the acceleration of dialect change. In this methodological work we propose the Linguistic Mobility Index (LMI) to estimate long-term exposure to dialectal variation and thereby to provide a reference of "localness" about survey participants. Based on data about a survey participant's linguistic biography, an LMI may comprise combinations of influential agents and environments, such as the dialects of parents and long-term partners, the places where participants have lived and worked, and the participants' level of education. We encapsulate the linguistic effects of these agents based on linguistic differences, the intensity and importance of the relationship. We quantify the linguistic effects in three steps. 1) The linguistic effect of an agent is represented by a linguistic distance, 2) This linguistic distance is weighted based on the intensity of the participant's exposure to the agent, and 3) Further weighted according to the relationship embodied by the agent. LMI is conceptualised and evaluated based on 500 speakers from 125 localities in the Swiss German Dialects Across Time and Space (SDATS) corpus, and guidance is provided for establishing LMI in other linguistic studies. For the assessment of LMI's applicability to other studies, four LMI prototypes are constructed based on the SDATS corpus, employing different theoretical considerations and combinations of influential agents and environments to simulate the availability of biographical data in other studies. Using mixed-effects modelling, we evaluate the utility of the LMI prototypes as predictors of dialect change between historic and contemporary linguistic data of Swiss German. The LMI prototypes successfully show that higher exposure to dialectal variation contributes to more dialect change and that its effect is stronger than some sociodemographic variables that are often tested for affecting dialect change (e.g. sex and educational background).

Lexical and Phonological Levelling in the Speech of Qassimi Arabic Speakers

This study on linguistic levelling in the speech of Qassimi Arabic speakers found that there are six distinct aspects of phonological levelling present in the dialect, coupled with a plethora of examples on lexical levelling among two groups. Qassimi Arabic speakers who reside in Qassim region and have lived there their entire lives, and Qassimi Arabic speakers who have resided in different Saudi regions most of their adult lives. Findings indicate that women are more likely to engage in levelling, and those with less education, and resident in Qassim are less likely to engage in levelling. Dialect changes occurred in nearly 2 of 3 participants and were due to the mixing of cultures and growing urbanisation. The results of the study are in line with other literature indicating that speakers of Qassimi Arabic engage in spontaneous levelling of their dialect for prosocial motives, for reasons having to do with ease of use and convenience. The study made meaningful contributions in explicating the specific aspects of phonological and lexical levelling with respect to the Qassimi Arabic dialect and to the influences of variables such as gender, age, gender, and region.

The [s -- > ʃ] sound change in /str-/ contexts: how temporal changes in the acoustic spectrum affect fricative percept

Studies have documented a sound change in some English dialects whereby /s/ in the context /strV/ surfaces as [ʃtrV]. This can be interpreted as /s/ rounding for the rhotic being re-analyzed as [ʃ]. We recently measured F;M, the frequency of the main peak in mid-fricative spectra, in seven adults producing words with /s/ and /ʃ/ across phonetic contexts and compared the acoustics to perceptual rankings on an [ʃ] to [s] scale. One speaker exhibited a perceived sound change; two, partial sound changes. It was shown that F;M was correlated with the perceptual rankings for /strV/ words. However, in all speakers, lowered F;M for /s/ in labial contexts did not affect percepts. The time course of lip rounding and tongue-tip retraction in /strV/ could help differentiate coarticulation versus a phonemic change. Interestingly, however, X-Ray Microbeam data [Iskarous, K. et al. (2011) Articulatory-acoustic kinematics of /s/, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 944-954] showed that / s/ constriction location was constant over time except in /str-/ context. This study will assess the amount and timing of F;M lowering, its perceptual consequences and likely articulatory causes, to gain more insight into the [strV] -- > [ʃtrV] sound change.

Language, Dialects and Climate Change

Human beings live in a relationship with each other in human society and solve their problems through interaction. After years and centuries, due to climate change, their language and dialect change and words are added according to their new surroundings. Today, due to the advent of the scientific and technical revolution, climatic conditions will continuously increase and change. Climate change makes it evident that dialects have not persisted and that they alter when agricultural conditions in rural areas change, resulting in the usage of various words there. What was not used before, for the peviously Qalba in field the terms Qalba, Sarbani, Motani, and Ghazj were used but now the tractor is used instead. If a new technique is used in the field instead of the old manual tools, the economic structure will also change, and the relations among the residents will change until a new color and a new type appear in the construction and other parts of the environment, houses, and new sides as well. With it in a new way and a new color in a new language. In dialect, new terminology is created instead of the old terminology. Climate change over the years and centuries has caused changes in language and dialect.

Dynamics of dialect change in urban communities: Analysis of linguistic variation and evolution of Polish urban dialects based on data from local libraries

The relevance and necessity of the study of this topic lies in the fact that, in comparison with other lexical groups, dialectal linguistic units are peripheral and can easily be lost. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly examine and analyse the emergence and development of dialects in different regions of Poland. The study employed structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, the method of generalisation, as well as comparative, statistical, and system analysis. As a result, it was found that linguists distinguish three urban dialects of Polish: Warsaw, Poznan, and Krakow. The Warsaw dialect is the most widespread urban Polish dialect. Over the past few decades, the Warsaw dialect has undergone considerable changes. These changes can be noticed on several levels: the mazurka has disappeared, the accent and intonation have been simplified, and some terms are pronounced differently. Simple past tense forms are used more often than complex ones, and the grammar generally becomes simpler. The number of English and Russian borrowings is growing. Conventional phrases and expressions are becoming less common, while slang and colloquial terms are becoming more common. Unfortunately, Polish urban dialects are under threat of extinction. Local libraries are crucial for the preservation of dialects, as they collect resources on urban dialects and hold events to promote their use. The study is practically important, since all the theoretical provisions, conclusions, and recommendations can be used by philologists to improve their knowledge of the dialectical vocabulary of Poland

Patient with Foreign Accent Syndrome in Post Infarct Thrombotic Stroke: A Case Report

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world and the leading cause of disability worldwide. One of the disabilities is language disorder. Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS) is a clinical condition associated with a noticeable change of accent, affecting verbal communication and social interaction skills. By identifying this case earlier, we hope the patient’s daily living is less disrupted. Case: A 54-year-old woman came with complaints of weakness and tingling in the right limbs accompanied by a change in language accent. Weakness in the right limbs was felt since 4 years ago, then 1 year later the patient began to experience a change in the speech accent, from a Javanese accent to a Madurese accent, where previously the patient had never lived or studied Madurese. The results of the neurobehavior examination showed the patient had disturbances in the language and memory domain. MRI revealed cerebral infarction in the bilateral hippocampi, small vessel ischemic in the bilateral frontal lobes, and corona radiata. Discussion: The accent change, known as FAS experienced by the patients, is thought to be due to neurological causes, which was stroke. In a study using a lesion network mapping approach, it was concluded that the lesion causing accent disorder was located within a single network in the bilateral frontal lobe. In line with the existing theory, the MRI results in this patient showed ischemia in the blood vessels of the bilateral frontal lobes.

Derivational Morphology Features in Common Akeanon Dialects

Akeanon language reflects the rich cultural uniqueness of Aklan natives in Panay Island, Philippines. It is spoken in different dialects as Akeanon Buruangganon, Akeanon Nabasnon, and Akeanon Bukidnon distinct from the standard Akeanon used in the central town of Kalibo. This descriptive cross-sectional study used documentary and content analyses to determine the derivational morphology features, and the different variations of common Akeanon dialects in terms of structure, word order, and affixation. Results revealed that most dialect variations of the language are expressed with endearment and warmth, with respect and assurance; followed by an inverted pattern from the normal word order of spoken or written English. Reduplication of base words and affixations using circumfix or confix were noted. Most of these affixes were derivational morphemes. Structure variations were observed wherein a bound morpheme in one dialect changes in another; some dropped an affix but retained its definition. Some Akeanon dialects have Tagalog origin while standard Akeanon words have substitutes in Akeanon dialect variations.

H. Lefebvre의 공간생산론을 적용한 상담공간

Objectives In this study, we will apply H. Lefebvre's spatial theory (2014) to the Wee class.
 Methods To this end, we conducted a literature study of the works of Lefèbvre, who emphasized the dialectical dynamics of space, and the works of various scholars on consulting spaces.
 Results H. Lefebvre's theory of space is that a person creates a space, occupies and lives in the space, and then the space affects people's conception. By applying this, the counseling related person creates a space called Wee class, the counseling related person occupies the Wee class, and the Wee class occupant is influenced by the space again, suggesting a process of dialectical change in personal concept. Specifically, it is to clarify the mean-ing of Lefebvre's theory of spatial production and spatial tripletness, and to obtain concrete examples and results by actually applying them to the Wee class of A school. To this end, this study first discusses Lefebvre's philoso-phy and spatial theory, and then explores the meaning of Wee class space starting from a general educational space. For the study, the person in charge of the school counseling space (1 person), superintendent (1 person), principal (1 person), teachers (3 people), and students (5 people) participated in the study and conducted research on their experiences. For these students, the humiliation experienced in the Wee class space was divided into ‘spatial practice’, ‘representation of space’, and ‘space of representation’. Through this, if Lefebvre's spatial triplet is applied to Wee class space, ‘spatial practice' is related to the physical production of Wee class space, and ‘representation of space’ is related to expectations of Wee class space, providing a safety net for at-risk students, etc. Providing a space for emotional rest for students. Lastly, the ‘space of representation’ refers to the diverse and open experiences of students who are actual users of the Wee class space.
 Conclusions Applied to the Wee class through Lefebvre's theory of production and spatial tripartity, ‘spatial prac-tice’ is the planning of the installation of the Wee class and the actual occupation of the space of the Wee class. In addition, ‘reproduction of space’ is a common belief about the WEE class, and ‘space of representation’ is the various reactions of actual users to the WEE class. In this way, a variety of approaches to the WEE class space over time and among members will help to improve the quality of WEE class activities.

Sounds and Sound Changes of Zhi(知) Groups of the Nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕), Jiang(江) in Peking Dialect

The current pronunciation of the initial consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)phonology in Peking dialect is more related to modern mandarin dialect’s phonetic historical separation and combination rather than separation and combination. In the modern Mandarin dialect, it is also related to the pronunciation change that the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and the sound in the vowel of long consonant letters and the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)Zhi er(知二). Until now, there haven’t been many researches in the academic, on 1. What important changes have occurred in the consonants and vowels in the ancient & medieval Mandarin about Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江) and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang (章) pronunciation in the modern Mandarin dialect change, and 2. What kind of relationship exists between various phonological changes. This thesis will examine the pronunciation of the consonants of middle ages, nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in modern Mandarin, using the division of ancient, medieval, and modern pronunciations as a clue. Also, based on the Mandarin dialect and historical documents, we will discuss the process of transition of nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in the ancient and medieval periods in modern Mandarin.

Functional connectivity reveals different brain networks underlying the idiopathic foreign accent syndrome.

Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is characterized by new onset speech that is perceived as foreign. Available data from acquired cases suggests focal brain damage in language and sensorimotor brain networks, but little remains known about abnormal functional connectivity in idiopathic cases of FAS without structural damage. Here, connectomic analyses were completed on three patients with idiopathic FAS to investigate unique functional connectivity abnormalities underlying accent change for the first time. Machine learning (ML)-based algorithms generated personalized brain connectomes based on a validated parcellation scheme from theHuman Connectome Project (HCP). Diffusion tractography was performed on each patient to rule out structural fiber damage to the language system. Resting-state-fMRI was assessed with ML-based software to examine functional connectivity between individual parcellations within language and sensorimotor networks and subcortical structures. Functional connectivity matrices were created and compared against a dataset of 200 healthy subjects to identify abnormally connected parcellations. Three female patients (28-42 years) who presented with accent changes from Australian English to Irish (n = 2) or American English to British English (n = 1) demonstrated fully intact language system structural connectivity. All patients demonstrated functional connectivity anomalies within language and sensorimotor networks in numerous left frontal regions and between subcortical structures in one patient. Few commonalities in functional connectivity anomalies were identified between all three patients, specifically 3 internal-network parcellation pairs. No common inter-network functional connectivity anomalies were identified between all patients. The current study demonstrates specific language, and sensorimotor functional connectivity abnormalities can exist and be quantitatively shown in the absence of structural damage for future study.

Concerning the different pronunciations of “our,” how does the pronunciation affect people of generational and foreign language background differences?

The younger generation’s dialect has changed rapidly due to the increased consumption of media from different backgrounds. Changing dialect affects the way we communicate with each other. The research question I curated concerned the different pronunciations of “our,” and how the difference in pronunciation affects people of generational and foreign language backgrounds. The methods of the study included a short sequence of questionnaires to provide interest, statistical information, as well as availability information for myself (the interviewer) to find a time at which I may interview the participant. The takeaway from the research was originally to research more on the topic of the generational differences of dialects. However, upon further inspection of my participant pool, another observation of the variables was needed to encompass the entire population. Thus, it can be concluded that dialect changes among people with the competing dialects of the older and younger generations affect the non-native population. The hypothesis suggests there is a relationship between dialect used by both younger and older generations, which impacts L2 English speakers and their pronunciation of “our.” The results were calculated by hand from data collected on Google Sheets. It can be assumed that the [‘aʊɚ] to [‘ar] pronunciation dialect change affected most of the older and younger populations. 42.86% of the total participants used the pronunciation of “our” as [‘aʊɚ], meaning that less than half of the population used the “proper” pronunciation of “our.” The following results are deemed inconclusive due to the number of variables that were present.

Japanese Accent Pronunciation Error by Japanese Learners in Elementary and Intermediate Level

This research discusses errors in the pronunciation of Japanese accents by Japanese learners. This study aims to determine the forms and causes of accents pronunciation errors in Japanese learners as well as Japanese learners’ comprehension of Japanese accent. The data used are speech data (word and sentence) of 18 people who are students of Japanese literature at a private university in Jakarta, in their 3rd and 4th years (hereafter written as respondents). As comparison data, this research uses Japanese native speaker data from Tokyo and electronic speech data from OJAD (Online Japanese Accent Dictionary). This research used a qualitative research method. Praat application also used to get a detailed visual description of Japanese speech from respondents. The results of this research found a form of error in the form of accent changes that do not match the speech data per word and sentence. The cause of accent errors was the lack of attention to the accent and the lack of learning about accents in the respondent’s learning environment. It was also found that 80% of respondents had minimal understanding of Japanese accents.

Continuity, change, and linguistic recycling in Flemish dialects: Negation, polarity focus, and mirativity1

The present paper revisits Neuckermans’s (2008) proposal concerning the geographic distribution and diachronic genesis of different functions of the particle en, a remnant of Jespersen’s Cycle in the Southern Dutch dialects, and addresses van der Auwera’s (2009) claim that en may in some dialects of Dutch have developed into a non-negative marker of clausal subordination at the end of the cycle. Based on a 400,000-word corpus of spontaneous dialect speech data from 65 locations in the southern Dutch dialect area (with an emphasis on West and East Flemish ones) as well as on historical data from the literature, it is concluded that Neuckermans’s implicational hierarchy (a) needs to be revised and (b) cannot not be a reflex of a diachronic retraction scenario, and that (c) an analysis of non-negative en as a marker of subordination as proposed by van der Auwera cannot be confirmed for the Southern Dutch dialects more generally. Instead, it is argued that the observable distribution points to the synchronic coexistence of several layers of change that have affected en since Middle Dutch, and have led to it having become co-opted as a mirative strategy.

리듬 그루브에 영향을 끼치는 요소 연구 – 베이스 기타의 리듬 그루브를 중심으로 -

This thesis analyzes the factors that affect the dew groove of the baro guitar, and studies with the purpose of enabling the expression of various duties with performers, arrangers, and mechanical players who practice more quickly. The research method is the length, accent, timing, harmony and line, diction, decibel, charge, pitch, factors that can affect periodic grooves and can be played, such as continuous change in tone, Second, current was passed through the experimental groups that produced samples of field change of sound, accent change of practice sound, turn change of net-sup sound, length change of sound over time, and change of sound decibel repeatedly, and then the change of the most groove was called. It was done in a way to select one number. As a result of the study, among the factors most influencing the change of the groove, the meaningful results were change in the length of the note (35.2%), change in the accent of the note (19.3%), change in the turn of the note (17%), and note of the note. Interested in and exploring change (13.6%) increased the change of due groove from note length change to devil by 54% of instrumental music majors directly taught in academia. In other words, the length of the note is the most important factor in expressing the rhythm groove of the bass guitar, and if this element is used well, it can bring good results to the performance, arrangement, and production of the bass guitar. This study has a limitation of not providing samples that combine various genres, styles, and complex elements, and it is predicted and suggested that if complex experiments are conducted in subsequent studies, it will be possible to derive changes in grooves according to many musical environments.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL HYPNOTIC MANIPULATION MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC MIND USED IN MEDIA SPACE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THEMATIC SUBSCRIPTIONS ON THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL

Questions regarding the public mind through social networks (especially through video and audio content presented on the YouTube channel) have been actively analyzed and discussed in recent years. The particular importance of this topic lies in the fact that these networks use a certain range of special mechanisms, techniques, and tools. They help to carry out a purposeful influence in mercenary ends on the mass consumer. Such a negative influence of socio-psychological mechanisms of hypnotic manipulation of public consciousness in the media space cannot always be recognized by an ordinary user. Gradually, manipulation on social networks (including YouTube channels) creates a distorted and even negative worldview image in the user's mind. It leads to an unconscious accent change in the perception of real events and in making decisions and reacting. Thus, an erroneous attitude to objective reality can be formed in a person's consciousness. Also, it can lead to an increased tendency to suggestibility, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the criticality of the information offered in the social nets.
 The study aims to analyze the most frequently used socio-psychological mechanisms of hypnotic manipulation of public consciousness in the media space, taking thematic subscriptions on the YouTube channel as a basis. Also, it aims to determine the correlation between the number of thematic subscriptions and the frequency of subscriber purchases under the influence of the content provided on the channel and the level of a person’s suggestibility.

Dialect Contact and Dialect Change among Korean Mobile Speakers : Focusing on the Realization of Tones

Dialect Contact and Dialect Change among Korean Mobile Speakers : Focusing on the Realization of Tones

Dorsal harmony in Squliq Atayal: An Acoustic and Ultrasound Study

Dorsal harmony, understood as a process of changing from /*k/ into /q/ when followed by a uvular /q/ or a pharyngeal /ħ/, has been reported as a historical sound change in Atayal dialects, such as Squliq and Skikun. However, it is unattested if the observed dorsal harmony also occurs in those Atayal dialects as a synchronic morpho-phonological process. In the present study, we examined dorsal harmony in Squliq Atayal through ultrasonography and acoustic measurement (onset F3 – F2). Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied to fit the tongue contours and compare the similarities of tongue images across different conditions. One participant showed that all variants of [k] were deviated from Baseline [k], and the linear discriminant (LD) values of all variants of [k] fell between Baseline [k] and [q]. The other participant exhibited consistent tongue postures in Short distance [k] and Cross-boundary [q]-[k]. The observed results suggest that dorsal harmony occurs in Squliq Atayal as a morpho-phonological process. Moreover, dorsal harmony is physiologically driven and best accounted for by coarticulatory aggressiveness, though with some individual variations. These variations nevertheless may support a coarticulatory path to sound change.