Dorsal harmony in Squliq Atayal: An Acoustic and Ultrasound Study

Abstract

Dorsal harmony, understood as a process of changing from /*k/ into /q/ when followed by a uvular /q/ or a pharyngeal /ħ/, has been reported as a historical sound change in Atayal dialects, such as Squliq and Skikun. However, it is unattested if the observed dorsal harmony also occurs in those Atayal dialects as a synchronic morpho-phonological process. In the present study, we examined dorsal harmony in Squliq Atayal through ultrasonography and acoustic measurement (onset F3 – F2). Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied to fit the tongue contours and compare the similarities of tongue images across different conditions. One participant showed that all variants of [k] were deviated from Baseline [k], and the linear discriminant (LD) values of all variants of [k] fell between Baseline [k] and [q]. The other participant exhibited consistent tongue postures in Short distance [k] and Cross-boundary [q]-[k]. The observed results suggest that dorsal harmony occurs in Squliq Atayal as a morpho-phonological process. Moreover, dorsal harmony is physiologically driven and best accounted for by coarticulatory aggressiveness, though with some individual variations. These variations nevertheless may support a coarticulatory path to sound change.