Morphological Diagnostic Criteria Research Articles

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment of Benign Epithelial Esophageal Neoplasms under Control of Magnifying Chromoendoscopy

Relevance. The article presents a study and analysis of the effectiveness of the surgical treatment technique for benign epithelial neoplasms of the esophagus under the control of magnifying chromoendoscopy. Epithelial neoplasms of the esophagus and stomach are frequent diagnostic findings during endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. They are detected in 2% of patients, on average, during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Notably, tactic of their management is not adequately standardized and often encounters challenges in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic significance of individual macroscopic features that allow the morphological structure of epithelial formations to be determined during gastroscopy. Methods. The study involved clinical data and analysis of the results of prehospital surgical interventions in patients with benign epithelial neoplasms of the esophagus, who made up the main group. Patients of the control group were exposed to endoscopic investigation and diagnosed using conventional techniques. Statistical analysis of the study results was carried out in two directions, namely: endoscopic and morphological diagnostic parameters and objective data on relapses and bleeding were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test in the main and control groups; the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was applied to assess the closeness of the statistical relationship between endoscopic diagnostic parameters and morphological criteria in order to evaluate the effectiveness of magnifying chromoendoscopy in the surgical treatment of benign epithelial neoplasms of the esophagus in patients of the main group. Results. The use of magnifying video endoscopy provides beneficial perspectives for detailed assessment of the mucous membrane of the examined organs. Previously, chromo-endoscopy was used to identify the metaplasized epithelium, the boundaries of precancerous trasformations. However, this staining technique was quite time-consuming; it failed to determine microstructural changes in the lesion area and in the perifocal region with extreme accuracy. Currently,the use of magnifying narrow band imaging endoscopy allows visualizing the smallest changes in the tissue surface, assessing the architectonics of the vascular network in the study area and, most importantly, the prevalence of the pathological focus, which increases not only the level of diagnosis of precancerous changes, but also the effectiveness of endoscopic surgical treatment at the stage of primary health care. In the control group, the percentage of adverse effects was 77.7% (14 cases) based on the results of 18 polypectomies of epithelial neoplasms. If compared with conventional endoscopic examination, we noted the following advantages of the narrow-band imaging endoscopy with optical magnification in the study of benign epithelial neoplasms of the esophagus: 22 cases of endoscopically detected signs of neoplastic changes in the esophageal mucosa were registered, which were morphologically confirmed in 20 patients, this amounting to 90.9%. Conclusions. The results of the study can be useful for improving treatment approaches, developing surgical intervention protocols and making more informed clinical decisions.

Clinicopathological Study of Fibroepithelial Lesions of the Breast in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India.

Introduction Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast mainly include fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumors with overlapping morphological features and varied clinical behavior. This study aims to determine the histopathological spectrum of fibroepithelial lesions of the breast in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that was carried out in the pathology department from 1stJanuary 2015 to 31stDecember 2023. Relevant data of all fibroepithelial lesions reported during the study period were retrieved from the medical records, tabulated, and analyzed. The Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the significant association between the various clinicopathological parameters of fibroepithelial lesions. A p-value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results Out of a total of 195 fibroepithelial lesions, 185 (95%) were fibroadenoma, 07 (3.5%) were phyllodes tumors, and three (1.5%) were fibroadenoma with tubular adenoma. The most common age group was 21 to 40 years, with the majority of phyllodes tumors being more than 5 cm in size compared to fibroadenomas. The association between the clinicopathological characteristics such as age of patients, tumor size, and histological grade was statistically insignificant in this study. Conclusions The implementation and usage of morphological diagnostic criteria will help in diagnosing and categorizing this broad group of fibroepithelial lesions, thereby facilitating appropriate treatment forpatients.

Experience Sharing in Pathological Diagnosis of Early Adenocarcinoma of the Lung.

Background: In daily work, there are still many pathologists who have difficulty handling the diagnosis of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and lepidic adenocarcinoma, and the boundaries are not clear enough. Sometimes, the diagnosis is difficult, and there is sometimes poor reproducibility between different pathologists. Accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis require a certain amount of experience. Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we collected a large number (n = 381) of specimens of early lung adenocarcinoma, most of which (n = 356) were solitary lesions and 25 were multifocal lesions. There were 78 nodules in multifocal lesions, total 434 nodules. We summarized very careful microscopic observation and comparative analysis on all frozen and paraffin sections collected from many early lung adenocarcinoma specimens, continuously summarizing our experience. Results: Based on the World Health Organization's 2021 classification and diagnostic criteria for lung adenocarcinoma, new perspectives have been proposed on how to distinguish between atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and lepidic adenocarcinoma. In particular, new perspectives have been proposed on how to identify invasive aspects, and there are also some new perspectives on early lung mucinous lesions. Conclusion: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and lepidic adenocarcinoma all have corresponding morphological diagnostic criteria, but the morphological boundaries are sometimes not easy to determine and require some experience accumulation. The intraoperative frozen pathological diagnosis of early adenocarcinoma of the lung needs to be closely combined with imaging examination, and has very rich morphological experience.

Proliferation activity and hormonal status of atypical hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium

Atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium is a precancerous condition for endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, which is the largest group among malignant neoplasms of the uterine body, according to the Cancer Registry, the mortality rate from which took the 3rd place in 2021. The absence of specific clinical manifestations complicates diagnostics at the early stages of the process, which necessitates the study of histological and immunohistochemical criteria to verify the diagnosis. The aim of the study. To improve the differential diagnostic morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for the diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, using the latest international classification data. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 76 cases of postoperative material of women for the period from 2020 to 2022 with a diagnosis of “endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium” – 61 cases and “endometrial hyperplasia with atypia” – 15 included an assessment of histological, immunohistochemical features, followed by statistical processing of the obtained results. Results. The incidence of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and atypical endometrial hyperplasia occurs in the premenopausal and menopausal periods. The expression level of the Ki-67 marker is directly proportional to the degree of tumor malignancy (p < 0.05). Estrogen receptors decrease as the degree of tumor malignancy increases. Progesterone receptors are equally present in endometrioid adenocarcinomas and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The necessity of using the Ki-67 marker and determining the hormonal status in endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the endometrium and atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium is argued.

Recent insights on the clinical, pathological, and molecular features of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, a unique histopathologic entity that is often observed (especially in advanced prostate cancer), is characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells within normal acini or ducts surrounded by a basement membrane. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is almost invariably associated with an adjacent high-grade carcinoma and is occasionally observed as an isolated subtype. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate has been demonstrated to be an independent poor prognostic factor for all stages of cancer, whether localized, de novo metastatic, or castration-resistant. It also has a characteristic genetic profile, including high genomic instability. Recognizing and differentiating it from other pathologies is therefore important in patient management, and morphological diagnostic criteria for intraductal carcinoma of the prostate have been established. This review summarizes and outlines the clinical and pathological features, differential diagnosis, molecular aspects, and management of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, as described in previous studies. We also present a discussion and future perspectives regarding intraductal carcinoma of the prostate.

ЦИТОЛОГІЧНА ДІАГНОСТИКА ТОНКОГОЛКОВИХ ПУНКЦІЙНИХ БІОПСІЙ ЩИТОПОДІБНОЇ ЗАЛОЗИ В УКРАЇНІ: ЗІСТАВЛЕННЯ З ДАНИМИ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ПРАКТИКИ

Thyroid cancer is one of the few cancers diagnosed by cytological examination of thin nodule puncture biopsies. To achieve standardization of diagnostic terminology, morphological criteria and risk of malignancy in the whole world, the 6-level Bethesda system is used. The work aimed to analyze the results of cytological examination of fine-needle aspiration puncture biopsies (TAPBs) of thyroid nodules according to the international Bethesda system for the last three years and compare them with the world practice. As a result, 5687 surveys were conducted, where the proportion of women was 87.9% and of men 12.1%. Of all the cases, the most extensive cytological findings were of class II (benign formation) - 3061 studies (57%). The number of cases interpreted as class III was within the reference values, i.e. 8.2%. The fourth class accounted for 8.2%, the fifth for 3.5%, and the sixth for 5.0%. In total, these three classes account for 17.2%. Our analysis compared the reference values and data from other laboratories revealed comparable results. The analysis of the structure of the results of cytological investigations according to Bethesda revealed a high rate of the first class (non-informative), which indicates the need for more accurate interaction between clinical physicists and cytologists.

Colorectal Serrated Lesions: A Current View on Clinical, Morphological, Molecular, and Genetic Diagnostic Criteria.

Serrated colorectal lesions are a group of colonic lesions with a serrated (saw-tooth) profile of the surface epithelium and crypts, and peculiar molecular and genetic developmental mechanisms that are incompletely understood. These formations cause concern due to their premalignant potential. The review is dedicated to serrated lesions of colon and appendix. We focused on modern classification, role in carcinogenesis, as well as new approaches to morphological diagnosis. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of serrated colorectal lesions related cancer published between 2000 and 2020 that address epidemiological risk factors, underlying pathophysiological mechanism and enable our review of these factors as well as molecular, genetics, and structural patterns. Serrated colorectal lesions take one third of all benign neoplasms of the colon in the pathologist's practice. The active study of serrated lesions began in the 1900s. Terminology and diagnostic criteria changed in the updated classification in 2019. Morphological criteria, immunohistochemical and molecular profile, endoscopic and clinical characteristics are reviewed. Although significant efforts were made in attempt to improve our understanding and diagnostic criteria of serrated polyps of colorectum, very little has changed since the original morphologic description of preneoplastic serrated lesions in early 2000s. There remains a need for more research in order to develop more definitive immuophenotypic and molecular biomarkers in order to distinguish between non-neoplastic and neoplastic serrated lesions.

Outcome of Patients with T- Cell Histiocyte Rich B Cell Lymphoma: Single Institution Series

Outcome of Patients with T- Cell Histiocyte Rich B Cell Lymphoma: Single Institution Series

Reporting Thyroid Cytology in a Globalized World

The Italian SIAPEC-AIT 2014 classification, the 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology (TBSRTC), the 2016 UK Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) thyroid reporting system, and the 2019 Japanese reporting system for thyroid aspiration cytology (JRSTAC2019) represent the most widely used reporting systems among clinicians and pathologists for the purpose of cytologically diagnosing, estimating the potential risk of malignancy (ROM), and defining the most appropriate treatment for a patient with a thyroid nodule. Although all the systems use overlapping diagnostic categories and morphologic criteria, they differ on the basis of the criteria for inclusion in the cytologic categories, which may, in turn, affect the ROM of a given category and the clinical management of the patient, particularly with regard to the “indeterminate” categories. The aim of this review is to analyze the main differences that emerge between the systems and to propose possible solutions for a comprehensive reporting system that integrates and harmonizes all the criteria of the Italian classification and the Bethesda system, also taking into account the impact that the new tumor entity NIFTP (non-invasive follicular tumor with papillary-like nuclear features) that has, in many instances, replaced the non-invasive form of the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, has had on the modification of malignancy risks.

Molecular Identification of Plerocercoids of Clistobothrium montaukensis (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) Parasitizing the King of Herrings Regalecus glesne.

Endo-parasites of the bathypelagic king of herrings Regalecus glesne and oarfish Regalecus russelii are only known from few specimens opportunistically examined. As a consequence, there are few records of parasites from either Regalecus species. We report plerocercoid larvae of phyllobothriidean cestodes parasitizing an adult R. glesne stranded in Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sixty-three plerocercoids were obtained from the intestine of R. glesne and characterized using morphological and molecular methods (nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences). Following the morphological diagnostic criteria of scolex and muscle bands in the strobila, plerocercoids specimens were preliminary assigned to the genus Clistobothrium. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences indicate these plerocercoids correspond to Clistobothrium montaukensis Ruhnke, 1993. Regalecus glesne is a new host known for C. montaukensis and this report is a new geographical record of C. montaukensis parasitizing species of the genus Regalecus previously known only from California and Florida, USA.

Morphological and immunohistochemical parameters of chronic placental insufficiency in preeclampsia

Aim. To determine the morphological parameters of chronic placental insufficiency in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia, also in women with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH).
 Materials and Methods. The analysis of history data, peculiarities of pregnancy and childbirth in women with hypertensive disorders was carried out. A review histology of 40 placentas in moderate preeclampsia, 40 placentas in severe preeclampsia, and 35 placentas of women with CAH and associated preeclampsia was performed. The control group consisted of 20 placentas of women with uncomplicated pregnancy without hypertensive disorders. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed on paraffin sections according to standard methods using primary goat antibodies to annexin V (R-20, sc-1929) and rabbit antibodies to erythropoietin (H-162, sc-7556) in a working dilution 1:200 with Super Sensitive IHC polymer detection system.
 Results. Based on the results of pathomorphological examination of placentas of women with hypertensive disorders, two forms of chronic placental insufficiency were identified. The defining form of placental insufficiency in women with CAH and associated preeclampsia was fetoplacental insufficiency, and in preeclampsia of moderate severity and in severe one utero-placental form of chronic placental insufficiency. Based on the study of the dynamics of expression of annexin V and erythropoietin, morphological parameters of the placental compensatory potential and placental hemostasis disorders in hypertensive disorders in pregnant women were determined.
 Conclusion. Diagnostic morphological criteria for fetoplacental insufficiency in women with hypertensive disorders are a combination of maternal and fetal malperfusion with obliterative angiopathy of stem villi vessels; in the utero-placental form obliterative angiopathy of spiral arteries, placental hypoperfusion with the development of local hypoxia and hemostatic disorders in the form of thrombosis of the intervillous space and villi infarcts.

Morphological and molecular evidence for first records and range extension of the Japanese seahorse, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker 1853) in a bay-estuarine system of Goa, central west coast of India.

Accurate information of taxonomy and geographic range of seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) is the first step in preparing threat assessments and designing effective conservation measures. Here, we report first records and a range extension of the Japanese seahorse, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker, 1853) from the Mandovi estuarine ecosystem of Goa, central west coast of India (CWCI) based on morphological and molecular analyses. The morphometric and meristic traits, particularly short snout (29-35% head length), double cheek spine, low coronet, long tail (51.2-57.9% of standard length), 11 trunk rings, 37-39 tail rings, 15-16 dorsal and 12-14 fin rays observed in four collected specimens matched with the reported key diagnostic morphological criteria of vouchered specimens of H. mohnikei. The seahorse mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were partially sequenced for conclusive genetic identification of the species under study. Molecular analysis showed that all four individuals clustered together suggesting a monophyletic lineage. Using the maximum similarity with GenBank database, maximum likelihood network and subsequent morphological analysis, the identity of the collected seahorse species was reconfirmed as H. mohnikei. With this new report, the geographic range of H. mohnikei extended significantly to the west from its previously known range. This new sighting of H. mohnikei could indicate a long-distance dispersal facilitated by the prevailing oceanic circulation in the Indo-Pacific region or increased habitat suitability in bay-estuarine systems of Goa, CWCI. Comparison of the pair-wise genetic distances (Kimura 2-parameter) based on COI and Cyt b sequences revealed that the specimens examined in this study are genetically closer to H. mohnikei populations from Vietnam and Thailand than they are to those in Japan and China. To test the hypothesis whether H. mohnikei are vagrants or previously unreported established population, long-term inter-annual sampling and analyses are warranted.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Newborns (Morphological Study)

The aim of the study is to provide a rationale for the morphological diagnostic criteria of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (ARDSN) in extremely preterm newborn infants.Materials and methods. Autopsy protocols of 31 newborns were studied. The average gestational age of children was 28.9±5.3 weeks, body weight at birth was 1404±945 grams. Fifty eight percent of newborns in the sample had extremely low body weight (ELBW). At birth, all newborns were found to have severe asphyxia, and the median score on the Apgar scale at the 1st minute of life was 3 [2; 5] points. In all cases there was an unfavorable course of the disease. The median life span was 72 [22; 181] hours.The results of the study. The study revealed two variants of hyaline membrane formation in preterm newborns with acute respiratory failure. Hyaline membranes in the lungs were found in 93.5% of newborns, in 51.6% of cases there was ARDSN due to the primary surfactant deficiency, in 41.9% of children ARDS was due to immature lung being exposed to various direct and indirect damaging factors. In all cases a distinct morphological pattern in newborns with the hyaline membranes was identified: immaturity and antenatal damage to air-blood barrier, pneumonia, microaspiration, ischemia of the lungs.Conclusion. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is typical for 41.9% of extremely preterm infants, its development is favored by exposure of immature lungs to direct (congenital pneumonia, amniotic fluid aspiration) and indirect (severe perinatal hypoxia with ischemia, shock, hemorrhagic syndrome) damaging factors. Morphological signs of ARDS were most often found in newborns with congenital pneumonia, asphyxia, neonatal aspiration of amniotic fluid.

The Morphological Analysis of Cells in the Bronchoscopic Brushing and TBNA of Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

Biopsy, brushing, and transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) are the most common methods for diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and are taken during the same diagnostic bronchoscopic procedure. However, it is not clear what the morphological diagnostic criteria of cytology by brushing or TBNA are. A retrospective analysis was performed on 136 patients who underwent video bronchoscopy examination for diagnostic purposes. All the subjects were performed brushing or TBNA and confirmed as lung adenocarcinoma by biopsy or postoperative pathology. An additional 140 randomly selected patients with benign lung diseases were included in the study and used as a control group. The benign cells usually confused with adenocarcinoma cells were ciliated columnar cells, mucous columnar cells, ciliated cuboid cells, and reactive ciliated cells, respectively. The number of cases diagnosed as adenocarcinoma cells, carcinoma cells, suspicious cancer cells, and atypical proliferative cells by cytology was 101, 11, 20, and 4, respectively. The main basis for the interpretation of adenocarcinoma cells is the enlargement of individual nucleus, the arrangements of multistage papillary, and the general enlargement of nuclei, while the main clue for the interpretation of suspicious cancer cells and dysplasia cells comes from escape cells. The results suggested that the degree of nuclear enlargement, multiple papillary arrangement, and escape cells or escape trend cells are important clues for the interpretation of lung adenocarcinoma cells, while the atypical proliferative cells were similar to escape cells or escape trend cells, which were essentially benign cells beside the cancer.

Assessment of the Efficiency of the Narrow-Band Imaging With Optical Magnification in the Diagnostics of Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases

The article is devoted to the study of the capabilities of the EG-2990Zi video gastroscope combined with the EPK-i7000 Pentax video processor in the process of comparative assessment of the effectiveness of using narrow-band video imaging with optical magnification in diagnosing certain diseases of upper gastrointestinal, namely, the esophagus, gaster, and duodenum. In particular, the method of comparative assessment of the mucous coat condition and morphological criteria in patients with Barrett's esophagus, as one of the serious complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease, is considered when performing narrow-band video imaging with optical magnification compared to a routine endoscopic examination technique. At the second stage, endoscopic indices and morphological diagnostic criteria in patients with ulcers and cicatricial deformity of the gaster and duodenum were compared. The final stage is connected with the study of the state of the mucous coat and morphological criteria in patients with polyps of the stomach and duodenum. The result of a comparative analysis of the findings obtained using these methods enables the early detection of changes in the mucous coat of the esophagus, preceding neoplastic ones when coinciding with the morphological conclusion in patients with the above diseases. The main points of scientific novelty include the following: a clear diagnostic algorithm has been first proposed for diseases of upper gastrointestinal diseases, taking into account the use of innovative technologies combined with a morphological study of biopsy material, which differs from routine endoscopic examination only in white light using a logical structure of study of the effectiveness of various endoscopic imaging visualization modes in terms of detailing of the micrograph and angioarchitecture of the mucous coat during the identification of spread and extent of manifestation of various chronic pathologies of the esophagus, gaster and duodenum; it has been proposed to assess the inter-relation between the data of endoscopic examinations and morphological criteria within the independent main and control groups, differing in the use of correlation analysis by the Spearman criterion and allowing to statistically substantiate the advantages of narrow-band imaging with high resolution in matters of early detection of changes in the mucous coat of the esophagus, gaster, duodenum, preceding neoplastic ones.

Histological and immunohistochemical features of the ovarian malignant tumors with different histogenesis.

Background. Among neoplastic gynecologic diseases, ovarian cancer is in the top five in mortality, ranking fourth. These facts are explained, on the one hand, by the lack of specific clinical manifestations, which causes the diagnosis of the process in its later stages with often metastatic lesions. On the other hand, there is the problem of reliable verification of the diagnosis. The division of ovarian cancer into type 1 and type 2 indicates different patterns of ontogeny. The objective of the study is to improve the complex of differential diagnostic morphological criteria for the verification of benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumors, based on the latest international classifications. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 169 ovarian epithelial tumors, including 37 cases of benign tumors, 120 cases of borderline tumors and 12 highly differentiated carcinomas of various histological types, included the evaluation of immunohistochemical features with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. Results. In all groups of epithelial tumors of the ovary, certain groups and differences of different histological features (changes in the structure of the cover epithelium, polymorphism of tumor cells) and features of immunophenotypes of the investigated tumors were revealed. These data make it possible to speak about the diagnostic value of each indicator for the investigated epithelial tumors of the ovaries. Сonclusion. Among the histological characteristics of importance were: epithelium cover, the degree of expression of polymorphism, the indicator of mitotic activity. Among the panel of immunohistochemical antibodies are the cytokeratin fractions (cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20), the nature of staining on Ki-67, p53, WT-1, EMA and CA-125.

Morphological and molecular motifs of fibrosing pulmonary injury patterns.

Interstitial lung diseases encompass a large number of entities, which are characterised by a small number of partially overlapping fibrosing injury patterns, either alone or in combination. Thus, the presently applied morphological diagnostic criteria do not reliably discriminate different interstitial lung diseases. We therefore analysed critical regulatory pathways and signalling molecules involved in pulmonary remodelling with regard to their diagnostic suitability. Using laser‐microdissection and microarray techniques, we examined the expression patterns of 45 tissue‐remodelling associated target genes in remodelled and non‐remodelled tissue samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF/UIP), non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), organising pneumonia (OP) and alveolar fibroelastosis (AFE), as well as controls (81 patients in total). We found a shared usage of pivotal pathways in AFE, NSIP, OP and UIP, but also individual molecular traits, which set the fibrosing injury patterns apart from each other and correlate well with their specific morphological aspects. Comparison of the aberrant gene expression patterns demonstrated that (1) molecular profiling in fibrosing lung diseases is feasible, (2) pulmonary injury patterns can be discriminated with very high confidence on a molecular level (86–100% specificity) using individual gene subsets and (3) these findings can be adapted as suitable diagnostic adjuncts.

Histological and immunohistochemical features of the ovarian malignant epithelial tumors and granulosa cell tumors

Among cancers the ovarian cancer is one of the top ten in prevalence occupying the 7th place and one of the first five in mortality occupying the 4th place. These facts are explained, on the one hand, by the absence of specific clinical manifestations, which causes the diagnosis of the process at its later stages with a frequent metastatic lesion. On the other hand, there is a problem of reliable verification of the diagnosis.The purpose of the study is to improve the complex of differential diagnostic morphological criteria for malignant neoplasms of the ovaries verification, which is based on the latest international classifications and features of practical oncomorphology in Ukraine.Methods. Retrospective analysis of 115 malignant ovarian tumors (where 67 cases of different types carcinomas and 48 cases of granulosa cell tumor were included) contained assessment of histological, immunohistochemical characteristics followed by statistical processing of the results.Results. Received data made it possible to state the diagnostic value of each feature for the studied malignant tumors of the ovaries. Among the histological characteristics the most important were: macro- and micropapillas, follicular / glandular structures, polymorphism degree, mitotic activity, cell necrosis. Among the panel of immunohistochemical antibodies the fractions of cytokeratins (pancytoceratin AE1 / AE3, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20), p53, WT-1, EMA and vimentin were mentioned. However, P > 0.05 for all the indicators.Conclusions. The necessity of using is based on a combination of histological criteria for a specific panel of IgG antibodies, which is statistically confirmed. Presence of papillary structures, mitotic activity, polymorphism and expression of p53 are clue for differentiation between HGSC and LGSC. Granulosa cell tumors had a special phenotype Vimentin + / Calretinin + / PanCK + (focally).

Comparative osteology and osteometry of the coracoideum, humerus, and femur of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)

AbstractFragmented skeletal remains of marine turtles occur frequently in archaeological and natural deposits on tropical and subtropical coasts. Identifying these remains to species based on their differential osteomorphology is vital to address questions pertaining to the historical ecology, archaeology, and conservation of marine turtles globally. Although the species‐specific features of extant marine turtle skulls and carapax are relatively well known, the comparative osteomorphology and osteometry of postcranial endoskeletons in closely related species of marine turtles remains unstudied. In this paper, we provide verbal descriptions, line drawings, and photographs of diagnostic morphological criteria for the coracoideum, the humerus, and the femur of two closely related species of Cheloniidae: Chelonia mydas (green turtle) and Caretta caretta (loggerhead), based on observations on modern skeletons. We also present osteometric indices of the humerus and the femur that can be used to distinguish between both species. We comment on the applicability of these criteria on archaeological marine turtle assemblages from the Mediterranean.

ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND DIAGNOSTICS OF THE MANDIBULAR PERMANENT FIRST MOLARS RETENTION

The eruption of the first permanent molars is very important as it provides the harmony of the growth of the face and sufficient occlusion support. A delay in the eruption of this tooth can cause morphological, functional and aesthetic disturbances. These include reduced vertical size of the lower face, extruding the antagonist teeth, malloclusion formation, follicular cyst formation, pericoronal inflammation, and roots resorbtion of the adjacent teeth, as well as functional problems of dentoalveolar area, etc. In this regard, the issue of etiology, pathogenesis, early diagnostics and further treatment of lower first permanent molars retention is very relevant for modern orthodontics. In the literary review, morphological and radiological diagnostic criteria of eruption of first permanent lower molars have been presented. Materials and methods of the research. The article reviews and analyzes literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, early diagnostics of retention of the lower first permanent molars. Results The analysis of the literature pointed to a small number of studies regarding the disrupted eruption of first lower permanent molars. In most cases, they are presented as clinical cases. According to the world literature, the prevalence of delayed eruption of the first molar of the mandible was 0.01% to 0.04%. Data from the world literature indicate that the retention of the lower first molar is a polyfactoral disease. According to the etiological factors authors distinguish general and local. Local factors causing delay in teeth eruption include impaired pathway for teeth eruption, abnormality of the tooth form, hyperplasia, displacement of the rudiment because of the cyst and the tumour, loss of space for eruption, gingival fibrosis, idiopathic conditions. Systemic factors include endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, craniofacial hypertrophy. In the literary review morphological and radiological diagnostic criteria of eruption disturbance of the first permanent lower molars are presented. Thus, the Korean scientists proposed to determine the depth of the retention, the angle of inclination and the space for their eruption on panoramic radiographs. The review presents the classification of retention types for the first permanent molars of the mandible.