Diagnosis Of Subclinical Mastitis Research Articles

Effect of subclinical mastitis on milk taurine concentration in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether taurine has any role in bovine subclinical mastitis, and the relationship between milk taurine concentration and somatic cell count. Forty milk samples from dairy cows aged 3 to 6 during lactation were used for this research. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. The subclinical mastitis group consisted of 20 milk specimens positive for CMT and SCC>200.000/ml of milk. The control group consisted of 20 milk specimens negative for CMT and SCC<200.000/ml of milk. A bovine-specific taurine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the taurine concentration in the milk. The milk serum taurine concentrations were determined as 232.1±89.8 pg/ml in the control group and 158.0±55.6 pg/ml in the subclinical mastitis group. These results determined that the taurine concentration in milk with subclinical mastitis decreased approximately 1.5 times compared to healthy milk (P<0.05). A significant negative correlation was determined between the taurine concentration in cow’s milk with subclinical mastitis and the number of somatic cells (r= -0.933; P<0.001). From the findings of this study, it was concluded that both somatic cell counts and the measurement of taurine in cow’s milk could be used to monitor mammary health.

Evaluation of Three (3) Techniques in the Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis with Antibiotic Resistance of S. aureus in Nigeria

Abstract This study was aimed at evaluation of two diagnostic techniques and the cultural isolation of Staphylococcus aureus for the testing of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. A total of 144 milk samples from 36 cows were examined. Ten (10) ml milk samples were aseptically collected from each quarter into labelled sterile universal bottles. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT) were carried out on each sample, before cultural isolation (gold standard test) was conducted. Forty eight milk samples were CMT-positive and 60 samples were MBRT-positive, while the gold standard (S. aureus isolation) had 31 positives. The 89.5 % samples of CMT-positive were correctly identified by the test culture. The proportions of samples that tested negative for Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) that did not have the disease, which is a negative predictive value, are 97.9 % and 92.9 % for CMT and MBRT, respectively. The highest total resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics was detected for gentamycin and chloramphenicol (100 %), followed by streptomycin and amoxicillin at 80.6 % and 74.1 %, respectively. The control and monitoring of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows are of great importance to human health. A good management system constitutes the priority in controlling subclinical mastitis in lactating cows.

A study on the development and the application strategy of FT-MIRS-based models for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis and milk quality classification in buffaloes

Buffalo mastitis detection and buffalo milk quality are of great importance to the world dairy industry. Somatic cell count (SCC) can be employed to assess mammary gland health and milk quality in dairy cows, but SCC detection is costly, and the detection instrument is expensive. The purpose of this study was to develop high and low SCC identification models using Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectrum (FT-MIRS), which could be used to diagnose subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffalo and to determine the milk quality grade at a low cost. The dataset contained 899 buffalo milk samples collected from two regions in China. Firstly, the samples were divided into positive group above the threshold (SCM or unqualified milk) and negative group below the threshold (healthy or qualified milk) with SCC = 200 × 103 cells/mL (SCM in buffalo), 400 × 103 cells/mL (EU standard for raw cow milk, ES), 500 × 103 cells/mL (Indian standard for raw buffalo milk, IS), and 750 × 103 cells/mL (US standard for raw cow milk, US) as thresholds, respectively. Then, with FT-MIRS as predictive variables, predictive models were developed using Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). The main results were as follows: the AUCval of the diagnostic model of SCM in buffalo using SCM criteria as a threshold was 0.84 (PLSDA). The AUCval values of the three buffalo milk quality classification models with ES, IS, and US as thresholds were 0.76 (PLSDA), 0.78 (GBM), and 0.84 (PLSDA), respectively. The predictive models established in this paper had a weak predictive ability for positive samples, and the “stepwise discriminant analysis” was recommended to improve the model application effect: The models were applied to classify samples as positive and negative, and then the samples with higher predictive probability were selected. Finally, the remaining samples were further differentiated using the reference methods of SCC detection. To conclude, FT-MIRS has the potential to predict buffalo mammary gland health status and buffalo milk quality grade, reduce the cost of SCC detection, and improve work efficiency, which will lay the foundation for rapid buffalo milk quality classification by raw milk regulatory authorities and rapid diagnosis of SCM in buffalo by farms.

EFFECT OF MASTITIS ON MILK COMPOSITION OF CROSS-BRED (HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN X CHOLISTANI) AND SAHIWAL CATTLE

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of mastitis on various components including fat percentage, protein, total solids, solid not fat, pH, specific gravity and lactose content in milk of cross-bred (Holstein Friesian × Cholistani) and Sahiwal cattle. A total of 376 milk samples (excluding blind and nonfunctional teats) from 100 cows (50 cross-bred and 50 sahiwal) were collected aseptically. Animals of different ages, parity and stages of lactation were selected under field condition. The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was done on basis of Surf Field Mastitis Test. For bacterial examination of milk, the samples were grown in laboratory and various biochemical tests were performed. The results of the present study indicated that solid not fat (SNF) of mastitic sahiwal and cross-bred cattle and total solids percentage of normal and mastitic cattle were significantly reduced as the severity of mastitis increased in animals. The milk pH of normal and mastitic cattle including both sahiwal and cross-bred was significantly increased in severe cases of mastitis. The specific gravity of normal and mastitic milk samples showed that there was no significant difference in specific gravity as compared to normal. The protein percentage of normal and mastitic cattle including both sahiwal and cross-bred cattle indicated that protein concentration was significantly reduced in severe cases of mastitic animals. The findings of present study highlighted that mastitis cause major alterations in composition of milk leading to poor quality of the milk.

Seasonal, physiological and bacteriological risk factors for subclinical mastitis in dairy cows maintained under different farming conditions.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a major health problem of dairy animals in India and across the globe. An identification of potential risk factors of SCM can help for efficient udder health management in dairy animals. In this study, apparently healthy cows (HF crossbred: n = 45; Deoni: n = 43) were screened for SCM during different seasons through milk somatic cell count (SCC: reference test using 200 × 103 cells/ml as cut off value), California mastitis test (CMT) and differential electrical conductivity (DEC) test at an organized research farm. SCM positive milk samples (n = 34) were inoculated in selective media for Coliform sp., Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. and DNA was isolated (n = 10) for species confirmation by 16s rRNA method. Both bivariate and multivariate models were used for risk assessment. We found the cumulative prevalence of 31 and 65% SCM in Deoni and crossbred cows, respectively. Screening of 328 crossbred cows under field conditions revealed point prevalence of 55% SCM. Multivariate analysis revealed stage of lactation (SOL), milk yield in previous lactation and test day milk yield in Deoni cows, as well as parity and mastitis treatment history in current lactation in HF crossbred cows as risk factors. SOL was a significant factor under field conditions. Receiver operated characteristic curve analysis revealed better accuracy of CMT than DEC. We found more mixed infections due to Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. in culture, while 16s rRNA based molecular method revealed lesser-known pathogens associated with SCM. It is concluded that SCM prevalence rate is higher in crossbred than indigenous cows and these breeds have different risk factors for SCM. HF crossbred cows had similar SCM prevalence rate under different farming conditions, where CMT can be used for SCM diagnosis with excellent accuracy. The 16s rRNA method is useful for specific identification of lesser known and emerging mastitis pathogens.

Efficiency of probiotic culture consortium application for disinfection of dairy farm premises and prevention of mastitis in cows.

In this work, the effect of probiotics on the state of the microbial background of the livestock building, on the state of udder teats, and on the prevalence of latent mastitis was investigated. Long-term use of the consortium has bactericidal activity against all cultures studied, especially the causative agent of mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, except Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. The washes from animal housings and milk samples were collected from the dairy farms "Astana-Onim" Joint Stock Company and "Rodina" Limited Liability Partnership (Kazakhstan). The cleaning solutions and probiotic agents were applied directly to the udder teats of cows before and after milking. Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was performed using the Kenotest rapid mastitis test. Directly counting the number of somatic cells in the collected milk samples from each cow was performed on a somatic cell counter. Pathogenic microorganisms, including S. aureus bacteria (50% of samples) and bacteria of the E. coli group, Enterobacter aerogenes, and P. mirabilis (36% of samples), were detected on the udder skin and milk wipes. Using a consortium of probiotic microorganisms positively affects the mammary gland more quickly than using mastitis prevention agents alone. Probiotic use for a month resulted in a significant improvement in udder teat condition, with 60.7% of teats showing normal physiological reaction to milking, a decrease in complicated hyperkeratosis, and an increase in uncomplicated mastitis. The studies showed that in the experimental group, there was a 1.5-fold reduction in the number of cows with clinically pronounced mastitis. The experimental group showed no significant changes in the number of animals with high somatic cell levels before and after the study, while the control group without probiotics had a significant increase in diseased animals after 1 month. The use of a probiotic consortium has shown promising results in reducing the incidence of mastitis and improving milk quality in cows.

Identification of Changes in Rumination Behavior Registered with an Online Sensor System in Cows with Subclinical Mastitis.

Simple SummaryThe aim of this study is to determine if there is a relationship between subclinical mastitis and rumination behavior, as measured by an online sensor system. According to the findings of our research, rumination time and rumination chews can act as biomarkers of subclinical mastitis. Moreover, changes in rumination behavior could be used to identify subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Recognizing affected cows and treating udder inflammation at an early stage could be extremely beneficial to farmers. For the identification of subclinical mastitis, veterinarians and farmers could consider using an online sensor system that registers rumination behavior biomarkers. This system would allow early identification of sick cows and reduce economic losses to the farm caused by this disease.The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between subclinical mastitis and rumination behavior registered with an online sensor system. Based on the findings of the general clinical examination of 650 milking cows, 10 cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM) and 10 clinically healthy cows (HG) were selected (without clinical signs of any diseases). Rumination behavior biomarkers were registered with RumiWatch noseband sensors (RWS; ITIN + HOCH GmbH, Fütterungstechnik, Liestal, Switzerland). Sensors were implanted on the first day after calving. Data from the RWS 13 days before diagnosis of SCM and 13 days after diagnosis of SCM were compared with HG data from the same period. Healthy cows were checked alongside SCM cows on the same days. In our study, we found that healthy cows spent more time engaging in rumination and drinking (p < 0.05) and also had more boluses per rumination. Moreover, among cows with subclinical mastitis, rumination time from day 4 to day 0 decreased by 60.91%, drinking time decreased by 48.47%, and the number of boluses per rumination decreased by 8.67% (p < 0.05). The results indicate that subclinical affects time and rumination chews registered with sensor systems. However, additional studies with larger numbers of animals are required to confirm these results. Furthermore, the impact of heat stress, estrus, and other effects on rumination behavior biomarkers should be evaluated.

Diagnosis of Sub Clinical Mastitis in Buffaloes

Diagnosis of Sub Clinical Mastitis in Buffaloes

Ceftiofur efficacy in the intramammary extended treatment of staphylococcal subclinical mastitis in primiparous cows

Extended therapy is an alternative approach to treat nonresponsive staphylococcal mastitis, although it has been used mainly in adult cows. This study investigated the efficacy of intramammary ceftiofur in the treatment of staphylococcal subclinical mastitis in primiparous cows. Sixty primiparous cows Holstein were divided into four groups (G1 = Group negative to staphylococci infection, G2 = Group positive to staphylococci infection untreated with intramammary ceftiofur, Group, G3 = Group treated with intramammary ceftiofur early lactation, G4 = Group treated with intramammary ceftiofur late lactation group) with milk samples collected at five moments (M0 = diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, M1 = 7 days after diagnosis of subclinical mastitis and early extended therapy, M2 = 14 after the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, M3 = 21 days after diagnosis of mastitis) and M4 = 28 days after diagnosis of mastitis). In groups G3 and G4, which were treated with intramammary ceftiofur, the microbiological cure was evidenced by a reduction in SCC of 73.3% and 46.7%, respectively. Thus, in the treated groups (G3 + G4) and untreated (G2), cure rates were 60% and 26.7%, respectively (P &lt;0.05). Forty-five strains of staphylococci were isolated, with a predominance of S. aureus (51,1%) and S. intermedius (48,8%). The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern showed higher sensitivity indices of isolates for oxacillin (80%), ceftiofur (77.8%), cephalexin (77.8%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), and gentamicin (60%). In contrast, cloxacillin (24.4%), penicillin (35.6%), and tetracycline (44.5%) were ineffective antimicrobials for staphylococci isolates. Among the milk samples taken when M0 and M1 (7 days after isolation), 13.3% were positive for the detection of the inhibiting substances (antimicrobials) in Delvotest™ and all negative in the Snap test™, whereas in the M2 (14 days after isolation), 55% were positive in Delvotest™ and 46.7% in the Snap test™. Twenty-one days after diagnosis (M3), 16.7% revealed positive results in Delvotest™ and 11.7% in the Snap test™. For M4 (28 days after isolation), 11.7% showed positive results in Delvotest™, and 8.3% revealed positive results in the Snap test™. There was a reduction in SCC among all cured animals. Significant results were identified for milk production in the M0, so G1 produced more milk than the other three groups, G2, G3, and G4. A statistical association was observed between the reduction in the volume of daily milk and production in animals with subclinical mastitis, denoting losses in milk production in primiparous bovines infected during lactation by staphylococci. Extended intramammary therapy with ceftiofur in bovine primiparous cows subclinically affected by staphylococcal mastitis is effective mainly in cases treated at the beginning of lactation, showing microbiological cure and reduction in SCC.

Use of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Classification Tree and Roc Curve in Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most significant diseases that cause economic losses in dairy cattle farming. This investigation was conducted on 112 head Holstein Friesian cows in order to reveal relationship between subclinical mastitis and electrical conductivity milk composition and milk quality. In the study, CMT (California Mastitis Test) and CSCC (Classified Somatic Cell Count) used in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis were used as a binary response variable i.e. healthy and unhealthy. Potential predictors included here were lactation number, days in milk (DIM), L, a, b, H, C, milk fat, milk protein, lactose, milk freezing point, SNF, density, solids, pH and electrical conductivity. CART, CHAID, Exhaustive CHAID, QUEST and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) were used as data mining algorithms that help to make an accurate decision about detecting influential factors increasing risk of subclinical mastitis.In conclusion, better classification performances of CART and MARS data mining algorithms were determined compared with those of remaining algorithms in order to correctly discriminate healthy and unhealthy cows.

Relatedness of California Mastitis Test Scores and Bacteriological Plate Counts in the diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in white Fulani cattle from selected dairy herds

Background Subclinical mastitis remains a major challenge in the dairy industries as it affects nutritional content of milk and milk products, volume of milk production and also leads to economic loss. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and bacteria counts in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. A total of 339 white Fulani cattle milk samples were aseptically collected from six geographical regions of Plateau State and screened for mastitis and bacteriological analysis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Coliform Count (TCC) methods respectively. Results The result of the study reveals that 31.0% of the milk samples were positive for mastitis. Based on the CMT scores, 61.9% of the samples were CMT negative, 7.1% were CMT trace while 6.5%, 11.5% and 13.0% were CMT +, CMT ++ and CMT +++ respectively. Most of the CMT negative samples (55.71%) were culture negative while almost all the CMT +++, were positive (90.91%) culture positive. A positive correlation was observed between CMT scores and plate counts (Total Bacteria count and Total Coliform Count). The Total Bacteria count ranged from 5.7x101 – 5.9x106 CFU/mL while the Total Coliform Count ranged from 0.6x101 – 3.0x105.CMT scores correlates well with bacteriological plate count of the mastitis milk samples. Conclusion There is a need for the improvement in quality and safety of dairy product because of public health risk associated with it

Relatedness of California Mastitis Test Scores and Bacteriological Plate Counts in the diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis in white Fulani cattle from selected dairy herds

Background Subclinical mastitis remains a major challenge in the dairy industries as it affects nutritional content of milk and milk products, volume of milk production and also leads to economic loss. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and bacteria counts in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. A total of 339 white Fulani cattle milk samples were aseptically collected from six geographical regions of Plateau State and screened for mastitis and bacteriological analysis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Total Coliform Count (TCC) methods respectively. Results The result of the study reveals that 31.0% of the milk samples were positive for mastitis. Based on the CMT scores, 61.9% of the samples were CMT negative, 7.1% were CMT trace while 6.5%, 11.5% and 13.0% were CMT +, CMT ++ and CMT +++ respectively. Most of the CMT negative samples (55.71%) were culture negative while almost all the CMT +++, were positive (90.91%) culture positive. A positive correlation was observed between CMT scores and plate counts (Total Bacteria count and Total Coliform Count). The Total Bacteria count ranged from 5.7x101 – 5.9x106 CFU/mL while the Total Coliform Count ranged from 0.6x101 – 3.0x105.CMT scores correlates well with bacteriological plate count of the mastitis milk samples. Conclusion There is a need for the improvement in quality and safety of dairy product because of public health risk associated with it.

Evaluation of surf field test and california mastitis test for diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis in Crossbred Cows

Evaluation of surf field test and california mastitis test for diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis in Crossbred Cows

A comparative study of blood and milk chemiluminescence in healthy cows and withsubclinical and clinical mastitis

The aim of the study was to evaluate the luminol-dependent spontaneous and stimulated chemiluminescence (CL) of whole blood and milk in cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The research was carried out on 108 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows aged 3-5 years. Based on the assessment of somatic cell count (SCC) in quarter milk, the animals were divided into 3 groups: I - clinically healthy cows (n = 35), II - animals with subclinical mastitis (n = 30) and III - cows with clinical mastitis (n = 43). The material for the research was whole blood and quarter milk. The samples were examined for spontaneous CL and stimulated by a Fc receptor binding antibody and complement (zymosan-Z), opsonized zymosan (OZ) and a chemotactic receptor (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine - fMLP) as well as nonreceptor stimuli (phorbol myristate acetate - PMA). The conducted studies showed that inflammation of the mammary gland of cows results in an increase in the spontaneous and stimulated chemiluminescence of not only quarter milk but also peripheral blood. It was found that there is a greater correlation between SCC and milk CL indices than there is a correlation between SCC and blood CL. Thus, milk CL determinations better reflect the intensity of the inflammation of the udder, which suggests their usefulness in the early detection of the disease. On the other hand, blood CL tests, especially with the use of PMA as a PMN cell stimulator, can be a useful tool, especially in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis.

Interrelationship of milk acute-phase proteins and casein percentage in cows and buffaloes subclinical mastitis.

A total number of 62 clinically healthy dairy animals of three farms located in Kafr El Sheikh governorate, Egypt, were subjected to field screening surveys of subclinical mastitis (SCM) using California mastitis test (CMT). The obtained results revealed that 38.80% of quarter milk samples were positive to CMT. The most frequently major causative agents isolated from the positive CMT samples were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and environmental streptococcus spp. Acute-phase proteins (APPs), as immunological biomarkers for SCM, including milk serum amyloid A (mSAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured using ELISA. A significant positive correlation was found between the severity of the mammary infection of cow's quarter milk samples represented in somatic cell count (SCC) and each of APPs and pH values. The correlation coefficient (R) between SCC and mSAA, Hp and pH were 0.54, 0.38 and 0.73, respectively. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between casein percentage in milk of SCM cases, and each of APPs, pH and the presence of bacterial pathogens in the milk samples. The obtained results threw light on the inter-relationship between SCC, mSAA, pH value and casein percentage in milk of cows and buffalo suffered from SCM. The percentage of casein in milk is considered a significant accurate tool for diagnosis of SCM and this finding offers the farmers a cheap and fast selection for diagnosis of such disease. These results presented a specific structured view on the efficacy of different diagnostic tools of SCM in dairy herds.

Early Detection of Mastitis by using Infrared Thermography in Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows via Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis

Subclinical mastitis is an important udder disease that negatively affects both the animal health and reduces profitability in dairy farms. The increasing performance of thermal cameras over time and their usability in different areas increase their use in livestocks. Infrared thermography (IRT) technology is a noninvasive method that can estimate the surface temperature of objects. The objective of this study was to evaluate early detection of mastitis in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle by using both udder surface temperatures (Tmax) from images obtained with the help of a FLIR One Pro thermal camera and some parameters such as Lab (CIE L*, a*, b*), HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness), RGB (Red, Green, Blue) by processing thermal images with the help of ImageJ program via classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. According to California Mastitis Test CMT by using CART analysis in this study, 64.9% of cows with udder surface temperature lower than 38.85 were healthy, and 73.3% of cows higher than 38.85 were determined as unhealthy. As for SCC, 77.6% of cows with udder surface temperature lower than 38.65 were healthy and 58.6% of cows with higher than 38.65 were determined as unhealthy. The areas under ROC (AUC) were found to be statistically significant in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. (P&lt;0.01) The sensitivity and specificity of the CART algorithm for CMT and SCC diagnostic tests were 85.42%, 81.48% and 90.20%, 80.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference between SCC and CMT tests in the area under the ROC curve (P&gt;0.05). As a result, IRT technology can be used as a useful diagnostic tool in the early detection of mastitis.

Criteria for the selection of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of bovine mastitis

Relevance . The work is devoted to the study of the therapeutic efficacy of the drug Enroflon® gel on cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed, as well as the Holsteinized black-and-white breed during lactation. The aim of the research was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of Enroflon ® gel in the treatment of subclinical and clinical mastitis of bacterial etiology, as well as determination of the residual presence of antibiotics in milk samples from animals subjected to treatment. Methodology. Production experience to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of clinical (experience 1) and subclinical (experience 2) mastitis was carried out in the conditions of the farm of LLC “Babaevo” of Vladimir region. Two experimental groups of cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis were formed. An industrial experiment to determine the residual amount of enrofloxacin in milk (experiment 3) was carried out in the conditions of the livestock complex of LLC “Lesnye Polyany», Moscow region. An experimental group (experiment 3) of cows with subclinical mastitis was formed. The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was made on the basis of a diagnostic test for the determination of somatic cells using the Kenotest system. The presence of a residual amount of antibiotic was determined in the Research Laboratory “Milk” of the Federal State Scientific Institution “All-Russian Research Institute of the Dairy Industry”. The complex preparation Enroflon ® gel was injected intracisternally into the inflamed lobe of the udder with clinical and subclinical mastitis during lactation. The drug was administered 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours for 3 days. The investigated drug was produced at LLC “VIC Animal Health”. Results . In the treatment of clinical (experiment 1) and subclinical (experiment 2) mastitis in cows using Enroflon ® gel the therapeutic effect was 80% and 100% respectively. In laboratory studies of milk samples using the RANDOX matrix biochip technology (experiment 3) no active ingredient, enrofloxacin, was detected in all treated animals 72 hours after the last injection of the drug.

Effect of Extra-mammary Diseases on Udder Health and Biochemical Changes in Crossbred Cows with Subclinical Mastitis

Background: Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders are common in crossbred cows and adversely affect optimum production as well as quality of milk. The quality of milk plays a significant role in the production of high-quality dairy products. High somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk significantly decreases the potential of such milk for the production of high quality dairy products. In this study, it is hypothesized that the extra-mammary infections and metabolic disorders increase probability of intra-mammary infections thereby increasing somatic cell count in the milk making it unsuitable for dairy industry.Methods: Cows were grouped based on the diseases or disorders like Teat Stenosis (Gp SCM-TS), Ruminal Acidosis (Gp SCM-RA), Nonspecific Diarrhea (Gp SCM-ND), Respiratory Tract Infections (Gp SCM-RTI) and Repeat Breeder Syndrome (Gp SCM-RD). Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was made on the basis of California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores and by Somatic Cell Count (SCC) by automatic somatic cell counter. Biochemical parameters analyzed in automatic biochemical analyzer using commercially available kits.Result: The mean SCC values significantly higher in cows with sublinical mastitis and with concurrent infectious and metabolic diseases. Similarly, the concentrations of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were higher in affected cows. Concentrations of serum total proteins (TP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in all the groups of affected animals were higher. The changes in the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels were not observed in cows with subclinical mastitis and with other diseases under study. The SCC values did not correlate with the values of ALP, AST, ALT, TP, BUN, Ca and P among the studied groups. It can be concluded that animals with concurrent infections and metabolic disorders increase the SCC and influence the alteration in the biochemical parameters of subclinical mastitic animals.

Sheep mastitis caused by staphylococci and streptococci and their influence on oxidative status

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.53-57 Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of oxidative product levels, using malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker on occurrence of mastitis and its causing pathogens in two dairy flocks of ewes situated in east and north of Slovakia. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed on the basis of clinical examination of the udder, macroscopic evaluation of milk, with the evaluation of Californian mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological analysis of individual raw milk samples. From total 537 and 444 halves ewe’s milk samples were 16.6% and 23.2% positive to CMT, respectively. The prevalence of mastitis caused by bacterial pathogenes in the monitored herds was 14.3% to 19.1%, respectively. In all monitored sheep flocks were confirmed predominantly subclinical forms (SM) of intramammary infection (IMI). The highest of etiological agents in all monitored herds had coagulase negative staphylococci and coagulase positive staphylococci especially Staphylococcus aureus . Except for staphylococci were Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus spp. most frequently pathogens isolated from mastitic sheep. The highest MDA level was observed from clinical cases of mastitis however, increased MDA levels were detectable from subclinical cases. Bacterial isolates from mastitc halves milk samples are different in levels of MDA. In this study, we found that milk samples infected with S. aureus were higher compared to other pathogens. In conclusion, differences in both severities of IMI and mastitis pathogens were associated with differences of MDA in infected udders. Keywords: sheep, milking, mastitis, lipid peroxidation, S. aureus , coagulase negative staphylococci References Contreras, A. et al. (2007). Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Ruminant Research, 68(1-2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.011 Fthenakis, G. C. (1995). California mastitis test and White side test in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis of dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research , 16(3), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(95)00638-2 Hariharan, H. et al. (2004). Bacteriology and somatic cell counts in milk samples from ewes on a Scottish farm. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 68(3), 188–192. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1142138/ Malinowski, E. et al. (2008). Etiological agents of dairy cows’ mastitis in western part of Poland. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 9(3), 191-194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17020014/ Mork, T. et al. (2007). Clinical mastitis in ewes; bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical features. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica , 49(1), 23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1751-0147-49-23 Pyorala, S. and Taponen, S. (2009). Coagulase-negative staphylococci - Emerging mastitis pathogens. Veterinary Microbiology , 34(2), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.015 Sharma, N. (2011). Oxidative stress and antioxidant status during transition period in dairy cows. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science , 24(4), 479–484. https://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/24-58.pdf Suriyasathaporn, W. (2006). Higher somatic cell counts resulted in higher malondialdehyde concentrations in raw cow´s milk. International Dairy Journal, 16(9), 1088–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.11.004 Turk, R. et al. (2017). The role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of mastitis in dairy cows. Mljekarstvo, 67(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.0201

Use of the Rumination Profile Through Collar Sensors for Mastitis Diagnosis in Dairy Cows

Background: Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, mostly associated with bacterial infections. It is responsible for great economic losses due to decreased milk yield, discarded milk, milk composition alterations and treatment costs, besides it impairs the animal health and welfare. The rumination time is an important behavioral marker and its assessment can be used as an early diagnosis tool, which can improve cure rate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of behavior monitoring system collars in the diagnosis of mastitis and the average rumination time (RT) of Holstein cows during the healthy period and affected by the disease.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The study was conducted on a commercial property located in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The RT data from 39 multiparous Holstein cows with an average milk yield of 38.4 L/day was collected. RT monitoring was performed using C-Tech1 collars combined with CowMed® software, which assess behavior data from the animals and emits warning signals when it finds abnormalities in any parameter. In order to verify whether the animals were determined correlated with diseases, the sensitivity of the data was evaluated, when the system had given the alert to animals considered ill, they underwent to a further clinical evaluation performed by a veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis. From the diagnosis, the cows were divided into subclinical mastitis (SM) and clinical mastitis (CM) groups. SM was detected by the Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) and cows that were graded 1 (++), 2 (++) or 3 (+++) without the presence of any other clinical sign were assigned to the SM group. CM was assessed by observation of abnormalities in milk such as changes in color and consistency, as well as the presence of lumps, clots or blood; and clinical examination of the udder was performed for detection of hot, hard, swollen or painful quarters. Thereafter, variations in the mean RT between the healthy (15 days) and sick periods (days when there was an alert) were evaluated. For the identification of the etiological agents involved in the cases of CM, microbiological cultures were performed on Accumast® plates with milk samples, which were incubated at a temperature of 37°C and the diagnosis of the pathogens were performed after16 h of incubation. During the study, 57 cases of mastitis were observed, 42 were SM and 15 were CM. The sensitivity of the system, which is the ability to detect positive cases of the disease, was 73.8% for SM and 73.3% for MC. The RT of the animals were compared individually during the healthy period with the sick period and it was observed that SM reduced the RT by 5.33% whereas MC reduced the RT by 14.9%.Discussion: The maximum RT values were lower during the disease period in relation to the period in which the animals were healthy, for both SM and CM, which is due to the fact that the disease is responsible for causing inappetence in animals, among other clinical signs, therefore, reducing feed consumption. The lowest variation in RT, between the healthy and sick period, was observed in cases of SM, which was already expected, since the clinical form tends to cause more discomfort to the animals. As for the main etiological agents involved in the clinical condition, Streptococcus agalactiae and S. uberis were detected. In view of the above, the evaluation of the mean RT of multiparous dairy cows was efficient in the predictive diagnosis of SM and CM up to 2 days before the onset of the disease. In addition, the variability of this result demonstrated that animals with subclinical cases presented less fluctuation in RT.