Diagnosis Of Allergic Diseases Research Articles

Current status and progress on in vitro diagnosis of allergic diseases

Allergic diseases are immune disorders caused by allergens, leading to inflammation or organ dysfunction. In the past decade, the prevalence of allergic diseases in China has increased dramatically, imposing a heavy economic burden on the health care system and society. In vitro diagnosis of allergic diseases plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of such diseases. This article enumerates the in vitro tests and diagnostic techniques of allergic diseases, gives an advocacy for quality management of IgE-related tests, summarizes the clinical interpretation and relevant research progress, aiming to provide a reference for improving laboratory diagnosis of allergic diseases.

Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma in Children in Southern Kyrgyzstan

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis among 6075 school-aged children in Osh, Jalal-Abad and Batken regions of Kyrgyzstan. Methods: 6075 children were questioned using the ISAAC questionnaire. Bronchial asthma symptoms are frequent – 21.1% of children had difficulty wheezing, and 13.4% had night cough. This indicates a high prevalence of bronchial asthma among children in the study population. The obtained morbidity rates significantly exceed the official statistics for the region. This indicates insufficient diagnosis of allergic diseases in children and substantiates the need to develop a set of measures aimed at optimizing the detection of cases of allergic pathology and increasing the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures. Results: The results of the study demonstrate a high need for the development and implementation of a regional program for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of allergic diseases in children of Osh, Jalal-Abad, and Batken regions. Conclusion: Implementing such a program will contribute to better control of bronchial asthma and other allergic pathologies and improve the quality of life of the child population in the region.

Association between household income levels and nutritional intake of allergic children under 6 years of age in Korea: 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and application of machine learning.

This study investigated the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korean children aged 6 and below, focusing on the interplay between nutritional status, household income levels, and allergic disease occurrence. This study used data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationwide comprehensive survey, and included a representative sample of 30,382 children under the age of 6 to investigate in detail the relationship between allergic diseases, nutritional intake, and socioeconomic factors. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with allergic diseases, including gender, BMI, eating habits, dietary supplement intake, and nutrient consumption. To predict childhood asthma, 14 machine learning models were compared using the 'pycaret' package in Python. We discerned that 24.7% were diagnosed with allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. Notably, household income exhibited a significant influence, with the lowest income quartile exhibiting higher prevalence rates of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and multiple allergic diseases. In contrast, the highest income quartile displayed lower rates of allergic rhinitis. Children diagnosed with allergic diseases demonstrated compromised intake of essential nutrients such as energy, dietary fiber, vitamin B1, sodium, potassium, and iron. Particularly noteworthy were the deficits in dietary fiber, vitamin A, niacin, and potassium intake among children aged 3-5 with allergies. Logistic regression analysis further elucidated that within low-income families, female children with higher BMIs, frequent dining out, dietary supplement usage, and altered consumption of vitamin B1 and iron faced an elevated risk of allergic disease diagnosis. Additionally, machine learning analysis pinpointed influential predictors for childhood asthma, encompassing BMI, household income, subjective health perception, height, and dietary habits. Our findings underscore the pronounced impact of income levels on the intricate nexus between allergic diseases and nutritional status. Furthermore, our machine learning insights illuminate the multifaceted determinants of childhood asthma, where physiological traits, socioeconomic circumstances, environmental factors, and dietary choices intertwine to shape disease prevalence. This study emphasizes the urgency of tailored nutritional interventions, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, while also underscoring the necessity for comprehensive longitudinal investigations to unravel the intricate relationship between allergic diseases, nutritional factors, and socioeconomic strata.

Molecular allergology and its application in prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

Allergic diseases represent a relevant global health problem, affecting adults and children and posing a significant burden for health care systems. In addition, the disease is still under-recognized and harmonized diagnostic tools and management plans for patients are still lacking. In this review the most important aspects of the diagnosis of allergic diseases are summarized and the contribution of Molecular allergology to this area is highlighted.

Selected Technical Aspects of Molecular Allergy Diagnostics.

Diagnosis of allergic diseases is a complex, multi-stage process. It often requires the use of various diagnostic tools. The in vitro diagnostics (IVD), which includes various laboratory tests, is one of the stages of this process. Standard laboratory tests include the measurement of the serum concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) for selected allergens, full allergen extracts and/or single allergen components (molecules). The measurement of IgE sIgE to the allergen components is called molecular allergy diagnosis. During the standard laboratory diagnostic process, various models of immunochemical tests are used, which enable the measurement of sIgE for single allergens (one-parameter tests, singleplex) or IgE specific for many different allergens (multi-parameter tests, multiplex) in one test. Currently, there are many different test kits available, validated for IVD, which differ in the method type and allergen profile. The aim of the manuscript is to present various technical aspects related to modern allergy diagnostics, especially in the area of molecular allergy diagnostics.

The occurrence of allergic diseases in children with normal weight, excess body weight and obesity: a comparative analysis

Aim to study the prevalence of allergic diseases (AD), excess body weight and obesity in school children and to analyze the correlations between the AD diagnosis and body weight.
 Material and methods. During the single-stage observational study, 1503 children aged from 7 to 14 years received medical checkup. In all children, we measured anthropometric data, calculated body mass index and standard sigma deviation with the following assessment. The information about the presence of AD was obtained from the primary medical documentation of schoolchildren. Then, we conducted a telephone survey of the parents of the examined children to clarify the data on the presence of allergopathology in them.
 Results. The prevalence of excess body weight in school-children was 20.9%, obesity 13.5%. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AtD) according to the medical record was 6.72%, allergic rhinitis (AR) 6.65%, bronchial asthma (BA) 1.86%. The statistical analysis of mentioned diseases revealed no correlation between the increased body weight and the prevalence of AD both in the general cohort of children, and when stratified by age and gender. The comparative analysis of the telephone survey data on the prevalence of allergopathology in overweight and obese children provided statistically significant results: with the weight gain, the prevalence of the studied allergic diseases was increasing.
 Conclusion. The results of the study did not reveal a statistically significant positive association between excess body weight, obesity and the presence of AD in the children of the examined group. However, the differences in the prevalence of allergopathology in schoolchildren according to primary medical documentation and the results of a telephone survey of parents indicate the need for a deeper study of the problem and an epidemiological study of the true prevalence of AD in children, followed by an analysis of the association between these conditions.

Paper-based microfluidics and tailored gold nanoparticles for visual colorimetric detection of multiplex allergens

The highly efficient and accurate recognition of targeted allergens is an essential element in the diagnosis of allergic diseases and follow-up desensitization treatment in clinic. The current clinical methods widely used to detect sIgE are high cost, time-consuming procedures, and bulky equipment. Herein, a multiplex microfluidic paper-based device (multi-μPAD) was developed that combined with tailored gold nanoparticles for simultaneously visual, colorimetric detection of different allergens in serum. This device could be used as quantitative detection of sIgE with LOD as low as 0.246 KUA/L in colorimetric method. In vitro results also showed that this device possessed good repeatability, high accuracy and incredible stability in different pH (6.0–7.4) and temperature (24–37 °C), as well as long-term storage within 90-day. Finally, this method was successfully utilized for assessing clinical multi-sample screening in 35 allergic patients. After the addition of the samples from allergic patients, the agreement rate of clinical results with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit reached more than 97%, which further indicated that this device had the advantages of efficient, accurate and sensitive to screen various allergens in real clinical serum samples. Therefore, by simply altering antigens and antibodies, this device can also be used for high-throughput detection of other allergens, making it considerable potential for clinical diagnosis of allergic diseases.

Thermo-SPT: A new skin prick test evaluation framework based on low-cost, portable smartphone thermography.

Although the skin prick test (SPT) is a reliable procedure to confirm IgE-dependent allergic sensitization in patients, the interpretation of the test is still performed manually, resulting in an error-prone procedure for the diagnosis of allergic diseases. To design and implement an innovative SPT evaluation framework using a low-cost, portable smartphone thermography, named Thermo-SPT, to significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of SPT outcomes. Thermographical images were captured every 60 s for a duration of 0 to 15 min using the FLIR One app, and then analysed with the FLIR Tool® . The definition of 'Skin Sensitization Region' area was introduced to analyse the time-lapse thermal changes in skin reactions over several time periods during the SPT. The Allergic Sensitization Index (ASI) and Min-Max Scaler Index (MMS) formulae were also developed to optimize the identification of the peak allergic response time point through the thermal assessment (TA) of allergic rhinitis patients. In these experimental trials, a statistically significant increase in temperature was detected from the fifth minute of TA for all tested aeroallergens (all values ). An increase was observed in the number of false-positive cases, where patients with clinical symptoms not consistent with SPT were evaluated as positive on TA assessment, specifically for patients diagnosed with Phleum pratense and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Our proposed technique, the MMS, has demonstrated improved accuracy in identifying P. pratense and D. pteronyssinus compared with other SPT evaluation metrics, specifically starting from the fifth minute. For patients diagnosed with Cat epithelium, although not statistically significant initially, an increasing trend was determined in the results at the 15 min (ΔT (T15 - T0 ), ; ASIT15 , ). This proposed SPT evaluation framework utilizing a low-cost, smartphone-based thermographical imaging technique can enhance the interpretability of allergic responses during the SPT, potentially reducing the need for extensive manual interpretation experience as standard SPTs.

Profile of aeroallergen sensitizations in allergic patients living in southern Vietnam.

Climatic and geographical characteristics may alter the plant distribution and thereby the patterns of allergens. To evaluate the profile of allergen sensitization in patients in southern Vietnam and its association with allergic diseases. We collected data of 423 patients who visited the Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center, Vietnam from 2014 to 2021, from their medical records. Patients underwent skin prick tests to the 12 most common aeroallergens. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis of allergic diseases was done in consert with their allergen sensitization status. Mites and cockroach were the most prevalent sensitizing allergens, with the sensitization prevalences as followed: Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) (59.8%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) (50.4%), Blomica tropicalis (Bt) (49.6%), storage mites mix (10.4%), and cockroach (10.2%). Sensitization to Df was more predominant in males than in females (66% vs 54.1%). Dp-sensitized patients were younger than non-sensitized patients (29.01 ± 13.60 vs. 32.17 ± 14.89) whereas storage mites-sensitized patients were older than the non-sensitized groups (36.25 ± 13.53 vs. 28.76 ± 13.39) (p < 0.05 for all). A considerable proportion of patients with urticaria, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were sensitized to mites. Polysensitization to different species of house dust mites (Dp, Df) and storage mites (Bt) was prevalent among patients sensitized to any kind of mites. Among people living in southern Vietnam, HDM mites, and cockroach were the predominant allergens. Further studies on the factors regulating the association between allergen sensitization with allergic diseases and polysensitization are crucial.

In vitro Diagnosis of allergic diseases

In vitro Diagnosis of allergic diseases

Cockroach Allergy: Is It Common in Jeddah City? A retrospective study

Background: Cockroaches are a common indoor cause of allergic diseases. However, cockroaches are underestimated as a trigger. Objective: To find which allergic diseases are associated with cockroach sensitization in Jeddah city. Methods: This is a retrospective paper completed in 2021. The sample group of this paper involved 192 allergic patients with high levels of specific allergy testing (sIgE) to cockroaches. The data for this paper is from a private centre specialising in allergies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The in vitro tests used were indirect immunoassay tests for the most common indoor allergens. Clinical diagnosis of allergic diseases were also collected. Results were collected via special sheets and tables were extracted. Results: The sample group for this paper was 192 allergic patients. Patients of middle ages are the most likely to experience sensitisation to cockroaches as follow: 56 between 30-40 years (29.1%) and 36 between 40-50 years (18.8%). The commonest indoor allergens associated with cockroach sensitisation are mites, cats and mould: dermatophagoides pteronyssinus as 109 (56.8%), dermatophagoides farinae as 114 (59.4%), cat as 89 (46.4%) and alternaria as 86 (44.8%). The commonest allergic diseases associated with cockroach sensitisation are allergic rhinosinusitis as 74 (38%), atopic dermatitis as 52 (27%) and asthma as 42 (21.8%). Cockroach sensitisation is mostly of mild severity (under class 2); however, this must be linked to clinical allergic symptoms. Conclusion: Cockroach sensitisation is most common in the middle aged population(30-50 years). Cockroach sensitisation is commonly associated with other indoor allergens sensitisation (respectively: mites, cats, and alternaria). The commonest allergic diseases associated with cockroach sensitisation are allergic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. Cockroach sensitisation is of mild severity in most of cases (under class 2); however, this must be correlated to a clinical allergic diagnosis. Keywords: allergic diseases, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, atopy, cockroach sensitization, cockroach allergy

Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Allergies in Schoolchildren of the Chechen Republic: Results of an Epidemiological Study

Background. One of the topical issues of modern medicine is the widespread increase in the incidence of allergic pathology. Objective. The aim of the study is to investigate clinical and epidemiological features of allergies in schoolchildren of the Chechen Republic. Methods. We performed clinical and diagnostic verification of allergies according to clinical guidelines in patients who positively answered the ISAAC questionnaire (n = 80) — 46 first-grade and 34 eighth-grade pupils. The first diagnostic step on studying the clinical manifestations in observed children was the history taking, complaints, physical examination. Laboratory and instrumental diagnosis included: IgE total, detection of skin sensitivity to allergens via standard pollen, domestic, epidermal, and food allergens (produced by I.M. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Stavropol Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera), revealing of allergen-specific antibodies, component-divided allergen diagnosis via indirect immunofluorescence with ImmunoCAP analyzer, respiratory function evaluation with CareFusion, nitric oxide level detection in exhaled air via portable NObreath analyzer. If needed, specialised medical consultation were performed. Results. Asthma was detected in 37 (46.3%) children, allergic rhinitis (AR) — in 37 (46.3%), atopic dermatitis (AD) — in 5 (6.3%) according to the results of our study. The most common combination of medical conditions in examined patients was combination of asthma and AR. There were no statistically significant differences in age groups. No gender differences were reported in the study. The highest incidence of asthma and AR was revealed in city residents (p &lt; 0.05), while the AD incidence in the city and rural areas did not differ significantly. The sensibilization spectrum analysis in schoolchildren of the Chechen Republic revealed predominance of sensitivity to pollen (ragweed, herd grass) and domestic allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae). Sensitization to food allergens in children of the Chechen Republic did not have significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of individual allergens, that is, unlike pollen and household sensitization, a regional rating on the dominance of certain food allergens was not obtained. Sensibilization to epidermal allergens was also less common, the predominant one was the cat allergen. Conclusion. Thus, the first study on the territory of the Chechen Republic carried out according to the ISAAC program has revealed high prevalence of allergies in schoolchildren. Moreover, regional features of sensibilization structure have been identified. It will allow us to maintain economically optimal diagnosis of allergic diseases in children living in the Chechen Republic.

Characteristics of cow's milk allergy and sensitization in Chinese patients.

Characteristics of cow's milk allergy and sensitization in Chinese patients.

A Comparative Study of Skin Prick Test versus Serum-Specific IgE Measurement in Indian Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis

Skin prick testing (SPT) is the 'gold standard' in the assessment of allergic sensitivity to inhalant allergens. Serum-specific immunoglobulin E (SSIgE) measurement is a complementary test. SPT is performed with antigen extracts from India while SSIgE utilises extracts derived from European antigens. To evaluate the performance of allergic assessment by SSIgE against cockroach, housefly and mosquito aeroallergens which are frequently implicated in driving respiratory allergies in India considering SPT as the 'gold standard'. Twenty patients (mean age 28.5 years; range 15-50 years) diagnosed to have bronchial asthma and/or rhinitis underwent SPT. The SSIgE levels were obtained at the same visit. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of SSIgE testing were calculated using SPT as the 'gold standard'. The correlation between SPT grading and SSIgE levels was also evaluated. The sensitivity of SSIgE testing to each of the 3 aero-allergens was > 85%. The PPV of cockroach and mosquito SSIgE was > 85%; housefly SSIgE had PPV of 68.7%. The two tests were in agreement in 85% (cockroach), 90% (mosquito) and 55% (housefly). There was a significant correlation between the grades of SPT reactions and SSIgE levels. The SSIgE has higher sensitivity and PPV, but lacks specificity. Higher sensitivity with low specificity leads to increased false positive diagnosis of allergic disease. Unlike allergenic pollens, however, insect antigen extracts from different regions seem to give comparable results, and can thus, reliably be used in the evaluation of allergy.

Steroid prescribing in primary care increases prior to Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis: A UK nationwide case-control study

BackgroundSteroid use is associated with increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). However, allergic symptoms commonly treated with steroids are also presenting features of HL in some patients, thereby introducing protopathic bias in estimates of aetiological associations. It is therefore important to examine steroid prescribing patterns pre-diagnosis to understand timing of associations and when healthcare use increases before cancer diagnosis to inform future epidemiological study design. MethodsWe analysed steroid prescribing in 1232 HL patients and 7392 matched controls using primary care electronic health records (Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), 1987–2016). Using Poisson regression, we calculated monthly steroid prescribing rates for the 24-months preceding HL diagnosis, identifying the inflection point when they start to increase from baseline in cases, comparing rates with synchronous controls, and stratifying by route-of-administration and allergic disease status. Results46 % of HL patients had a steroid prescription in the 24-months preceding diagnosis compared to 26 % of controls (OR 2.55, 95 %CI 2.25–2.89, p < 0.001). Odds of underlying HL were greatest in patients receiving multiple steroid prescriptions, oral steroids and in patients with a new allergic disease diagnosis. Among HL patients, steroid prescribing rates increased progressively from 7-months pre-diagnosis, doubling from 52 to 111 prescriptions/1000 patients/month. ConclusionSteroid prescribing increases during periods leading up to HL diagnosis, suggesting steroid-treated symptoms may be early presenting features of HL. A diagnostic window of appreciable length exists for potential earlier HL diagnosis in some patients; this 7-month ‘lag-period’ pre-diagnosis should be excluded in studies examining aetiological associations between steroids and HL.

Профіль сенсибілізації до алергенів кліщів домашнього пилу в дітей з алергічними станами в Україні

The purpose - to determine the profile of sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) in children of Ukraine with various allergic diseases and to analyze its age and regional characteristics. Materials and methods. 5430 children aged from the first year to 18 years from different regions of Ukraine with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis alone or in combination) were examined. The diagnosis of allergic diseases was established according to the criteria of GINA 2019a, ARIA 2019, EAACI Atopic dermatitis guidelines. Patients were examined by molecular component enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of venous blood with the ALEX2 test system (Macro Array Diagnostics GmbH, Austria). Levels of specific IgE above 0.3 kUA/L to allergenic molecules of HDM were determined: Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2, Der p 5, Der p 7, Der p 10, Der p 11, Der p 23, Der p 20 and Der p 21. Results. Among 5430 subjects, sensitization to HDM allergens was detected in 1705 (31.4%) children. Sensitization to HDM allergens was most often observed in school-age children (34.3-40.0% of cases; p&lt;0.001). Sensitization to allergens of HDM was significantly more often found in children of the western region compared to the northern (χ²=171.2; p=0.001), southern (χ²=32.4; p=0.001), eastern (χ²=65.9; p=0.001) and the central (χ²=16.62; p&lt;0.002) region of residence. The most common sensitization to Der f 1 (58.4%), Der f 2 (73.7%), Der p 1 (58.4%), Der p 2 (75.2%), Der p 23 (56.2%), and there was a high level of sensitization to the molecules Der p 5 (32.4%) and Der p 7 (22.3%). Conclusions. Currently, the level of sensitization to allergens of HDM among children with allergy in Ukraine is on average 31.4%. Sensitization to HDM allergens was more frequent (p&lt;0.001) in school-age children compared to preschool children - 37.0% and 24.2%, respectively. Sensitization to HDM allergens predominates among children with allergopathology living in the western regions of Ukraine (42.5% of patients) compared to the eastern, southern, central and northern regions (26.8-35.4% of children). The frequency of sensitization to major molecules of HDM in children with allergy in Ukraine is: to Der f 1 - 58.4%, to Der f 2 - 73.7%, to Der p 1 - 58.4%, to Der p 2 - 75.2%, to Der p 23 - 56.2%. For the first time, the level of sensitization to new HDM molecules in children with allergopathology in Ukraine was established: to Der p 20 - 8.2%, to Der p 21 - 27.2%. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee for all participants. Informed consent of patients (parents of children or their guardians) was obtained for the research. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Management of patients with allergic diseases during pregnancy: lecture

ABSTRACT. In connection with the considerable increase of prevalence of allergic diseases (AD) there all more often are situations, when it will be to decide the question of management of patients a doctor with an allergy during pregnancy. Prevalence of AD (allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, allergic phenotypes of bronchial asthma and hives, atopic dermatitis, food/drug/insect allergy, anaphylaxis) among pregnant women can arrive 30 %. It is possible to distinguish three types of influence of pregnancy on clinical motion of AD: 1) presence of pregnancy does not affect motion of AD; 2) on a background pregnancy comes remission of AD; 3) on a background pregnancy arise up intensifying of AD and their motion are burdened. It is difficult to predict exactly how the course of AD will occur during pregnancy, while the nature of treatment of a pregnant woman with AD and the level of their control are extremely important. At pregnancy diagnosis of AD is based on data of allergic anamnesis, food diary, physical inspection. Thus realization of skin and provocative tests with allergens contra-indicated. Application of provocative tests is also forbidden with a histamine, а methacholine and an acetylcholine. At treatment of pregnant from AD must be taken into account possible side effects of antiallergic drugs. Setting of modern medicinal facilities allows in most cases to control motion of allergic pathology for pregnant and avoid development of side effects of drugs. Treatment of AD during pregnancy the best result must provide for a mother and child. Medical workers must inform the women of reproductive age and pregnant of potential risks and present/absent proofs of unconcern/ununconcern of diagnostic and curative events.

Early life exposure to outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental factors on the development of childhood allergy from early symptoms to diseases

BackgroundThe prevalence of childhood allergies has increased during past decades leading to serious hospitalization and heavy burden worldwide, yet the key factors responsible for the onset of early symptoms and development of diagnosed diseases are unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the role of early life exposure to ambient air pollution and indoor environmental factors on early allergic symptoms and doctor diagnosed allergic diseases. MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 2598 preschool children was conducted at 36 kindergartens in Changsha, China from September of 2011 to February of 2012. A questionnaire was developed to survey each child's early onset of allergic symptoms (wheeze and rhinitis-like symptoms) and doctor diagnosis of allergic diseases (asthma and rhinitis) as well as home environments. Each mother's and child's exposures to ambient air pollutants (PM10, SO2, and NO2) and temperature were estimated for in utero and postnatal periods. The associations of early symptoms and diagnosed diseases with outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental variables were examined by logistic regression models. ResultsChildhood early allergic symptoms (33.9%) including wheeze (14.7%) and rhinitis-like symptoms (25.4%) before 2 years old were not associated with outdoor air pollution exposure but was significantly associated with maternal exposure of window condensation at home in pregnancy with ORs (95% CI) of 1.33 (1.11–1.59), 1.30 (1.01–1.67) and 1.27 (1.04–1.55) respectively, and was associated with new furniture during first year after birth with OR (95% CI) of 1.43 (1.02–2.02) for early wheeze. Childhood diagnosed allergic diseases (28.4%) containing asthma (6.7%) and allergic rhinitis (AR) (7.2%) were significantly associated with both outdoor air pollutants (mainly for SO2 and NO2) during first 3 years and indoor new furniture, redecoration, and window condensation. We found that sex, age, parental atopy, maternal productive age, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), antibiotics use, economic stress, early and late introduction of complementary foods, and outdoor air pollution modified the effects of home environmental exposure in early life on early allergic symptoms and diagnosed allergic diseases. ConclusionOur study indicates that early life exposure to indoor environmental factors plays a key role in early onset of allergic symptoms in children, and further exposure to ambient air pollution and indoor environmental factors contribute to the later development of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Chinese expert consensus on the clinical interpretation of allergen specific IgE test

Allergen specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) test plays a key role in pathogenic diagnosis of allergic diseases. In recent years, several in vitro diagnostic methods and technology are available in clinical application, however, there exists discrepancies due to different diagnostic methodology and lacking interlaboratory commutability. Proper interpretation of sIgE reports needs combination with clinical history and (or) other diagnostic methods. There is no accessible clinical interpretation approach in clinical practices. Thus, the consensus summarizes the aspects of in vitro diagnostic techniques, allergen items and clinical implications, expert panel draft the clinical interpretation approach which aims to provide a reference for community physicians, allergists, laboratory physician and other health care givers, and finally avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment of allergic diseases.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА УРОВЕНЬ ОБЩЕГО ИММУНОГЛОБУЛИНА Е В СЫВОРОТКЕ КРОВИ

The correct diagnosis of allergic diseases at the early stages is important nowadays, despite the growing importance of infectious pathology. The basic tests for allergy diagnosis are the determination of the level of total serum and specific immunoglobulins E (Ig E), as a key link in the development of type1 allergic reaction. Allergic factors affecting the level of Ig E include the nature and degree of sensitization of patients to one or more groups of allergens. The study included 143 patients, of which 104 patients with atopy were divided into allergic asthma+ allergic rhinitis patient’s group (58 patients) and group of 46 patients who had just allergic rhinitis. 39 healthy volunteers were the control group. The groups were matching by gender and age. The study evaluated the influence of allergic factors on the level of total Ig E in patients with allergic diseases. Higher values of Ig E total were obtained in patients with allergic asthma and polysensitization. About half of patients with rhinitis and 15% of patients with asthma have normal total Ig E level, that is one of the reasons to change approaches to normal values of this allergy marker.