Diachronic Approach Research Articles

The dispossession of the San Pedro de Inacaliri river: Political Ecology, extractivism and archaeology

Copper mining and other extractive industries in the Atacama Desert have exerted pressure on water resources, with dramatic socio-environmental effects. The drying-out of the San Pedro de Inacaliri river basin is a paradigmatic case of this situation. Indigenous communities that used to graze their livestock in the area have seen the utter degradation of the ecosystems which have sustained their activities since time immemorial. In this article, we aim to contribute to the growing literature on the effects of extractive industries in northern Chile, based on an archaeological analysis of the remnants of the material culture in the basin. This analysis will complement historical and qualitative data to present a diachronic approach to the history of human use, occupation and abandonment of the basin and its transformations in time and space. The work analyses human occupation of the basin over thousands of years down to the present, concluding that while there was increasing use of the territory since pre-Hispanic times, the intense human occupation has practically disappeared since industrial extraction began in the 1950s, and indigenous families have been forced to emigrate. Results show one of the most radical cases of water resource dispossession in the recent history of Chile.

Innovative or Traditional? Diachronic Approach to Weaving Technology in Bronze Age Greece

This paper aims at recognising potential innovations in weaving technology that may have occurred in Bronze Age Greece. It discusses whether these assumed developments may be examined diachronically. This discussion is based on archaeological evidence of textile implements, such as loom weights and presumed traces of warp-weighted looms, as well as knowledge of traditional craft and experimental archaeology. After a short introduction discussing how technical innovations could possibly be recognised in weaving, the paper explores possible changes in the construction and functionality of the warp-weighted loom and potential uses of other types of looms in Greece. A distribution pattern of specific forms of a loom weight, e.g. discoid loom weights in particular, is examined as an innovation responding to the demand for fabrics of specific technical qualities and appearance, possibly associated with a spread of new weaving techniques which accompanied the transmission of these tools. Social relations and modes of organisation of textile production are considered factors that must have had a significant impact on creativity and innovativeness in weaving technology. However, the final conclusion is that specific relations between the organisation of weaving and the occurrence of innovative processes cannot be clearly recognised based on the available evidence.

Boris Aleksandrovich Larin: The Free Element of Colloquial Speech

This article considers the contribution to philology made by B. A. Larin, a professor at Leningrad University. He formulated many ideas which remain relevant today. They include a comprehensive description of writers’ language, dialectal nondifferential dictionaries, lexicographic analysis of the vernacular of Moscow Rus’ between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, studies on urban colloquial speech (argot and jargon in particular), analysis of semantic lexical dominants relying on the diachronic approach, and discussions of principles of historical phraseology, etc. The scholar not only solved many issues connected with modern philology but also laid the foundations for further research. One of Larin’s main research interests was semantics, to which he devoted many of his works. In his study of semantics, he relied on a multi-dimensional examination of living colloquial speech both synchronically and diachronically. His most important ideas and projects related to this sphere: the colloquial language of Muscovite Rus’ in its everyday written form and notes made by foreigners; the living idiomatised speech of the Praying by Daniel the Immured; urban argot, Pskovian dialects, and the dialects of Pechora and Nekrasov Cossacks; the colloquial speech of Nizhny Novgorod examined through the prism of Gorky’s autobiographical trilogy, etc. The majority of his ideas became long-term research projects which have already been realised to a large extent in dictionaries co-authored by Larin’s students at the interdepartmental lexicographical centre of the University of St Petersburg.

The Rabbinic Goy Takes Center Stage

The Rabbinic Goy Takes Center Stage Jeffrey P. García Goy: Israel's Multiple Others and the Birth of the Gentile. By Adi Ophir and Ishay Rosen-Zvi. Oxford Studies in the Abrahamic Religions. Pp. viii + 333. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Cloth, $99.00. The development of a decade long havruta between Adi Ophir and Ishay Rosen-Zvi—a philosopher and talmudist, respectively—Goy sets out to address a "striking lacuna," namely, the category of "Gentile" in rabbinic literature or, more specifically, to "reconstruct the transformation of 'gentile' from 'people to non-Jew'" (p. 5). The primary contention of the volume is that the "Gentile" ()—a collective and individualized category for every non-Jew—as it appears in the literature of the Tannaim is novel to the rabbis and can only be seen in its embryonic stage in earlier discourses regarding Israel and its Other. The authors argue that the rabbinic as a category is a discursive formation that is part of a framework of shifting alterities attested in a nearly thousand-year corpus—if the earliest layers of the Hebrew Bible are dated to the eighth or seventh century BCE—that includes the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple literature, and the undisputed letters of the Apostle Paul (primarily Romans and Galatians). The study is not simply a terminological analysis of , , or the Greek parallel ἔθνος, ἔθνη, however, although it forms a "point of entry" of sorts. The authors are also concerned with the discursive goy that moves beyond the parameters of language. Their perspective is admittedly influenced by a modified version of Foucault's theory of discourse—drawing inspiration from Reinhart Koselleck1—so that the Tannaitic goy is thought to be a "basic concept" that is critical to their exploration. This is particularly key to their reconstruction of the goy from collective to individual. Accordingly, the work examines modes of othering and types of others. It also attempts a genealogical reconstruction that is presented simultaneously [End Page 473] on two axes, synchronic (Foucauldian archeological) and diachronic (Foucauldian genealogical). The synchronic axis pertains to what makes the Jew/goy division, as well as additional forms of Jewish alterity, possible. The diachronic axis, on the other hand, is the examination of the linguistic permutations that eventually result in the rabbinic . The book is structured as follows: Chapters 1 and 2 deal primarily with the Hebrew Bible; chapters 3 and 4 analyze Second Temple literature; chapter 5 addresses an apparent anomaly in New Testament discourse in which the "Gentile" appears as an individualized/collective other in the Pauline epistles; chapters 6 and 7 deal with rabbinic literature, in particular, the homogenization of biblical and post-biblical alterities, as well as the presentation of the rabbinic in both halakic and haggadic literature; and chapter 8 and the postscript form appendices of sorts that examine similarities between the "Gentile" and "barbarian" categories and the positing of where research should proceed from this point, respectively. Chapter 1, "Nokhri, Ger, and the Art of Separation in the Hebrew Bible," intends to show, in part, that otherness in regard to Israel does not begin with the term or with abstract otherness. Regarding the diachronic approach, the authors analyze two concepts in the Bible, (1) a collectivization of foreigners and its construction as an ethnic marker and, (2) the formation of a binary relationship between Israel and its others. Ophir and Rosen-Zvi argue that there is little to nothing that resembles the rabbinic , noting further that the term , which designates any number of people or nations—associated with land, language, kinship, and a particular god—does not mean "a collective of others." According to them, the Hebrew Bible utilizes a different strategy for alterity in regard to the Israelite nation that is attested in diverse terms but shows no evidence of the binary relationship that is evident among the rabbis. The bulk of the analysis of chapter 1 is to reconstruct two competing models that are associated with Deuteronomist (D) and Priestly (P) Sources, respectively. The chapter begins, however, not with the two models but by dealing with , as well as , which can refer to a masked unrecognizable Israelite who might otherwise be easily identified (e.g., Joseph...

Ruins: Classical Theater and Broken Memory by Odai Johnson

Reviewed by: Ruins: Classical Theater and Broken Memory by Odai Johnson Erika L. Weiberg Ruins: Classical Theater and Broken Memory. By Odai Johnson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018; pp. 358. In this ambitious book, Odai Johnson brings questions and methods familiar from his earlier work on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century American theatre to bear on the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. In a series of ten case studies that stretch from the origins of ancient Greek theatre to late antiquity, a period of over a thousand years, Johnson probes the scars in the historical and material record that tell us that something significant once existed but does no longer. Ruins argues that even in antiquity, the theatre created a notion of the "classical" past not by conserving tradition, but by marking absences imbued with "an excess of memory" (3). The endurance of the Greco-Roman theatre over this thousand-year span occurs through and despite these absences, which keep people going to the theatre in droves even when their pastors, in the fifth-century ce, demand that they go to church instead. Johnson's method is like that of a forensic scientist. Arriving at the crime scene of antiquity, he looks for evidence of what is not there—the flecks of blood that suggest a past struggle—in order to extract clues about how the Greeks and Romans constructed their own past, and indeed, committed crimes that they remembered to forget, through the textual and material remains of the theatre. To this task he brings to bear a toolkit of scholarship by classicists, theatre historians, and cultural theorists. Of the latter, most important are the fields of trauma theory and memory studies. To my knowledge, this combination of approaches has never before been applied to the classical theatre, especially not to its development over such a long period of time. The astonishing sweep of time canvassed in this study is both its strength and its weakness. As a specialist in Greek theatre of the fifth and fourth centuries bce, I learned a great deal from Johnson's startling juxtapositions of material from my period of study with material from the fifth century ce. Yet, as will emerge from discussions of specific case studies, I also found myself wanting more nuanced engagement with both primary and secondary materials for each period. Chapter 4 is emblematic of the perils of Johnson's approach. This chapter aims to explain why Menander's comedies do not engage in the personal barbs against politicians that were typical of Aristophanes' genre of comedy a hundred years earlier. Johnson suspects a link with the concept of amnesty that developed in Athens after the bloody period of civil war that marked the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. While this explanation is reasonable, [End Page 522] Johnson overplays the differences between Old and New Comedy when he repeatedly represents Menander's comedies as frivolous, apolitical, benign, and even low-IQ (89). Johnson is correct to point out that comedy's approach to social commentary changed, but I find very difficult to digest the suggestion that Menander's drama is "harmless," that "nothing offended" (89)—this of comedies that obsessively replay a rape plot in which citizen-girls are raped and, in the end, forced to marry their rapist. Harmless to whom? Johnson does not ask what social or political forces Menander was responding to when he replayed this plot line so incessantly, although Susan Lape, among others, has illuminated the relevance of these rape plots to Athenian civic ideology. Instead, he suggests that "New Comedy is itself a monument of cultural dementia" (103), marked primarily by its disappointing difference from Old Comedy. By contrast, the merits of Johnson's diachronic approach are evident in chapter 2, on Phrynichus's Sack of Miletus and the genre of tragedy, and in chapters 6–8, a suite of chapters on the theatre's evolution from an alien institution, antithetical to Roman values, to weaponized imperial architecture, symbol of Roman dominance. Chapter 2 productively reads the censoring of Phrynichus as a defining moment in the development of the tragic genre. Johnson argues that the trauma that the representation of recent historical...

“The Dispute on Russia” in the Book “Temptation by the Revolution” (2009) by Vladimir Sharov: Tradition and Discourse

This article examines the literary and critical heritage of Vladimir Sharov (1952-2018), a contemporary writer and historian. When analyzing his texts in the postmodern paradigm, the authors focus on the urgent literary-theoretical problem of the relationship between genre and discursive traditions. The methodological basis of this research includes M. M. Bakhtin’s idea of separating compositional and architectonic forms in a literary work that opens a new correlation of diachronic and synchronous approaches. The research is based on the book “Temptation by the Revolution” (2009) by Vladimir Sharov, as well as on some metatexts of the 19th century. (P. Ya. Chaadaev, N. I. Nadezhdin, V. G. Belinsky). The research subject is Sharov’s historical narrative and its discursive characteristics. The authors show that substantive-semantic, lexical-grammatical, and stylistic features of V. Sharov’s book revealed by the analysis indicate its affinity to the discourse of the “dispute on Russia” that developed in the 19th century (discussions around the “First Philosophical Letter” by P. Ya. Chaadaev). A comparative analysis results in the main conclusion: at the level of external, compositional forms of text, V. Sharov’s discourse is formed as a part of the historical novel tradition, and at the level of architectonics, implicitly, refers to the discourse of the “dispute on Russia” and is built as its continuation, as a polylogue. It follows that the genre tradition and the discourse tradition interact in the book of V. Sharov ambivalently, and this is fixed in the structure of the narrative itself: the discourse organizes architectonics, the genre organizes the compositional unity of the text. The authors believe that the form of the classical heritage reception presented in the book “Temptation by the Revolution” by Vladimir Sharov, outlines additional opportunities for the study of his historical novels. This is a new and creative actualization form of Russian classics, produced by the writer and constituting a distinctive feature of his discourse.

Bede's Temple: An Image and Its Interpretation by Conor O'Brien

Reviewed by: Bede's Temple: An Image and Its Interpretationby Conor O'Brien Dana M. Polanichka Bede's Temple: An Image and Its Interpretation. By Conor O'Brien. [ Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs.] (New York: Oxford University Press. 2015. Pp. xx, 242. $100.00. ISBN 978–0–19–874708–6.) In Bede's Temple, Conor O'Brien presents an "extensive tour of Bede's thinking on the temple" (p. 5). He tackles the entirety of Bede's exegesis on that iconic structure, not only his main trilogy— On the Tabernacle, On the Temple, and On Ezra and Nehemiah—but also all other Bedan works referencing the temple. Moreover, O'Brien engages with contemporary, comparative representations of the temple image, namely, those in the Codex Amiatinus, adding visual components to his largely textual study. This monograph is well written and easy to read, engaging as subtly with complex primary texts as with the broad historiographical field. It offers a much-needed and successful exploration of Bede's interpretation of the temple that breathes life and color into these early medieval exegetical works. After three black-and-white figures from the Codex Amiatinus, Bede's Templeopens with a helpful "Possible Chronology of Bede's works" (pp. xix–xx). O'Brien then evenly divides the monograph into eight chapters. The first serves as an introduction in which he explains the term dominating his study—the temple image. Where templealone would narrowly refer only to the physical building, temple image"combine[s] the static architecture of the temple with the dynamic ritual of its priests, thus allowing Bede to speak about both the eternal reality of the Church and the living experience of its members through a single divinely sanctioned image" (p. 5). Rounding out his introduction, O'Brien offers a concise literature review and a sweeping, though brief, historical overview of Bede's world. The second chapter then explores the intellectual context of Bede's vision of the temple, including both resources available at his monastery and the Christian exegetical tradition. Chapters three through seven are the heart of the book. They embrace a thematic organization that moves through Bede's many interpretations and fully lays out O'Brien's central argument "that Bede's temple is a multifaceted image which, nonetheless, teaches us much about the structure of Bede's thought" (p. 6). Here one shifts in scale, from Bede's largest interpretations of the temple as history (chap. 3) and cosmos (chap. 4), to his middle-level vision of the temple as body of Christ (chap. 5) and as Church (chap. 6), and finally narrowing to his understanding of the temple as individual (chap. 7). At one end, the temple image provided the keystone for Bede's sweeping vision of history, connecting Old Testament and New; linking Jewish past and Christian present; and representing "a harmonious vision of salvation history" (p. 72). At the other end, the temple image represents the individual soul, just as it referred to the entire Church. Together these chapters drive home O'Brien's argument for "the consistent importance of unity to Bede's world view and the theological importance of Christ as the guarantor and enabler of that unity" (p. 7). However Bede interpreted it, the temple image served to unify disparate entities—Jew and Christian, earth and heaven, God and man. [End Page 564] O'Brien's eighth and final chapter serves as a conclusion. First, he undertakes a diachronic approach to Bede's writing, and then he discusses Bede within the context of his monastery. Here O'Brien can return to the final portion of his argument, that while Bede's thinking on the temple reveals much about the individual, it also speaks to more than this one exceptional man's ideas. Placing Bede at Wear-mouth-Jarrow, O'Brien demonstrates how Bede's temple emerged out of both a significant Christian tradition and his particular historical context, that is, the intellectual environment at his monastery. This concise and focused monograph thus forcefully illuminates not only Bede's thinking on the temple image, but also the man himself as well as monastic life and theological writing in the eighth century...

Разработка и апробация опросника социально-политической активности молодежи (опросник «СПАМ»)

The paper substantiates the need to develop a social and psychological toolkit for the study of the social and political engagement of modern youth. The research of this issue on the basis of the systemic and diachronic approach is of high relevance to the scientific community. The author proposes the Youth Social and Political Engagement Questionnaire (YSPE questionnaire) consisting of 85 questions grouped into three units. The first unit allows one to assess the degree of personal involvement in the system of social and political relations expressed through the concepts of passivity and activity in the social and political life of society. The second set of questions is developed to examine the awareness and intentional activity, expressed through such concepts as understanding of social and political life, forecasting, goal-setting, planning, assessment of one’s engagement, its self-control and correction. The third unit describes the social and political engagement in terms of its constructive and destructive nature and is represented by the concepts of cynicism and aggressiveness in the social and political engagement. The paper presents the results of testing the reliability of the questionnaire by test-retest and splitting methods and the analysis findings of the empirical validity. The author concludes that the toolkit proposed is valid and reliable for the study of the social and political engagement of the personality.

Research methods and techniques of the phraseological stock studies in the Mari language

The article analyzes in detail methodological framework used for phraseological stock studies in the Mari language. It results in increasing level of validity and reliability of the research. The subject of the article is the methods and techniques of phraseological studies (general scientific, philosophical and specialized ones). The objective of this research is to reveal the methodological procedures used to study phraseological units of the Mari language. The article is based on monographs, articles, textbooks, theses on phraseology of the Mari language. When considering the methodological framework for phraseological studies in the Mari language, it employed general research methods such as analysis, synthesis, generalization and chronological classification combined with specialized linguistic techniques (e.g. data collection method) within diachronic and synchronic approaches. The first research into the field of Mari phraseology are characterized by the application of semantic and contextual analyses in order to systematize and classify phraseological units. The interpretation of empirical material is closely connected with the semantic description, valence and communicative-functional methods. Further development of the methodology is related to the application of culture and historical, anthropological and linguistic genetic approaches, as well as the elements of transformational analysis and syntactic modeling. Modern phraseological science takes into consideration interdisciplinary approach while exploring phraseological stock of the Mari language. In the initial state of the development of phraseology the most productive techniques in Mari linguistics were general research methods of description and analysis (semantic-syntactic, structural, componential and contextual ones). In 1980–1990 methodological framework was supplemented by specialized linguistic methods of comparative-historical, typological, comparative and communicative-functional studies. Nowadays interdisciplinary approach interpreted from psycholinguistic, linguoculturological and cognitivistic standpoints is widely applied to reveal the nationally significant concepts functioning in the described linguoculture.

Faktor Penyebab Perubahan Morfologi Desa Ngadas, Poncokusumo, Kabupaten Malang

Ngadas Village has been designated as Tourism Village. Such determination may affect the morphology of Ngadas Village. Although tourism activities are regarded as things that can cause changes in the morphology of the region but do not rule out the possibility of other factors. Thus, it is very important to know the factors other causes. Thus, massive morphological changes can be controlled by knowing the causal factors. Consequently, the sustainability of Ngadas as a traditional tourism village can be maintained. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method through synchronic and diachronic approach. In addition, this research also used spatial analysis to know morphology’s development of Ngadas Village through Google Earth image in 2004, 2012, and 2017. The result of the research indicates that factors causing a morphological change of Ngadas Village are the cultural factor, natural factor, demographic factors, tourism development factor, building and land allotment, and government policy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/lw.v10i2.2678

‘The Egiptians adored the Sun, and called it the visible sone of the invisible God’: Clausal Boundaries in Early Modern English Scientific Handwritten Texts

ABSTRACTIn comparison with late Middle English, a period characterised by a high level of orthographic variation, the beginning of the 16th century witnesses the emergence of an identifiable standard English spelling, which was not completed in print until about 1650 (Nevalainen 2006: 32; Rutkowska 2013: 48). Punctuation is no exception, and it is in the early modern period when the English language definitely consolidates a wider inventory of punctuation symbols which, after their incorporation into the English system of punctuation, were soon immersed in a process of specialisation for the expression of new syntactic relations.The study of punctuation has traditionally focused on Old and Middle English handwritten material – literary and scientific texts in particular – while the early modern period has been generally left unexplored (Calle-Martín forthcoming). The existing approaches to the topic are, however, descriptions of the specific systems found in individual texts, which offer a minute analysis of the choices and preferences of particular scribes. The diachronic approach has been frequently disregarded, perhaps on the erroneous assumption that punctuation lacks uniformity. The present paper, therefore, sets out to analyse scribal punctuation from a diachronic perspective in Early Modern English in order to shed some new light on the standardisation of punctuation symbols in the expression of three types of clauses: coordinate clauses, adjectival clauses (defining and non-defining relative clauses) and conditional if-clauses. The study relies on handwritten material from the Málaga Corpus of Early English Scientific Prose for the historical period 1500–1700. The corpus has been compiled so as to contain both theoretical treatises and recipe material written in the 16th and 17th centuries, which allows for a diachronic and variationist approach to the study of punctuation.

¿Ciudades gemelas? Posadas, Argentina y Encarnación, Paraguay en perspectiva sociourbana

El objetivo de este artículo es evidenciar los procesos de relacionamientos complementarios que mantienen las ciudades fronterizas de Posadas, Argentina y Encarnación, Paraguay. Desde un abordaje descriptivo y diacrónico el estudio sostiene que estás ciudades pueden ser interpretadas como ciudades gemelas que comparten una historia de relaciones en el contexto regional. Al margen de sus especificidades, ambas ciudades presentan aspectos sociourbanos similares, y en su devenir estuvieron implicadas en los mismos procesos y problemas: flujos fronterizos, políticas del Mercosur, construcción del puente internacional, acuerdos de Tránsito Vecinal Fronterizo, y hasta un fenómeno más inusual, como la impronta que grandes obras de infraestructuras han dejado en sus territorios. Se concluye que estas ciudades, a pesar de no contar con un gobierno común, sostienen relaciones económicas, culturales, de vecindad y complementariedad que producen impactos en una ciudad y viceversa, generando interdependencias, mutuos condicionamientos y una forma específica de articulación interurbana.

Роль Словообразовательных Формантов В Сохранении Сакрального Смысла Церковнославянизмов В Русском Языке

Abstract The author of the article applies synchronic and diachronic approach to describe consistent patterns in Russian word formation, when the facts in contemporary Russian are explained with due regard to the history of their development and formation. The research focuses on commonly used derivatives of the Church Slavic, which have not lost their sacred meaning despite the general secularization beyond religious discourse of evangelic lexis in Russian (as well as in other Slavic languages). The preservation of the sacred meaning is influenced by a specific process of differentiation between the sacred and the secular by means of word­building formants in cognate synonyms (for example, Рождество [‘Christmas’]/рождение [‘birth’]; житие [‘the life (of a saint)’]/житье [‘ordinary life’]; Воскресение [‘Resurrection’]/воскресенье [‘Sunday’]; искупить [‘to redeem’], Искупитель [‘the Redeemer’]/выкупить [‘to buy out’] etc.). The last section of the article considers the process of semantic specification in diachrony of originally synonymic cognate derivatives like живот [‘belly’], житие [‘the life (of a saint)’], жизнь [‘life’], which has led to a complete change of the semantics of the lexeme живот [‘belly’] (a gradual strengthening of its physical component has led to the modern meaning ‘belly, part of body’) and the prevalence of the word жизнь (with its Old Slavonic suffix ­знь). The latter, having absorbed the “life­related” semantic of lexemes живот ‘belly’ and житие ‘the life (of a saint)’, expresses all aspects of its understanding and interpretation by the contemporary language community. The author assumes that this process could also have been influenced by the general correlation between the Church Slavonicisms (both elevated and general denominations) and native Russian words (both concrete and ordinary denominations) in Russian. Word­building formants play a significant role in the differentiation of the sacred and the secular (and preserving the sacred) when the religious lexicon of the Church Slavonic origin enters the modern Russian language.

Polish dialectal wild herbaceous plant names against a Slavic and European background

AbstractThe argument put forward in the present article is that many Polish dialectal plant names do not have folk roots. The only way to ascertain the true origin of a given name is by analysing the history of the dialectal name and related names in other languages. Such an analysis leads to the conclusion that Polish dialectal names have various origins. Some of them are truly dialectal, i.e. they originate from Polish dialects, while others are colloquial, non-dialectal native names that have been adapted by particular dialects. Yet others are relatively new loanwords and new calques, while another group originates from Old Polish forms no longer in use in non-dialectal Polish. The latter do not comprise a homogeneous category. Instead, they fall into three subcategories: Polish names originating from the Polish language or inherited from Old Slavic, old loanwords employed in Old Polish and no longer in use today except in Polish dialects, and finally, an often misclassified group of names comprising old calques. In the summary of the present study the author emphasises the importance of a diachronic and comparative approach to analysing dialectal plant names. She highlights the existence of numerous calques, especially old ones, whose presence had previously been overlooked due to their native and sometimes almost entirely dialectal character. Therefore, a superficial, synchronic analysis would not reveal their long and rich history or the fact that they also have counterparts in non-Slavic languages, indeed often have ancient roots.

A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Review of Longitudinal Qualitative Research in Gerontology.

Gerontologists have long been interested in longitudinal qualitative research (LQR), yet ambiguity remains about best practices. The purpose of this review was to conduct a qualitative evidence synthesis to identify strengths and limitations in existing gerontological LQR. We searched for studies published in English before September 2017, using longitudinal qualitative methods and focusing on gerontology. We searched the following databases: PubMed and ProQuest. This was followed up by a snowball search to identify additional LQR articles that were not gerontologically focused but provided conceptual or methodological information to enhance gerontological LQR. Article titles and abstracts were reviewed, and selected articles were independently evaluated by all authors and summarized in a descriptive matrix based on design, analysis, and strengths and limitations. Our literature search resulted in 225 articles, which was then narrowed to 71 articles from 47 different journals based on our inclusion/exclusion criteria. LQR in gerontology varies considerably by study design and analysis approach. LQR design considerations involve number of time points and duration; rapport and retention; and consistent or different sampling, data collection, and measures. LQR analysis considerations involve synchronic and diachronic approaches, consistent or evolving coding, and individual- or group-level analysis. Gerontological LQR articles vary in the extent to which they address special aging considerations. This review indicates that there are areas where gerontological LQR can be strengthened going forward. We provide researchers with strategies to improve LQR rigor in our field and beyond.

Diachronic approaches to Balkan linguistic history and main common Balkan language features from Greek and Latin languages

The purpose of this paper is to provide the results of diachronic approaches to Balkan linguistic research history and to approve the main common Balkan language features from Greek and Latin. The history of Balkan linguistics research is divided into three periods. They are the beginning of the Balkan language, the divisor, and the present. In this paper, representative scholars and papers of each period are introduced and their contents are deeply summarized. This paper also aims to investigate the common and different morphological and syntactic features in Balkan languages. The first common feature on which will be paid main attentions is the loss of infinitive system in Balkan languages. The loss of the infinitive is considered to be a Greek influence. From the ancient Greek, subordinate phrases with ὅτι, ὡς, ὥστε, ἳνα were used instead of infinitive. The ancient Bulgarian language, in the process of translating the Greek Bible Scriptures, accepts this subordinate phrases form instead of infinitive. Alternative forms with prepositions instead of infinitive were also used in Albanian and Romanian languages. The second common feature on which will be paid main attentions is the case system of Balkan languages. As it is well known, Balkan languages are mainly having analytic linguistic features, including case system. As it is well known, in Slavic languages, there are 6-7 cases. They are nominative, genetive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional case (sometimes, vocative). Unlike the other Slavic, Bulgarian language (as Slavic and also Balkan language) does not have case forms and become typical analytic language from the point of view in case system. On the process of losing case system, the Balkan languages shared mutual influences through language contact. In this paper are researched this process and influence directions among them.

Accounting and power in the society of Buddhism: An analysis of the income and expenditure reports of Toji Temple, 1427–1532

In recent decades, many studies have examined the role of accounting in organizations, the relationship between accounting and power in modern society, and the use of accounting as an instrument to construct a social order and foster interaction within a social context. However, little is known about the use of accounting to exert power in religious organizations – despite these organizations being among the most socially influential entities of pre-modern times. This article seeks to help fill this gap by analyzing the income and expenditure reports of the Komyo-ko-gata of the Toji Temple (1427–1532) in Japan. Two distinctive contributions are made. First, instead of focusing on Christianity, the subject is a Buddhist organization during the Middle Ages. Second, both synchronic and diachronic approaches are applied in this analysis. The findings confirm that accounting can strengthen strained relationships within organizations by facilitating control over information related to money management.

Friendship in the Hebrew Bible

Friendship in the Hebrew Bible

Reassessing the Impact of El Niño at the end of the early intermediate period from the perspective of the Lima culture

This paper discusses the social effects that a very strong El Niño event or events that occurred at the end of the Early Intermediate Period could have had on the Lima culture of the Central Coast of Peru from the perspective of the archaeological site of Huaca 20. This site was a component of the Maranga Complex in the lower Rimac Valley during the Late Lima Period. For this purpose, I use a comprehensive and diachronic approach that takes into account the whole Lima culture occupation documented at this site. Huaca 20 is one of the very few Lima culture sites that has been extensively excavated through several years since the 1970s. I compare the El Niño evidence from Huaca 20 with similar information from several other coastal Early Intermediate Period sites where El Niño impacts have been reported. I use this evidence to discuss how various contemporary coastal cultures had diverse cultural reactions to the same phenomenon.

Morley, Rachel Performing Femininity: Woman as Performer in Early Russian Cinema (review)

REVIEWS 559 story ends with the creation of new beau mondes in the GULag after many members of Kharkiv’s beau monde were arrested. This engaging book is a model of interdisciplinary work, undoubtedly facilitated by Fowler’s background in theatre. She defines ‘theatre’ broadly to incorporate various performance genres. Her study challenges established historians who ignore cultural production, and it deserves to read by scholars of diverse disciplines. Department of History Susan Costanzo Western Washington University Morley, Rachel. Performing Femininity: Woman as Performer in Early Russian Cinema. I. B. Tauris, London and New York, 2017. xv + 288 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Filmography. Index. £64.00: $120.00. The main thesis of Rachel Morley’s book is elaborated in its title: the motif of woman as performer is examined as the key to the history of early Russian cinema. Early Russian cinema does indeed begin and end with the image of woman as performer, but between the Persian princess from the first Russian film, Sten´ka Razin (1908), who performs a fiery dance, and the circus artiste Pola in Molchi, grust´, molchi… (1918) there are dozens, even hundreds of other dancers, actresses and singers. Having established this trajectory, Morley has written a new history of Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema. Morley emphasizes the motif of woman as performer in a large number of pre-Revolutionary films, both those that have been preserved and those that have not: the absolute majority of early Russian films have been lost, and Morley’s broad approach to the material is undoubtedly the most productive. It is another matter that within the corpus of films examined in the book too strong an accent, to my taste, is placed on those of Evgenii Bauer: sometimes it seems that other directors are left in the shadows. Each of the book’s seven chapters is devoted to a detailed examination of the variations on the motif of woman as performer: the oriental dancer, the peasant girl, the opera singer, the tango-dancer, the gipsy dancer, the ballerina and the early modern dancer, the actress. Morley’s analysis is cyclic in structure, beginning with a thorough (and extremely witty) analysis of Sten´ka Razin and ending with a no less interesting analysis of Bauer’s late film, After Death (1915). Thus her synchronic approach to the material grows into a diachronic approach. There are some aspects of Morley’s study that deserve criticism. First, the survey of scholarly literature on Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema (pp. 1–5) seems incomplete and a little tendentious. In particular it is surprising that SEER, 96, 3, JULY 2018 560 both in this chapter and in the book as a whole there is not a single reference to one of the most recent and comprehensive books on Russian pre-Revolutionary cinema, Irina Grashchenkova’s Kino Serebrianogo veka (Moscow, 2005). Not only does Grashchenkova propose her own concept of the history of early cinema, but she also touches upon the questions which directly interest Morley. In addition, the tendency to examine the history of early cinema as the history of film direction — reflected, in particular, in the filmography (pp. 274– 78), where the films mentioned in the text are not listed either alphabetically or chronologically, but grouped by directors — does not seem to me to be fully justified. In Russia at the end of the 1900s and the beginning of the 1910s the director was scarcely the author, the main creator of a film. Often he carried out only technical functions, while the main responsibility lay on the shoulders of the cameraman and the film factory owner. The names of directors did not begin to appear on posters and in advertisements until 1914, thanks to the initiative of Vladimir Gardin. The formula of describing a film in terms of its director, for example, ‘Romashkov’s Sten´ka Razin’ (p. 5), does not, therefore, seem quite correct. It is also a pity that in a book devoted to early film plots questions of film dramaturgy are hardly discussed and the names of the greatest scriptwriters are mentioned either in the margins or else not at all. Each of these criticisms, taken individually, can of course be considered...