Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale Research Articles

The Effect of Educational Program on Pain Management, Self-Efficacy Behavior, and Quality of Life among Adult Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Jordan has a high prevalence of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN), leg complications, and amputations due to diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of educational programs on pain management, self-efficacy behaviors, and quality of life (QoL) among adult patients with PDPN. The randomized controlled trial study was conducted at the Jordanian Ministry of Health hospitals between October 2019 - March 2020. Seventy-two adult patients with PDPN were randomized to an experimental group of 36 patients who attended an educational program and a control group who followed routine diabetic care in the study setting. The data were collected using a socio-demographic and diabetes clinical/laboratory data form, the numeric rating scale (NRS), diabetes self-efficacy scale (DSES), and the quality-of-life questionnaire (EQ-5D). The intervention program consisted of four educational sessions at weekly intervals. Pre-test and post-test evaluations were conducted. After the educational intervention, the mean scores of the NRS (p=0.020), DSES (p<0.001), and EQ-5D (p<0.001) in the experimental group improved significantly improved compared to those in the control group. Additionally, while there were no significant correlations between the three study outcomes in the pre-test stage, correlations were observed to be significant after the educational intervention. This study shows that the design and implementation of educational intervention combined with routine diabetic care facilitate effective pain management, self-efficacy behaviors, and QoL of patients with PDPN. The health care providers are recommended to use the educational programs for such patients at various levels of services in both health centers and diabetes clinics.

Perceived self-efficacy and self-care practices among diabetic patients in a Tertiary Hospital, Nepal

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem worldwide and Nepal is not an exception. Complications of DM are in rise which results in major disabilities and poor quality of life. But evidences show that adoption of self-care practices can prevent those complications leading a healthy and quality life. Self-care practice is closely related to self-efficacy. Thus, present study aimed to assess perceived self-efficacy and self-care practices and to examine relationship between perceived self-efficacy and self-care practice of patients with Diabetes. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Patan Hospital among 100 patients was reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Committee. Samples were selected purposively and data was collected by face to face interview technique. Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale and self-care practice questionnaire was used to measure self-efficacy and self-care practice, respectively. Results: Fifty nine percent and 81% of participants had moderate level of perceived self-efficacy and good self-care practice, respectively. There was significant moderate positive (r=0.62, p&lt;0.001) correlation between perceived self-efficacy and self-care practice even after controlling the variables (e.g. age, gender and participation in educational program regarding self-care). Conclusion: The self-efficacy of participants was moderate and self-care practice was good. However, self-care practice was very low on foot care and exercise. The significant positive relationship between perceived self-efficacy and self-care practice highlights the need for conducting educational activities for patients with DM to increase self-efficacy thereby increasing self-care practice.

The effect of a mobile application on the foot care of individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled study

Objective: This study aimed to develop an animation-supported Mobile Diabetic Foot Care Education (M-DFCE) application for use by individuals with type 2 diabetes and identify its effects on knowledge, self-efficacy and foot care behaviour. Design: Randomised, controlled experimental study. Setting and Method: The study was carried out between October 2016 and September 2017. The sample consisted of 130 individuals with diabetes (65 in the experimental group and 65 in the control group). The experimental group received M-DFCE. Data were collected using the Patient Assessment Form, the Diabetes Foot Knowledge Questionnaire, the Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale and the Foot Self-Care Behaviour Scale. Differences between the groups were examined using Student’s t, Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Paired Sample tests. Results: Although there was no difference between the groups at initial evaluation, individuals in the experimental group who received animation-supported M-DFCE had significantly higher knowledge, self-efficacy and foot care behaviour levels than the control group. Conclusion: The animation-supported mobile application developed for foot care education was effective in increasing the individuals’ knowledge, self-efficacy and behaviour with respect to foot care.

A Mobile App for Diabetes Management: Impact on Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at a Community Hospital.

BackgroundPatients with type 2 diabetes upload and review blood glucose data between clinic visits. Many mobile phone applications (apps) that receive data from a “connected” glucometer and that support pattern management are available and have the capacity to make data upload and review less burdensome.The objective of this study was to assess whether the diabetic management app could improve glycemic control and diabetes self-efficacy in a Chinese community hospital by a randomized controlled trial.Material/MethodsOne-hundred twenty patients with type 2 diabetes registered at the Community Health Service Center of Zhangjiawo Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin City, China were recruited and volunteered to participate in the project. They were randomly divided into the mobile app intervention group (n=60) and the control group (n=60) for a 6-month observation. The control group was given conventional diabetic treatment and the app group was given the mobile app and conventional care. Self-efficacy was measured by the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale questionnaire. The differences between the 2 groups in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetes self-efficacy were evaluated at the third and sixth months.ResultsAt the sixth month, patients in the app group showed better HbA1c control (6.71±1.06 vs. 7.22±1.02, P<0.05) and improved self-efficacy score (119.20±9.88 vs. 102.09±10.67, P<0.05).ConclusionsThe mobile app helped patients with type 2 diabetes in a community hospital improve therapeutic outcome and self-management behavior. It also provided experiences for prevention and management of other chronic diseases in community hospitals.

Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Bandura's Theory on Foot Care Self-Efficacy in Diabetes: A Prospective Quasi-Experimental Study.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the foot care self-efficacy of diabetic foot patients and the effect of an educational intervention for improving it. This study was of a semi-experimental design and was conducted between January and December 2019 in a diabetic foot council of a university hospital. After power analysis to determine sample size, 33 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. A Patient Identification Form and Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale (DFCSES) were used to collect data. Of the patients, 51.5% were male and the mean age was 54.91 ± 16.61 years. The mean score of DFCSES was 50.18 ± 20.88 before education and 72.67 ± 20.74 after education. The educational intervention has large effects on self-efficacy (d = 1.233), perceived knowledge level on diabetic foot (d = 1.102), perceived health status (d = 0.859), and perceived quality of life (d = 0.807). Educational intervention was found to be an effective way to improve foot care self-efficacy, perceived knowledge level on diabetic foot, perceived health status, and perceived quality of life.

P159 Participant Characteristics in a Community-Based Diabetes Education Program for South Asians

Background Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent among South Asians/Asian Indians (AI) in the US, but standard Diabetes Self-Management Programs (DSMP) do not address AI's cultural characteristics. There is a gap of knowledge about AI's nutrition- and healthcare-related behaviors that are likely to influence diabetes outcomes. Objective To describe nutrition and diabetes care-related characteristics of AI who participate in DSMP. Study Design, Setting, Participants Cross-sectional baseline data were collected through group-administered surveys among 40 AI adults prior to participating in community-based DSMP in New Jersey in 2019. Anthropometric data were measured by trained research staff. Measurable Outcome/Analysis DHQ III semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI) were used to measure dietary quality; Asian food preference at home was also collected. Diabetes care behaviors included measures such as 10-item diabetes self-efficacy scale, 4-item health distress scale (range: 0-5), 3-item scale for communications with doctors (range: 0-5), and 4-item social role-diabetes interference scale (range: 0-4). Body weight/height (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were used to characterize weight status. Descriptive results were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results Most (83%) of the participants’ BMIs were in overweight/obese category (mean: 27.9 ± 4.7); 80% of participants had high risk WC. Mean HEI score (37.9 ± 13.7), intake of fruits (1.1 cups ± 1.6/d), vegetables (1.5 cups ± 1.4/d), and fiber (14.9g ± 13.8/d) were below recommended levels; 80% of participants preferred mostly/exclusively Asian foods at home. Diabetes self-efficacy was moderately high (mean: 7.4 ± 1.9); means for health distress (1.5 ± 1.3) and social role interference (1.7 ± 2.6) scores were moderately low, and communication (with doctors) score was 2.9 ± 1.2. Conclusions These results indicate a need to improve weight status and dietary quality, which are potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Future education programming should be tailored to address Asian dietary intake preferences and include strategies to improve health distress, social role interference, and communication with healthcare providers. Results will be used for culturally appropriate curriculum development and implementation for AI.

The Association of Social Support, Self-Efficacy with the Duration and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Patients of a Malaysian Primary Care Clinic

Introduction: T2DM is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Many factors need to be considered when managing patients with T2DM. Social support and self-efficac y are among the components associated with good diabetic self-care, which in turn lead to good diabetic outcomes. These factors are often overlooked but play an important role in patients’ management. This study aimed to determine the association of social support and diabetic selfefficacy of T2DM patients with the duration and complications of T2DM in a governme nt primary care clinicMethods: This is a cross sectional questionnaire study, involving 329 patients with T2DM in an urban Malaysian primary care clinic, using the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and Diabetic Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES). The scores were analysed with clinical characteristic of the patients (duration and complications of T2DM) using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The mean duration of T2DM were 6.2 + 4.8 years, 57.8% of patients had no complications. Majority of patients had only 1 complication (33.1%) and 1 patient had 4 complications (0.3%). The complications were retinopathy (18.2%), nephropathy (14.6%), peripheral neuropathy (12.8%) and cardiovascular complications (4.3%). There was a significant correlation for social support with the duration of T2DM (r= -0.129, p = 0.02). There were no significant findings for the diabetic self-efficacy scores with duration and complications of T2DM.Conclusion: We found a significant negative correlation between the duration of T2DM and social support, which suggests that those with a longer duration of diabetes usually requires lesser social support.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2019 Page: 55

Determination of self-efficacy levels of diabetic individuals

This study was conducted as descriptive with an aim to determine the self-efficacy levels of diabetic individuals. The study was conducted with the participation of 248 patients receiving inpatient treatment in a university hospital between July 20, 2017, and February 15, 2018. Data were collected using a 28-item questionnaire and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale. In the evaluation of the data, descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance, T-test, Tukey HSD test, Levine test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test were used. It was found that 77% of the patients had a chronic disease, 49.2% used oral anti-diabetes, 33.5% insulin and 15.7% used both oral anti-diabetes and insulin. The median score of the Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy was determined as 70.00 (21–100). In this study, it is recommended to conduct training to increase the self-efficacy levels of diabetic patients.&#x0D; Keywords: Diabetes, self-efficiency, behaviour, knowledge.

Association between self-efficacy and sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Model of study: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Objective: to evaluate the association between self-efficacy and socio-demographic and clinical variables in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Method: The sample was composed by 111 patients with T2DM in use of insulin, in primary health care units and outpatient setting in the southeast region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Sociodemographic data were gathered using validated questionnaire and clinical data were obtained from medical and health records. Self-efficacy was assessed by the Brazilian version of Insulin Management Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (IMDSES). The data were submitted to descriptive and comparative analyses using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis to verify association between socio-demographic/clinical variables and self-efficacy. Results: Self-efficacy was associated with schooling level and presence of comorbidities, such as coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, obesity, peripheral arterial disease and peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: The findings provide support to the design some specifics interventions aimed at improving the selfefficacy of patients with T2DM on insulin use.

Psychometric performance of the Brazilian version the “Insulin Management Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale” for patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Model of study: Validation study. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric performance of the Brazilian version of the Insulin Management Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale - IMDSES. Methodology: Reliability (internal consistency - Cronbach’s α), convergent and criterion validity were assessed. Data were gathered from 127 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in use of insulin through the application of sociodemographic and clinical instruments and the Brazilian versions of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measures - SDSCA and the IMDSES. Results: It was observed “ceiling effect” in Insulin domain. Reliability was confirmed in all IMDSES domains and Total Score (α=0.87). The convergent construct validity was supported by significant negative moderate to weak magnitude correlations between the scores of IMDSES domains and the scores of SDSCA domains. Criterion validity was partially supported by the weak magnitude correlation between the General Managements domain and the Total Score of IMDSES and serum levels of glycated hemoglobin (r=0.22; p=0.02). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of IMDSES presented satisfactory psychometric measures and may be useful to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions aimed at optimizing the selfefficacy of the T2DM patient in the management of his treatment.

Stratification and characterisation of complex medico-psychosocial conditions at primary health care level in Eastern DR Congo: methodological approaches

Background: The importance of medico-psychosocial conditions MPSCs at primary health care level is deemed high among people with chronic comorbidities and mother-infant pairs with history of child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. In Eastern DR Congo where up to 8% of children younger than 5 years are acutely malnourished, more than 1 in very 2 children are stunted and nearly 60% of diabetic patients present with high blood pressure, the real burden of MPSCs is unknown. Besides, there is dearth of evidence-based stratification of such complex conditions in low- and middle-income countries. This hinders integrated care of different medico-psychosocial sub-populations particularly in resource-constrained countries. This study sets out to suggest a rigorous approach to stratifying complex MPSCs and understanding their natural history in adults with chronic diseases and mother-infant pairs with acute malnutrition in post-war rural eastern DR Congo settings. Method: This will be a community-based cohort study in adults with diabetes and hypertension and mother-infant pairs with acute malnutrition in four rural and two sub-urban health areas in South-Kivu Province, Eastern DR Congo. Participants will be identified through health centres record review and community health workers search. Pre-tested structured enrolment questionnaires, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 WHODAS, Diabetes self-efficacy management scale, questionnaire and eight-item modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey mMOS-SS questionnaires will be administered by trained data collectors. Participants will be followed up as per 6 months scheduled visits. Principal component analyses with clustering will be run on social determinants of health, clinical factors, WHODAS and mMOS-SS scores to determine the CMPSCs levels at baseline. We shall use the R markovchain package for analyses and predictions of CMPCs trends over time. To identify the predictors of CMPSCs patterns, we shall fit multilevel mixed-effects regression models to account for repeated measurements in the same individual and possible variability in CMSPCs determinants by health areas. In addition to statistical predictions, we shall study the dynamic of CMPSCs in the six health zones through the 2 years follow-up period by agent-based modelling using NetLogo software. The agents under this study will comprise of mother-infant pairs with history of SAM, adults with multi-morbidities and health centres. We shall integrate the role of history and conditional if-then rules in ABM to account for the inherent contextual and human factors in development of CMPSCs. Discussion: Well-defined CMSCs categories could ease understanding of their evolution patterns and predictors, foster adequate and efficient integrated care and enhancequalityof life at individual and community levels in low- and middle-income countries.

Contribution of structured self‐monitoring of blood glucose to self‐efficacy in poorly controlled diabetes patients in China

To investigate the association between structured self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and diabetes self-efficacy in Chinese patients. This study was a single-centre, open-label, prospective, randomized controlled trial. A total of 250 type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the structured SMBG group and the control group in a 1:1 ratio. The main outcome observed in this subgroup analysis was a change in the diabetes self-efficacy scale (DSES) scores. A multivariate generalized estimating equation was used to evaluate factors affecting the DSES scores. We found that the DSES scores tended to decrease significantly with the follow-up time in the intervention group (Wald β=7.882, P<.001; Wald β=3.130, P=.003; Wald β=7.879, P<.001). However, no significant differences in the DSES scores were detected in the control group. Glycaemic control improved in both the intervention and control groups at the third month (P<.05). In the intervention group, sustained improvement of the DSES scores maintained the improvement in glycaemic control through the sixth month. In the control group, glycaemic control tended to deteriorate in the sixth month without the support of an improved DSES scores (P=.056). Structured SMBG could contribute to the effective and persistent improvement of diabetes self-efficacy. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02225691).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile diabetes management system with social networking and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for T2D

In the Saudi Arabia region there are no previous studies related to the use of social networks combined with the management of mobile diabetes. In this sense, the aim of this feasibility investigation is to evaluate the application and utility of the SANAD system (Saudi Arabia Networking for Aiding Diabetes) to support Saudi type 2 diabetes adult patients. Twenty patients from a clinic in Saudi Arabia-Dammam were recruited to use the SANAD system. The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with two groups: an intervention group using SANAD system and a control group using conventional diabetes treatment. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes knowledge test (DKT) and Self-efficacy Scale (SES) were documented. Nineteen patients completed the study. Mean baseline HbA1c (%) was 8.14 (SD 1.20) and decreased to 7.54 (SD 0.96) after the SANAD intervention process [mean (SEM) decrease 0.600 (0.102)]. A paired-samples t-test showed this change to be significant (P=0.000). Linear regression analyzed each study group separately, and revealed that age significantly predicted change in HbA1c (%) in the intervention group, with older age (i.e., 41-50 years) associated with higher HbA1c (%) at 6 months, as compared with baseline values (β=0.865, t=3.67, P<0.05). The mean diabetes knowledge score prior to the intervention (baseline) was 12.11 (SD 2.09), which rose to 14.56 (SD 1.59) afterward. This increase [mean (SEM), 2.44 (0.530)] was shown to be significant using the paired-samples t-test (P=0.002). Linear regression demonstrated that age, gender, and educational level were not related to increased diabetes knowledge in each study group. The mean self-efficacy score prior to the intervention (baseline) was 5.17 (SD 0.45), which rose to 6.17 (SD 0.39) afterward. This increase [mean (SEM), 0.944 (0.192)] was shown to be significant using the paired-samples t-test (P=0.001). Linear regression demonstrated that age, gender, and educational level were not related to increased self-efficacy in each study group. This study demonstrates that using of SANAD system is acceptable, and feasible in supporting diabetes care in Saudi Arabia. This study is the first in Saudi Arabia to demonstrate similar benefits of using this technology on social diabetes and management. A national clinical trial is needed to assess precise benefits of self-care and knowledge.

Erratum to “Examining the Prevalence of Diabetes-Related Distress in Women With Diabetes in Pregnancy”

Please note that the abstract published in the October Supplement has been replaced with the one below. The statistics have been updated to reflect the final sample size. In addition, additional statistics have been added looking at the association between distress and self-efficacy. The authors would like to apologize for the inconvenience. 217 Examining the Prevalence of Diabetes-Related Distress During Pregnancy HOLLY TSCHIRHART MENEZES *Presenting author*Presenting author, DIANA SHERIFALI, BARBARA BRENNAN, MARILYNNE OSKAMP, JENNIFER YOST, JANET LANDEEN, KARA NERENBERG Hamilton, ON Background: Diabetes-related distress (DRD) is a measure of the emotional burden associated with managing diabetes. Women with diabetes may be at a high risk to experience distress-related distress during pregnancy, however the true burden of this problem has not been well-established. One recent study found 24.3% of women with type 1 diabetes from their cohort reported DRD in the first trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of DRD in patients with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Maternal Fetal Medicine Clinic at the McMaster University Medical Centre. DRD was measured using the Problem Area in Diabetes (PAID) Scale. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure depressive symptoms. Self-efficacy was assessed using the Stanford Patient Education Research Centre Diabetes Self-Efficacy (DSE) Scale. Patients who were least 18 years of age, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and at any trimester of pregnancy were recruited. Results: 69 women (mean age 31 years; 49.3% T1DM, 50.7% T2DM; mean hemoglobin A1C 7.0%; mean gestational age 21 weeks) participated. Table 1 shows the total and between group count and percent of DRD. The mean PAID score was 26.9 and the prevalence of distress (PAID score≥40) was 21.7% for all women. Both groups reached similar distress scores (T1DM=26.0; T2DM=27.8) and there was no significant difference in rates of distress between groups (X2=0.88, p=0.35). No association was found between HbA1c and distress scores (r=0.197, p=0.11). Younger patients had higher diabetes-related distress scores (r=−0.40, p=0.001), as did women with lower self-efficacy scores (r=−0.49, p<0.00). Conclusion: The prevalence of DRD was similar to rates of distress reported in adults with diabetes. Women with T2DM showed equal amounts of distress as women with T1DM. Future work will include conducting qualitative interviews to explain the study findings of distress and explore perceptions of DRD.Tabled 1Diabetes-related Distress(PAID≥40)NoYesTotalType of DiabetesType 1Count% within DM Type2573.5%926.5%34100.0%Type 2Count% within DM Type2982.9%617.1%35100.0%TotalCount% of Total5478.3%1521.7%69100.0%X2=0.88, p=0.35 Open table in a new tab Examining the Prevalence of Diabetes-Related Distress in Women with Diabetes in PregnancyCanadian Journal of DiabetesVol. 41Issue 5PreviewBackground: Women with pre-existing diabetes may be at a greater risk for distress-related distress (DRD) during pregnancy, however the true burden of this problem has not been well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of DRD in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy. Full-Text PDF

Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand

The aims of this study were to test the construct validity of the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) among Thai patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This methodological study consisted of two stages: (1) Search for existing literature regarding (DMSES) in English to be translated into Thai and further examined for face validity; and (2) explore the factor structure of the resultant instrument and examine its reliability. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data in Thai T2DM patients in February 2016. The finding showed that the Thai Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy scale (T-DMSES) contained four domains with 20 items on self-efficacy: (1) Diet; (2) Monitor; (3) Physical; and (4) Regimen. The scales based on all retained items showed a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89). The conclusions of this study revealed that the T-DMSES contributed to good construct validity. The said questionnaire could be utilized to explore self-efficacy in Thai T2DM patients, as well as being able to develop and evaluate suitable educational interventions to enhance self-efficacy. Next study should emphasis on further validating the T-DMSES, including assessing construct and criterion-based validity, or examining the psychometric properties by utilizing the Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Turkish validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale

PurposeThe aim of this methodological study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale adapted to the Turkish community. MethodsThe study sample was completed with 319 patients who had been diagnosed at least 1 year before and hospitalized in the Malatya Turgut Ozal Health Center and Malatya State Hospital in Turkey. A questionnaire that consists of items on sociodemographic characteristics, drug use and information about the disease of patients and the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale were used for data collection in the study. In reliability analysis of the scale, the Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated and item analysis method was utilized. Factor analysis was used for the construct validity, and Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation method were used for analyzing the factor structures. ResultsAccording to data obtained in the study, item-total correlation of the items of the scale was found to be at an adequate level (0.297–0.803). The scale's Cronbach's α reliability coefficient was found to be 0.86, and there was one factor that explains 52.38% of the total variance with an eigenvalue was greater than 1.0. As a result of the analysis, the factor loadings of the items of the scale were found to be between 0.59 and 0.81. ConclusionDiabetes Self-Efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for determining the self-efficacy of patients and providing a proper care. It can be suggested to investigate and evaluate the consistency of the scale by applying it to broader sample groups representing different socioeconomic levels.

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Self-Efficacy Among African American Women Living With Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Primary Care.

African American women suffer the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Self-efficacy is important for optimal diabetes self-management (DSM). Purpose: To evaluate DSM by comparing pre- and postintervention responses to a diabetes self-efficacy scale. Design: Descriptive pilot study. Sample: Participants for this study were N = 15 African American women aged 25-65 years (M = 47.4 years) and recruited from a rural health clinic in the Southeastern United States, who received a 4-hr DSM class. Method: Data were collected using the Stanford Self-Efficacy for Diabetes (SED). Results: The increase in the pre- and posttest SED scores were statistically significant, (p < .001). Implications for Nursing: Health care providers should tailor a diabetes education program for these individuals living with T2D. Through a collaborative patient-provider relationship to care, individuals may ultimately experience increased self-efficacy leading to improved DSM.

Home-based diabetes self-management coaching delivered by paraprofessionals: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated paraprofessional-led diabetes self-management coaching (DSMC) among 94 clients with type 2 diabetes recruited from a Community Care Access Centre in Ontario, Canada. Subjects were randomized to standard care or standard care plus coaching. Measures included the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES), Insulin Management Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (IMDSES), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Both groups showed improvement in DSES (6.6 + 1.5 vs. 7.2 + 1.5, p < .001) and IMDSES (113.5 + 20.6 vs. 125.7 + 22.3, p < .001); there were no between-groups differences. There were no between-groups differences in anxiety (p > .05 for all) or depression scores (p > .05 for all), or anxiety (p > .05 for all) or depression (p > .05 for all) categories at baseline, postintervention, or follow-up. While all subjects demonstrated significant improvements in self-efficacy measures, there is no evidence to support paraprofessional-led DSMC as an intervention which conveys additional benefits over standard care.

Eficácia da educação no manejo do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 realizado por cuidadores de crianças

Objetivo: Analizar la eficacia de la educación para la salud en el tratamiento de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 proporcionado por los cuidadores de niños . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con corte transversal y un enfoque cuantitativo. Utilizamos los instrumentos: Examen de Conocimiento Diabetes Mellitus y escala de autoeficacia en Gestión de la Diabetes, adaptado y validado en Brasil. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resultados: En relación con el conocimiento de los cuidadores, el 72% tenía una puntuación satisfactoria . La mayoría consigue realizar el tratamiento ( 80 % ) y el 24% no confía en su habilidad; 72% de los encuestados pueden reconocer la hiperglucemia y el 96% , la hipoglucemia; 80% aplica la técnica correcta de la administración de insulina; 80% logran mantener la dieta recomendada, sin embargo, el 16% dijo que no sabía reemplazarla correctamente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusión: La mayoría de los cuidadores de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 tiene buen conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, y la gestión de la enfermedad realizada por estos cuidadores es satisfactoria en general, sin embargo, hay una necesidad de intervenir de alguna manera, cambiar actitudes para hacer frente de manera más adecuada a la enfermedad , así como también la mejora de la eficacia de la educación en diabetes .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

Predictors of Self-care among the Elderly with Diabetes Type 2: Using Social Cognitive Theory

IntroductionDiabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases among the elderly and is also a very serious health problem. Adopting theory-based self-care behaviors is an effective means in managing such diseases. This study aimed to determine the predictors of diabetes self-care in the elderly in Kerman based on a social cognitive theory. Material and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 384 elderly diabetic patients who had referred to health screening centers in Kerman were chosen via cluster sampling. To collect information about self-care and its predictors, Toobert Glasgow's diabetes self-efficacy scale as well as a questionnaire was used which was based on social cognitive theory constructs. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis in SPSS software 17. FindingsAmong the subjects, 67.37% (252) had poor self-care ability; 29.14% (109) had average ability, and 3.40% (13) enjoyed a proper level of self- care ability. There was a significant relationship between the constructs of the social cognitive theory (knowledge, self- efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, outcome expectancy and self-regulation) and the self-care score. Furthermore, the mentioned constructs could predict 0.47% of the variance of the self-care behaviors. Conclusionself-care behaviors in this study were poor. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an educational intervention based on cognitive theory constructs with the goal of properly managing diabetes in the elderly patients.