Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale Research Articles

The Relationship Between Health Literacy and Diabetes Self-Efficacy and Foot Self-Care in Type II Diabetics.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of health literacy on diabetes self-efficacy and foot self-care in type II diabetics. This descriptive correlational study was conducted with 187 people. The research was conducted between 01 June 2021 and 31 December 2021 in a province located in the southeastern region of Turkey. Non-probability purposive sampling was used as the sampling method. An introductory information form, and the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 (THLS-32), Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale and Diabetes Foot Self-Care Behavior Scale (DFSBS) were used in the study. Data were evaluated with frequency, percentage, mean, and correlation analyses using SPSS 25 software. It was determined that the participants had a low education level and were of advanced age, and that the feet of most of the patients were not examined and there were no wounds on their feet. The health literacy level of 57.8% of the participants was found to be insufficient. The mean THLS-32 score was 22.50 ± 10.65, the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale mean score was 72.83 ± 11.84, and the Diabetes Foot Self-Care Behavior Scale mean score was 22.60 ± 5.44. It was determined that there was a relationship between the THLS-32 and Diabetes Self-Efficacy score of those with type II diabetes, and that as health literacy increased, diabetes self-efficacy increased (p < 0.05). It was determined that the health literacy level was insufficient, whereas diabetes self-efficacy and foot self-care were at a good level. It was found that as health literacy increased, self-efficacy increased. Information on health literacy is effective in coping with the disease. For this reason, information on health literacy should be given from an early age.

Effect of digital based nursing intervention on knowledge of self-care behaviors and self-efficacy of adult clients with diabetes

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of Digital Based Nursing Intervention to support diabetes management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of digital based nursing intervention on knowledge of self-care behaviors and self-efficacy of clients with diabetes.MethodsEmploying a quasi-experimental design, a sample of 120 adult participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, aged more than 18 years with focus on older adults was drawn from outpatient clinics at Cairo University Hospital. The intervention was approved and registered by the ethical committee of the faculty of nursing with IRB number: RHDIRB2019041701. The intervention group (n = 60) received a digital-based nursing intervention, while the control group (n = 60) received standard care. Data were collected using adopted standardized tools including the Diabetes Knowledge Test, the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Demographic characteristics were analyzed, and pre- and post-intervention scores were compared using paired t-tests were statistical methods.ResultsThe digital-based nursing intervention resulted in significant enhancements in participants with diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy levels. Moreover, the intervention group demonstrated marked improvements in various self-care behaviors encompassing diet, exercise, medication adherence, blood glucose testing, and foot care. While the control group also exhibited some progress, the effects were less pronounced. Regression analyses highlighted age as a consistent factor associated with knowledge, self-efficacy, and specific self-care behaviors.ConclusionThis study underscores the potential of tailored digital nursing interventions to complement traditional care approaches, empowering patients with type 2 diabetes to actively engage in self-management. The findings suggest that digital-based nursing interventions hold promise for enhancing patient knowledge, confidence, and proactive health behaviors. Nevertheless, limitations, including the relatively short intervention duration and a sample from a single clinic, warrant consideration. Future research should address these limitations to bolster the validity and applicability of the study’s conclusions.

Diabetes Attitude and Self-Efficiency Levels of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Taking Insulin

This study was conducted with descriptive design to determine the disease attitudes and self-efficacy levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking insulin. The study was conducted with 120 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who applied to the internal medicine outpatient clinics of Balıklıgöl State Hospital between January and April 2021. Personal information form, Diabetes Attitude Scale, and Self-Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package of Social Sciences 25.0 software. The total mean score of the patients was found to be 57.25±19.07 for the self-efficacy in type 2 diabetes scale. In the study, it was determined that there was a strong positive correlation between diabetes attitude scale and diabetes self-efficacy scale (p

Validity and reliability of the Foot Care Scale for Older Diabetics in Turkish society.

Older patients with diabetes have behaviors and practices in foot care that differ from those of younger patients. There is a need for a tool to assess the foot care of patients with diabetes who are over the age of 65 years. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the long and short versions of the Foot Care Scale for Older Diabetics (FCS-OD) in Turkish society. A total of 172 older patients with diabetes participated in the study. Language validity, content validity, construct validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient value, item-scale correlations, parallel form reliability, and test-retest correlations were used to assess the Turkish version of FCS-OD. A patient identification form, FCS-OD, Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale, and Foot Self-Care Behavior Scale were used for data collection. Turkish versions of the FCS-OD, both short and long versions, were at acceptable levels regarding their content (content validity index: 0.964, 0.975) and construct (factor loadings > 0.4). Both versions of the scale showed a high level of internal consistency as demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha values (short version, 0.802; long version, 0.905) and item-scale correlations (> 0.3). Both versions of the scale were stable over time and compared to the parallel forms. Both versions of the scale were found to be valid and reliable for Turkish society with regard to psychometric properties.

The Relationship Between Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Aim: This study aims to analyze the relationship between health literacy and self-efficacy levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.&#x0D; Methods: The descriptive correlational study was conducted with 486 individuals with diabetes who applied to the diabetes outpatient clinic of four state hospitals in Budur and Isparta provinces in Turkey. The Socio-Demographic Information Form, Diabetes Health Literacy Scale (DHLS) and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (Type 2-DSS) were used as data collection tools. The data were analyzed using percentile, mean, Man Whitney U t-test, independent groups t-test, Kruskal Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis.&#x0D; Results: The mean DHLS scores of the individuals participating in the study were 40.31±9.34 (min=14, max=56), and the mean scores of Type 2-DSS were 70.63±12.32 (min=34, max=97). A significant correlation was found between the participants DHLS score and education, reading diabetes-related books, newspapers, etc., their Type 2-DSS total score, and exercise self efficacy sub-dimension scores (R²=0.22, p

Feasibility and Acceptability of Home-Delivered Medically Tailored Meals for Treatment of Diabetes in Pregnancy

BackgroundDiabetes complicates ≤7% of pregnancies in the United States. Although medical nutrition therapy is the mainstay of diabetes treatment, many barriers exist to the successful implementation of dietary modifications. Home-delivered medically tailored meals (MTMs) are promising to overcome such barriers. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of home-delivered MTM in pregnant patients with diabetes. MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study of home-delivered MTM for pregnant patients with diabetes using a mixed-methods approach. Participants <35 wk of gestation at the time of enrollment received weekly home delivery of diabetes-specific meals. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted to gain insight into participants’ experience. Diabetes self-efficacy was assessed pre- and postintervention using the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale and 2-Item Diabetes Distress Screening Scale. The difference in mean scores was compared using t-tests with P value of <0.05 considered significant. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated through participants’ attitude toward MTM in qualitative interviews and indirectly evaluated through diabetes self-efficacy surveys. ResultsTwenty pregnant people with diabetes who received home-delivered MTM during pregnancy were interviewed postpartum. Participants found this program convenient for various reasons, including reduced time for grocery shopping and preparing meals. Participants were satisfied with meals, citing a positive impact on diabetes management, accessibility of healthy foods, reduced stress with meal planning, and greater perceived control of blood glucose. Most participants shared meals with their families or received specific meals for their dependents, which was positively received. Reduced financial and mental stress was also widely reported. Diabetes self-efficacy was significantly improved postintervention with MTM. ConclusionHome-delivered MTM is feasible and acceptable in pregnant patients with diabetes and may improve diabetes self-efficacy. Individual experiences offered insight into various barriers overcome by using this service. Home-delivered MTM may help ensure an accessible, healthy diet for pregnant patients with diabetes.

The psychometric properties of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale in Saudis with type 2 diabetes.

To assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (A-DSES). This study used a cross-sectional design. This study recruited 154 Saudi adults with type 2 diabetes at two primary healthcare centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its instruments were the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale and the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the A-DSES were assessed for reliability, including internal consistency and validity using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and criterion validity. The item-total correlation coefficients were >0.30 for all items, ranging from 0.46 to 0.70. The Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.86. One factor was extracted from the exploratory factor analysis (self-efficacy for diabetes self-management), and the one-factor model showed an acceptable fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetes self-efficacy levels were positively correlated with diabetes self-management skills (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), indicating criterion validity. The results indicate that the A-DSES is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing self-efficacy related to diabetes self-management. The A-DSES could be used in clinical practice and research to provide a reference for assessing self-efficacy levels in areas of diabetes self-management. Participants were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.

Factors influencing foot care behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have a high-risk diabetic foot in China

Background &amp; Aim: Foot ulceration and amputation have increased significantly among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Proper foot care behavior is an important strategy for reducing the risk of diabetes-related foot issues. The current study aimed to assess foot care behavior and its influencing factors, including self-efficacy, foot care knowledge, and social support, among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have a high-risk diabetic foot in Wenzhou, China.&#x0D; Methods &amp; Materials: This research used a correlational predictive design. In total, 107 participants who were eligible for the study were randomly selected. Five self-reported questionnaires, including the demographic questionnaire, Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, Foot Care Knowledge questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, and Chinese version of the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare, were utilized. Descriptive statistical and standard multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate data.&#x0D; Results: Approximately 90.7% of participants had poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c≥ 7%), and 95.3% presented with foot deformities. Further, 51.4% of participants reported moderate foot care behavior, and 42.1% had poor foot care behavior. The multiple regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy, foot care knowledge, and social support significantly explained 31.1 % of the variability in foot care behavior. However, self-efficacy could predict foot care behavior (β= .490, p&lt; .001).&#x0D; Conclusion: It is important to improve foot care behavior among patients with type 2 diabetes who have a high-risk diabetic foot. Nursing interventions to enhance foot care behavior should focus on improving self-efficacy and providing foot care education regularly.

Outcomes of Cooking Matters for Diabetes: A 6-week Randomized, Controlled Cooking and Diabetes Self-Management Education Intervention.

Diabetes self-management education and support is the cornerstone of diabetes care, yet only 1 in 2 adults with diabetes attain hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) targets. Food insecurity makes diabetes management and HbA1c control more difficult. Our aim was to test whether a cooking intervention with food provision and diabetes self-management education and support improves HbA1c and diabetes management. This was a waitlist-controlled, randomized trial. Participants were 48 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Cooking Matters for Diabetes was adapted from Cooking Matters and the American Diabetes Association diabetes self-management education and support intervention into a 6-week program with weekly food provision (4 servings). Surveys (ie, Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities; Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, version 1; Diet History Questionnaire III; 10-item US Adult Food Security Survey Module; and Stanford Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale) were administered and HbA1c was measured at baseline, post intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Mixed-effects linear regression models controlling for sex and study wave were used. Mean (SD) age of participants was 57 (12) years; 65% identified as female, 52% identified as White, 40% identified as Black, and 19 (40%) were food insecure at baseline. Intervention participants improved Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities general diet score (0 to 7 scale) immediately post intervention (+1.51; P= .015) and 3 months post intervention (+1.23; P= .05), and improved Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, version 1, mental component score (+6.7 points; P= .025) compared with controls. Healthy Eating Index 2015 total vegetable component score improved at 3 months (+0.917; P= .023) compared with controls. At baseline, food insecure participants had lower self-efficacy (5.6 vs 6.9 Stanford Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale; P= .002) and higher HbA1c (+0.77; P= .025), and demonstrated greater improvements in both post intervention (+1.2 vs+0.4 Stanford Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale score; P= .002, and -0.12 vs+0.39 HbA1c; P= .25) compared with food secure participants. Cooking Matters for Diabetes may be an effective method of improving diet-related self-care and health-related quality of life, especially among food insecure patients, and should be tested in larger randomized controlled trials.

Self- Efficacy and Self- Care Practices, In Glycemic Control among Adults with Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Care at Kitwe Teaching Hospital, Ktiwe, Zambia

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem that is approaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Uncontrolled disease can lead to complications which can eventually result in reduced life expectancy and major health cost. Glucose control is fundamental in delaying the onset of complications as such patients are required to practice regular self-care in order to achieve optimal blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Higher self-efficacy has been shown to contribute to improved self-care behaviour and better glycaemic control. The study therefore sought to evaluate the relationship between self- efficacy and self- care practices, in glycemic control among adults with diabetes mellitus, receiving care at Kitwe Teaching Hospital, Zambia. A cross sectional correlational study design was utilized. A total of 112 patients participated in a study. They were selected using a simple random sampling method. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data on self-care practice. Self-efficacy was measured using a modified Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale and glycemic control was obtained by calculating the average of three consecutive fasting blood sugar results. Data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 25.0. The Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to test the associations between variables. The Binary logisticregression was used to determine the true predictor variables to glycemic control. The study results showed that more than three quarters (79.4%) of the participants had poor glycemic control, more than half (61.6%) of the participants had high self-efficacy and about two thirds (66%) of the participants practiced good self-care. The study results showed a statically significant relationship between glycaemic control and self-efficacy p&lt;0.001. The finding of the binary logistic regression analysis was statistically significant (p&lt;0.01) as it showed that patients who practiced good self-care had 6.64 times greater odds of glycaemic control (OR: 6.64, CI: .46, .88). There is, therefore, need to strengthen the educational programs with emphasis on selfcare activities to help achieve normal glycaemic levels. Self-efficacy should also be incorporated in the diabetic treatment protocols as it enhances self-care practice.

The effects of education on foot care behaviors and self-efficacy in type 2 diabetes patients.

Diabetic foot significantly affects the quality of life of patients with diabetes. It leads to loss of labor force, psychosocial trauma, and high treatment costs due to serious morbidity and mortality. Nurses have an important responsibility to improve the metabolic status of individuals with diabetes, to protect them from foot complications, and to teach patients foot care skills. This study investigated the effects of education on type 2 diabetes patients regarding diabetic foot care and self-efficacy. This quasi-experimental study was conducted from February to July 2016 in hospitals located in the city of Balıkesir in Turkey with type 2 diabetes patients who were admitted to the internal medicine clinic and monitored by the endocrinology and internal medicine outpatient clinics. G*power 3.1.9.2 software was used to calculate the sample size of 94 people with a 5% type 1 error, and 90% power. The study was carried out with stratified randomization, and a questionnaire was administered to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received training, and both groups' scores on the Diabetic Foot Behavior Questionnaire [Appendix 1] and the Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale [Appendix 2] were compared after three months. The t-test, the paired t-test, and the Chi-square test were used. While the self-efficacy and the foot care behavior scores of the control group did not show any differences (P > 0.05), the experimental group's scores were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The control group's self-efficacy and foot care behavior scores on the pre-test and final test were similar, while the experimental group's scores increased (P < 0.05). Starting from the diagnosis of diabetes, it is advisable to carry out foot assessments and to follow up with diabetics who received foot care education to increase their self-efficacy, to make foot care a habit, and to re-evaluate missing or incorrect practices during check-ups.

Impact of culturally tailored shared medical appointments on diabetes self-care ability and knowledge in African Americans.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to disproportionately affect African Americans, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality. Research suggests that addressing barriers that stem from socioeconomic circumstances, systemic inequalities, biological factors, and cultural factors may positively influence biometric indicators of health and diabetes control. The aim of this study was to evaluate a diabetes shared medical appointment (SMA) model program that has been culturally tailored to address the unique social determinants of health barriers faced by an inner city African American population in Norfolk, Virginia. A pilot study using a within-group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Information was collected from self-report surveys that included the Modified Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test, the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, and researcher generated surveys before and after a single-session three-hour SMA program. The program increased perceived diabetes self-care confidence and perceived overall diabetes knowledge levels. Increases in knowledge scores were seen but not statistically significant. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program model. Findings indicate that this model is an effective and engaging method of improving self-care ability and diabetes disease management knowledge among African Americans. Addressing unique circumstances and barriers experienced by this population may be more effective than usual traditional care approaches.

604-P: Self-Efficacy: Relationships with Diabetes Self-Care, Medication Adherence, and Diabetes Distress among Diverse Adults with Suboptimally Controlled Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Background: Self-efficacy has been inconsistently operationalized in diabetes, with measures often failing to focus on confidence in one’s capacity to perform self-care. Measures that focus on confidence have been shown to be closely associated with self-care behaviors, but received limited psychometric evaluation and have not been examined in relation to diabetes distress. Methods: We examined the reliability and factor structure of a previously published 8-item scale evaluating self-efficacy for diabetes self-care activities adapted by Sarkar and colleagues in 2006. We assessed cross-sectional relationships in baseline data with overall diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and diabetes distress among 812 predominantly Latino adults with T2D. They participated in a self-management support trial (Female = 56.9%; Latino = 86.5%) ; Mean (SD) Age and A1C = 59.2 (10.8) , 9.3 (1.8) , respectively. Results: The scale demonstrated good internal reliability in the overall sample (α = .80) and among English (n = 179, α = .77) and Spanish (n = 633, α = .80) speakers. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor, explaining 42% of the variance in self-efficacy scores. After adjusting for covariates, higher self-efficacy was independently associated with better diabetes self-care (β = .56, p &amp;lt; .001) , better medication adherence (β = .30, p &amp;lt; .001) , and lower diabetes distress (β = -.42, p &amp;lt; .001) . Moderation analyses suggested consistency in these relationships across age, gender, SES, language, health literacy and numeracy. Conclusions: To our knowledge, the factor structure of this diabetes self-efficacy scale has not been previously evaluated. Findings suggest self-efficacy is a robust correlate of T2D self-care, medication adherence, and distress. The scale is appropriate for predominantly disadvantaged English and Spanish speakers with varying health literacy and numeracy levels. Disclosure R.Fang: None. C.J.Hoogendoorn: None. L.D.Pappalardo: None. H.Mendez-rodriguez: None. E.A.Walker: None. J.S.Gonzalez: Consultant; Virta Health Corp. Funding National Institutes of Health (R18 DK098742) National Institutes of Health (RDK104845) National Institutes of Health (RDK121298) National Institutes of Health (RDK121896) Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (P30 DK020541) New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research (P30 DK111022)

Ambulatory Healthcare Use Profiles of Patients With Diabetes and Their Association With Quality of Care: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundDespite the growing burden of diabetes worldwide, evidence regarding the optimal models of care to improve the quality of diabetes care remains equivocal. This study aimed to identify profiles of patients with distinct ambulatory care use patterns and to examine the association of these profiles with the quality of diabetes care.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of the baseline data of 550 non-institutionalized adults included in a prospective, community-based, cohort study on diabetes care conducted in Switzerland. Clusters of participants with distinct patterns of ambulatory healthcare use were identified using discrete mixture models. To measure the quality of diabetes care, we used both processes of care indicators (eye and foot examination, microalbuminuria screening, blood cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin measurement [HbA1c], influenza immunization, blood pressure measurement, physical activity and diet advice) and outcome indicators (12-Item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-12], Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life [ADDQoL], Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care [PACIC], Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, HbA1c value, and blood pressure <140/90 mmHg). For each profile of ambulatory healthcare use, we calculated adjusted probabilities of receiving processes of care and estimated adjusted outcomes of care using logistic and linear regression models, respectively.ResultsFour profiles of ambulatory healthcare use were identified: participants with more visits to the general practitioner [GP] than to the diabetologist and receiving concomitant podiatry care (“GP & podiatrist”, n=86); participants visiting almost exclusively their GP (“GP only”, n=195); participants with a substantially higher use of all ambulatory services (“High users”, n=96); and participants reporting more visits to the diabetologist and less visits to the GP than other profiles (“Diabetologist first”, n=173). Whereas participants belonging to the “GP only” profile were less likely to report most processes related to the quality of diabetes care, outcomes of care were relatively comparable across all ambulatory healthcare use profiles.ConclusionsSlight differences in quality of diabetes care appear across the four ambulatory healthcare use profiles identified in this study. Overall, however, results suggest that room for improvement exists in all profiles, and further investigation is necessary to determine whether individual characteristics (like diabetes-related factors) and/or healthcare factors contribute to the differences observed between profiles.

Determining the Predictors of Self-Management Behaviors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Application of Socio-Ecological Approach.

BackgroundType 2 diabetes complications are responsible for 2% of hospital emergency visits. Self-management practices are one of the most essential approaches to control type 2 diabetes. The goal of this study was to use an ecological approach to investigate the predictors of self-management behaviors in diabetes patients referred to the emergency department in Ardabil in 2020.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 273 individuals with type 2 diabetes who were sent to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Educational and Medical Center in Ardabil were included using the available sample method. Demographic information questionnaires, including the Diabetes Distress Screening Tool (DDS2), General Diabetes Knowledge (DKT2), Diabetes Empowerment Questionnaire (DES-SF), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9), Beliefs to Treatment Effectiveness Scale (BTES), Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES), Chronic Illness Resources Survey (CIRS), Situational Effects Questionnaire, and Diabetes self-management support (DSMS), were all used to collect data. The independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results of the study showed that in the framework of ecological approach, predictors of self-management behaviors at the four levels are as follows: at the individual level—gender (p = 0.025), education (p = 0.002), duration of diabetes (p = 0.38), having a glucometer at home (p < 0.001), diabetes empowerment (p < 0.001), personal support (p = 0.002), and self-efficacy (p = 0.047); at the interpersonal level—the main health support (p < 0.001), membership in social networks (p < 0.005), family/friends support (p < 0.001), and neighborhoods support (p < 0.001); at the group and organizational level—organizational support (p = 0.013); at the community and policy level—the impact of mass media in health (p < 0.001) and situational influence (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe impact of non-individual levels, such as the environment, on a person's decision to manage diabetes is crucial. Diabetes management necessitates a significant amount of effort, which involves maintaining the health of diabetes patients and the community while also minimizing emergency department workload.

Text Message Intervention for Latino Adults to Improve Diabetes Outcomes.

Introduction: Determine the effectiveness of a diabetes text message intervention to improve diabetes outcomes in Latino adults at a free clinic in the southeastern United States. Methods: A pre-post, one-group design was used with a convenience sample (n = 24) of Latino adults with type 2 diabetes and A1C ≥ 7 who consented to participate. Over 8 weeks, participants were sent 23 educational and motivational text messages that were based on the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) 7 self-care tasks and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care, and A1C were measured. Results: Diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care, and A1C improved after 8 weeks. Statistically significant results (p < .05) were seen in two of the four evaluation instruments administered (Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy in Diabetes Scale [SKILLD], p = .001, Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale [DSES], p = .000). A1C improvements were significant (0.86 or 10 mmol/mol) from the pre-intervention (M = 9.06 [76 mmol/mol], SD = 1.49) to the post-intervention (M = 8.20 [66 mmol/mol], SD = 1.27, t [23] = 3.02, p = .006). Conclusion: Personalized communication, education, and follow-up via text messages improved diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care, and A1C among pilot project participants. Text messages are a useful tool for diabetes management.

Effectiveness of a Transtheoretical Model-Based Foot Care Program in Improving Foot Care Behaviors and Self-Efficacy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: An Assessor-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a transtheoretical model (TTM)-based foot care program on foot self-care behaviors and self-efficacy among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A prospective, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2020 and October 2020 at the endocrinology outpatient unit of a hospital in the north-west Turkey. The sample was composed of 51 adults with T2DM randomly allocated to the intervention group (n = 25) and control group (n = 26). The intervention group received the TTM-based foot care program during a 6-month period. The data were analyzed using the two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). After intervention, the intervention group's the diabetic foot care self-efficacy scale scores increased significantly at 3 and 6 months, compared with the control group. Similarly, the intervention group's the foot self-care behavior scale scores also increased significantly at 3 months and 6 months.

Is Health Literacy Clue on the Self-Efficacy of Diabetes Patients?

Objective: This research was conducted to evaluate the relationship between health literacy level and self-efficacy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted inpatient and outpatient clinic of internal medicine at the city hospital. The sample of the study consisted of 700 conscious patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for at least one year. The data of the study were collected using the Health Literacy Questionnaire-European Union Scale and Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analyzed using regression analysis and correlation analyses. Results: In this study, the level of health literacy general index was sufficient level, and the average of the self-efficacy scale was high. It was observed that health promotion and health service literacy level were effectived in estimating the self-efficacy level of diabetes patients. As the health literacy level of patients for health service and health promotion increased, general self-efficacy level increased. Conclusion: Health promotion and health service literacy level are effective in estimating the self-efficacy level of diabetes patients.

Self-efficacy and its association with locus of control in diabetes in Turkey

Objective: This descriptive-relational study was conducted to determine self-efficacy levels of individuals with type 2 diabetes, relationship between these levels both some sociodemographic characteristics and health locus of control. &#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: The sample of this study was occurred 325 patients with diabetes who applied to the health care center constituted. Data were collected via ‘Questionnaire Form’, ‘Self-efficacy in Diabetes Scale’ and ‘Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale’. &#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The average age of participants was 53.3±8 years, 51.4% of participants were women. It was found that the diagnosis time 8.7±7.2 years, the level of HbA1c was 8.2±1.1. In the sub dimensions of Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale, the patients got points as follows; sub dimension of Diet+Foot Control 39,4±12,5, sub dimension of Medical Treatment 22,6±3,1, sub dimension of Physical Exercise 9,0±4,5. It was determined that in Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, the patients got the highest points from the sub dimension of Powerful Others Locus of Control. A positive and weak level relation was determined between self-efficacy both total and subdimensions grades dimensions of health locus of control scale (p

The effect of model-based telephone counseling on HbA1c and self-management for individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial

AimsThis study was conducted to examine the effect of telephone counseling based on the Information, Motivation, Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model on HbA1c and self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MethodsThis study was conducted between January 2019 and September 2019 with a total of 63 (31 interventions, 32 controls) T2DM patients. The intervention group was followed-up for a total of 12 weeks, after 45−60 min of patient training based on IMB, a weekly reminder message and a phone call every two weeks. No intervention was made to the control group. Data were collected at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 12th week. The data were obtained using a Patient Information Form, the Type 2 Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), the Perceived Diabetes Self Management Scale (PDSMS) and glycemic control (HbA1c). ResultsParticipants were on average 54 years old and the majority were female (58.1%). According to the results of the covariance analysis (ANCOVA), there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-post-test HbA1c (F:13.589; p < 0.001), weight (F:32.176; p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (F:7.109; p = 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure between the intervention and control groups (F:2.686; p = 0.106). Also, after three months of follow-up, self-efficacy (F:26.632; p < 0.001), self-management (F:44.487; p < 0.001) and self-management perceptions (F:71.132; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the intervention group. ConclusionThe researchers concluded that telephone counseling based on the IMB model could be a suitable method to improve glycemic control and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes.