Prevalence Of Diabetes In China Research Articles

Great leap forward famine exposure and urban-rural migration convolute the modern prevalence of diabetes in China

BackgroundAlthough evidence from birth cohort analysis has indicated the metabolic risk of early-life exposure to the Great Leap Forward Famine (GLFF) in China, three confounding effects, including the exposure windows, aging, and geographical variations in famine severity, have been brought to debates for a decade. This study aimed to address these confounding effects and extensively examine how GLFF exposure is associated with diabetes risk in mid-to-late life and its interaction with urban-rural migration.MethodsData from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analyzed with age-stratification and stepped wedge approaches. Weighted prevalence and multivariable logistic regression were used to investigate the effects of GLFF exposure and urban-rural migration on mid-to-late life diabetes risk and the interaction between GLFF exposure and urban-rural migration. Birth provinces were controlled as a fixed effect to account for variations in famine severity across provinces.ResultsCompared to those who were never exposed to GLFF, fetal GLFF exposure was associated with a higher risk of adult-onset diabetes after controlling for provinces, demographics, and health statuses. Yet, after adding the proxy of childhood growth environments into the model, fetal exposure to GLFF was not significantly associated with adult-onset diabetes risk (OR = 1.22, p = 0.10), compared to those who were never exposed to GLFF. Across the three age-stratification groups, static urban residents, in general, had a higher risk of diabetes compared to static rural residents. Interaction effects between GLFF exposure and urban-rural migration were insignificant across all three age-stratification groups.ConclusionFetal exposure to GLFF might have a traceable effect on adult-onset diabetes risk. Yet, the growth environment and urban lifestyle outweigh and further confound the impact of GLFF exposure on adult-onset diabetes risk.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Chinese Hakka Individuals Aged 35-65 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing, influenced by economic and genetic factors, with varying rates across regions. The Hakka population in Ganzhou city has unique exposures compared to surrounding districts, while limited research reported the epidemiological characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in this population. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of T2DM among the population, thereby establishing a robust foundation for disease prevention and control measures. In 2017, a multistage random sampling method selected 3028 individuals from Ganzhou City's permanent resident population. Physical examinations, blood tests, and questionnaire surveys were conducted for data collection, with binary logistic regression analysis used to examine factors affecting T2DM prevalence. A total of 2978 valid samples were included in this study. The average age of the surveyed population was 52.83±7.88 years, comprising 966 males and 2012 females. The prevalence rates of T2DM were 11.8% and 12.9% in males and females, respectively, while the standardized prevalence rate was recorded as 9.1%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age (Odds Ratio[OR]=1.05, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.03-1.06), hypertension (OR=2.22, 95% CI:1.71-2.93), family history of diabetes (OR= 3.54, 95% CI: 2.58-4.85), overweight (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.20-2.48), high total cholesterol (OR=1.17, 95% CI:1.09-1.27), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=1.19, 95% CI:1.00-1.40) and serum insulin (OR=1.05, 95% CI:1.03-1.06) were identified as significant risk factors for T2DM, Conversely, a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=0.55, 95% CI:0.36-0.84) was found to be inversely related to T2DM development. The prevalence of T2DM in Ganzhou city has significantly increased. The effective implementation of comprehensive management strategies aimed at addressing hypertension, overweight, dyslipidemia, and abnormal serum insulin level is essential for promoting overall well-being and efficiently controlling the prevalence of T2DM.

A Brief Talk on the Current Situation Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Diabetes in China

Nowadays, diabetes is the fastest growing disease among the high incidence chronic diseases in the world. It is one of the main causes of cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and other major diseases. The current situation and prevention of diabetes is one of the key research topics. Some researchers have found the current situation and progress of diabetes in the world, but there is still a lack of unified explanation and systematic research on specific prevention strategies for diabetes in China. Therefore, this paper collects the data from 2008, 2013, and 2018, analyzes the data of China by using the methods of correlation analysis and prediction analysis, and proposes the prevention and treatment measures for diabetes based on the research on the etiology and status of diabetes, and provides a theoretical reference for solving related problems. This study found that the prevalence of diabetes in China showed an increasing trend year by year, and will continue to grow in the future. Men have a higher risk of diabetes than women, and people over 50 years old have a higher risk of diabetes than other age groups. So the prevention and treatment of diabetes, especially diabetes among Chinese people, is very important.

The associations between social support, self-regulatory fatigue, and health-promoting behaviors among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey.

The prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing annually, posing a serious public health challenge. Health-promoting behaviors are crucial for enhancing the quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between self-regulatory fatigue in type 2 diabetes, social support, and health-promoting behaviors remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the interconnections among social support, self-regulatory fatigue, and health-promoting behaviors, as well as to examine the mediating role of self-regulatory fatigue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional design was employed using the Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale (SRF-S), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and the Health Promotion Scale for People with Diabetes Mellitus (T2DHPS). These scales assessed social support, self-regulatory fatigue, and health-promoting behaviors in 316 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, exploring the relationships among these variables. SPSS and AMOS were used for statistical analysis to investigate the mediating effects. Social support in type 2 diabetes mellitus positively predicted health-promoting behaviors (β = 0.401, p < 0.001). The regression coefficients of self-regulatory fatigue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus social support (β = -0.502, p < 0.001), and health-promoting behaviors (β = -0.331, p < 0.001), both exhibiting significant differences. Self-regulatory fatigue mediated the relationship between social support and health-promoting behaviors in these patients, with a mediation effect of 0.166, consisting of 29.28% of the total effect. A significant interplay exists among social support, self-regulatory fatigue, and health-promoting behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings suggest that self-regulatory fatigue mediates the relationship between social support and health-promoting behaviors. Healthcare professionals should focus on enhancing patients' social support to mitigate self-regulatory fatigue and improve health behaviors.

Analysis of the relationship between heart and diabetes

The prevalence of diabetes in China and globally is increasing annually due to factors such as enhanced living conditions and the acceleration of the pace of life. One of the primary problems associated with diabetes is the occurrence of cardiac damage. Over the past few decades, the prevalence of diabetes has experienced a significant and rapid increase, leading to its classification as an epidemic. Cardiovascular disease, particularly ischemic heart disease, accounts for around 60% of mortality in individuals with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has been found to have detrimental effects on both the anatomy and function of the heart. This study employs a literature analysis approach to examine the background of diabetes, the cardiovascular implications of diabetes, and the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular illness in individuals with diabetes. This paper provides valuable insights into the examination of diabetes and its associated problems, with a particular focus on the investigation of cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes.

Comparative analysis of diabetes prevalence in China and Japan

The prevalence and mortality rate of diabetes shows an increasing trend globally, especially in Asia regions. From 1980 to 2014, the global prevalence rate increased from 4.7% to 8.5%, while the figure for South-East Asia Region surged from 4.1% to 8.6% in the same period, which ranked the second-high rate globally. As the neighboring countries, China and Japan share many similarities. The researchers found that although there are many differences in the prevalence of diabetes between the two countries, the overall prevalence is both in a high level. Therefore, we’ll collect the data about the regional differences between China and Japan, to compare and analyze the results reasons and solutions of two region’s differences. The prevalence rate and the mortality rate are different in different gender and ages in both countries. Normally males got the greater chances to get diabetes, while females are more likely to die in this disease. As the reacerch shows that the diabetes caused by three main factors, they are smoking, high body mass index and low physical activity respectively. And the high body mass is the dominant cause. As the latest research, the scientist found some new ways to help the diabetes patients. We might could use several solutions to them in later years.

Sustained air pollution exposures, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin, prevalence and incidence of diabetes: a nationwide study in China.

Evidence remains limited and inconsistent for the associations between sustained air pollution exposures and diabetes development. This study aimed to determine the potential effects of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤10 micrometres (PM10), particulate matter with a diameter of ≤2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on alterations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), in particular, on prevalence and incidence of diabetes. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted based on 9628 participants aged ≥45 years from the baseline survey (2011) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), whereas cohort analyses were based on 3510 individuals without diabetes at baseline in the third survey (2015). Residences of participants were geocoded and the air pollution exposures were estimated using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model. Linear, logistic and modified Poisson regression models, adjusting for multiple confounders, were applied to assess the associations between air pollution and FPG, HbA1c, prevalence and incidence of diabetes, respectively. Associations between PM10, PM2.5 and increased levels of FPG and HbA1c were identified. The levels of FPG and HbA1c increased by 0.025 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.007, 0.044) and 0.011 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.002, 0.019), respectively, for a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10, and the levels of FPG and HbA1c increased by 0.061 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.028, 0.096) and 0.016 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.000, 0.031), respectively, for a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. There were also positive associations between diabetes prevalence and PM2.5 and PM10. In the cohort analyses, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 were associated with a higher incidence of diabetes. Air pollution was allied to diabetes development in elderly Chinese populations. Considering the impact of the dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes in China, interventions to improve air quality are urgently needed.

National guidelines for the prevention and control of diabetes in primary care (2022)

The prevalence of diabetes in China has increased significantly, and about 11.9% of adults have diabetes. According to the report on chronic disease risk factor surveillance in China 2018, the rates of awareness, treatment and glycemic control of diabetes in China were only 38.0%, 34.1% and 33.1%, respectively. There are rigorous challenges existing in terms of diabetes prevention and glycemic control, especially in primary medical care. Under the guidance of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and Chinese Medical Association, National Office for Primary Diabetes Care issued the "National guidelines for the prevention and control of diabetes in primary care (2018)" in 2018. To improve the ability of primary health facilities and provide standardized basic public health and medical services throughout the country, the present guideline is released with updating the latest progresses in diabetes research and practice based on the 2018 edition. It is applicable to healthcare providers in primary care for type 2 diabetic patients over 18 years of age, and includes basic requirements for management, workflow of health management, diagnosis, treatment, identification and management of diabetic acute complications and chronic complications, traditional Chinese medicine, referral, and health management.

Obesity needs to be addressed to tackle the increased prevalence of diabetes in China – Temporal changes from 2003 to 2009

This study aimed to analyse the temporal change of diabetes and any associated risk and protective factors for diabetes in Chinese adults between Wave 0 (2003) and Wave 1 (2009) of the World Health Organization (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).Data from China of the SAGE were analysed. Diabetes (outcome variable) was assessed by the yes/no question: “Have you ever been diagnosed with diabetes (high blood sugar)?”. Exposure variables examined in bivariate and multivariate multiple regression included sex, age, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol, fruit and vegetables consumption, physical activity and body mass index (BMI). Significant exposure variables in bivariate analyses were included in multivariate analyses (2003: age and tobacco; 2009: age, BMI, education and alcohol).In Wave 0 (2003), there were 3993 Chinese adults, of which 67 (1.7%) self-reported to have diabetes. In Wave 1 (2009), there were a total of 9524 Chinese adults, of which 770 (8.1%) had diabetes. The overall prevalence of diabetes in Chinese adults increased by 4.76 times between the two timeframes (1.7%, age range 27–84 years, average age 58.51 ± 12.70 years, 59.70% females in 2003 to 8.1%, age range 20–95 years, average age 65.31 ± 10.19 years, 53.64% females in 2009). Multivariate regression retained older age ≥ 60 years (OR 4.34, 95% CI 2.67–7.07) as the main risk factor in 2003 data, while in 2009 the odds ratio for older age ≥ 60 years decreased (OR 2.45, 95% CI 2.06–2.92), but included a significant association of obesity (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.60–2.78) and excess weight (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19–1.69).The significant association with excess weight and obesity associated with the increased prevalence of diabetes in 2009 is a cause of concern and should be addressed by public health strategies in China.

Association of the Haze and Diabetes in China

China, as the largest developing country in the world, has experienced rapid economic development during the past decades. As a side effect of the rapid growth of Chinese economy, air pollution in the form of haze is harmful to human health. China is also one of the countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes in Asia and has the largest burden of diabetes in the world. Recent evidence suggests a positive correlation between air pollution and the increased risk of diabetes. However, the association of haze with diabetes is still unclear. Based upon literature searching with PubMed, the information on haze and prevalence of diabetes in different cities or provinces of China is summarized. The possible association of haze with diabetes and the perspectives of haze research particularly in the prevention of haze in China are then discussed. The exposure of long-term air pollution such as haze reduces insulin-dependent glucose uptake, leading to insulin resistance; damages beta cell function, leading to decreased insulin secretion, and promotes subcutaneous fat accumulation. Pathophysiological effects of particulate matters in diabetes through inflammation and oxidative stress were evidenced by several epidemiological and experimental studies. A better understanding of the incidence of diabetes caused by haze exposure may facilitate policy development in air pollution prevention and intervention design in diabetes prevention. Continuous improvement in air quality may help to reduce diabetes prevalence in China.

Interpretation of the Diabetes Prevention and Control Action of the Healthy China Initiative 2019−2030

In the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes in China has been increasing, but the awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate of diabetes are relatively low, and the death rate, disability rate, disease burden of diabetes and its complications are constantly increasing, which brings heavy burden to individuals, families and social economy. The Healthy China Initiative (2019–2030) is a roadmap to a healthy China and an innovative public policy system project. The Diabetes Prevention and Control Action is one of the four chronic and noncommunicable diseases prevention and control actions in the Healthy China Initiative (2019–2030). Based on the background, basic principles and key contents of diabetes prevention and control, this paper interpreted the diabetes prevention and control action from five aspects, that is, healthy lifestyle is the foundation, which emphasized that individuals are the first responsibility for their health, and advocates reducing the risk of diabetes by practicing healthy diet, increasing physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight; Early detection and early intervention are key links, which emphasized to pay attention to individual blood glucose level, high risk individuals regularly test blood glucose; Standardize health management is the priority, which emphasized to strengthen the implementation of graded diagnosis and treatment standards, and medical institutions provide guidance on self-management of health for patients with diabetes; The improvement of capacity in primary level is the guarantee, where emphasis is placed on improving the ability of medical personnel to screen, intervention and standardize diagnosis and treatment; And innovative health service models are the key measures which emphasized the use of information technology to improve the efficiency of health management.

Standards of medical care for type 2 diabetes in China 2019.

The prevalence of diabetes in China has increased rapidly from 0.67% in 1980 to 10.4% in 2013, with the aging of the population and westernization of lifestyle. Since its foundation in 1991, the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) has been dedicated to improving academic exchange and the academic level of diabetes research in China. From 2003 to 2014, four versions of Chinese diabetes care guidelines have been published. The guidelines have played an important role in standardizing clinical practice and improving the status quo of diabetes prevention and control in China. Since September 2016, the CDS has invited experts in cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric diseases, nutrition, and traditional Chinese medicine to work with endocrinologists from the CDS to review the new clinical research evidence related to diabetes over the previous 4years. Over a year of careful revision, this has resulted in the present, new version of guidelines for prevention and care of type 2 diabetes in China. The main contents include epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in China; diagnosis and classification of diabetes; primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention; diabetes education and management support; blood glucose monitoring; integrated control targets for type 2 diabetes and treatments for hyperglycaemia; medical nutrition therapy; exercise therapy for type 2 diabetes; smoking cessation; pharmacologic therapy for hyperglycaemia; metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes; prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes; hypoglycaemia; chronic diabetic complications; special types of diabetes; metabolic syndrome; and diabetes and traditional Chinese medicine.

National guidelines for the prevention and control of diabetes in primary care(2018)

The prevalence of diabetes in China was 10.4%, and the rates of awareness, treatment and glycemic control of diabetes in China were 38.6%, 35.6% and 33.0%, respectively. There are rigorous challenges existing in terms of diabetes prevention and glycemic control, especially in primary medical care. Under the guidance of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and Chinese Medical Association, National Office for Primary Diabetes Care has developed this guideline to improve the ability of primary health facilities and provide standardized basic public health and medical services thoughout the country. The guideline is applicable to healthcare providers in primary care for type 2 diabetic patients over 18 years of age. The main contents include basic requirements for management, workflow of health management, diagnosis, treatment, identification and management of diabetic acute complications and chronic complications, referral, and long-term follow-up.

Burden of diabetes, hyperglycaemia in China from to 2016: Findings from the 1990 to 2016, global burden of disease study

AimsThe prevalence of diabetes in China is among the highest in the world. For this reason, findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to calculate the burden of hyperglycaemia and diabetes in China. MethodsFollowing the general analytical strategy used in GBD 2016, diabetes prevalence and mortality were analyzed by age and gender. Trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to diabetes were assessed in 33 province-level administrative units from 1990 to 2016, and similar data were provided for chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to diabetes and, as an overall summarizing measure, for hyperglycaemia expressed as high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG). ResultsFrom 1990 to 2016, all-age prevalence of diabetes rose from 3.7% to 6.6%, and all-age diabetes and diabetes-related CKD mortality rates increased by 63.5% and 33.3%, respectively, with both rates increasing more rapidly in diabetes patients aged 15–49 years than in any other age groups. In 2016, HFPG became China's sixth leading cause of DALYs, and the attributable DALYs burden was 1802.3/100,000 population. Although the number of diabetes DALYs increased by 95% from 1990 to 2016, age-standardized diabetes DALYs rates increased by only 2.3%. Also, from 1990 to 2016, rates of age-standardized DALYs due to diabetes decreased in 14 provinces, but increased in 19 provinces. High BMI Scores and diets low in whole grains, nuts and seeds were the most important risk factors for diabetes in 2016. ConclusionDiabetes and hyperglycaemia constitute a huge health burden in China. The substantial increase in diabetes-related burden represents an ongoing challenge, given the rapidly ageing Chinese population. Thus, a targeted control and preventative strategy needs to be developed at risk factor level to reduce this burden.

Socioeconomic status and self-reported, screen-detected and total diabetes prevalence in Chinese men and women in 2011-2012: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

BackgroundA rapid epidemiological transition is taking place in China and the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and diabetes prevalence is not clear and may vary by population characteristics and geography within the country. We describe the associations between educational level, annual household living expenditure (AHLE) and diabetes prevalence in a large middle-aged and elderly Chinese population using data from a nationwide cross-sectional study.MethodsWe used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which collected information from interviews and blood tests from a nationwide sample of people over 44 years of age in 2011-2012. We used multivariable logistic regression to describe the association between highest levels of education (high school or above compared to illiterate) or AHLE (top vs bottom quartile) and self-reported, screen-detected or total diabetes prevalence. We stratified by sex and adjusted for age, education or AHLE (as appropriate), urban, rural or migrant residence status and geographical area.ResultsComplete data were available for 10 100 participants of whom 10.5% and 28.9% had the highest and the lowest levels of education respectively. Overall prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 6.0% and of screen-detected diabetes was 9.8%. Higher education level was associated with both self-reported diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.36-4.46) and total diabetes (OR = 1.53 95%, CI = 1.10-2.15) only in men. AHLE was associated with self-reported diabetes in men (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.26-2.84) and women (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.62-3.34). There was no association between SES and screen-detected diabetes for men or women.ConclusionsSES inequalities exist in prevalence of diabetes in China and can be used to inform approaches to prevention. Identification and appropriate intervention for people with undiagnosed diabetes is required for all SES groups.

Identification of Family Factors That Affect Self-Management Behaviors Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Descriptive Study in Chinese Communities

In the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes in China has increased from 0.67% to 11.6%. Self-management behaviors (SMBs) are significant to improve health outcomes for diabetics. However, little is known about self-management experiences of Chinese diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to explore family factors affecting SMBs. A qualitative descriptive study was used. Purposive samples were recruited from Chinese communities. Semistructured interviews were conducted, and audio-recordings transcripts were analyzed using content analysis methods. Twenty participants were interviewed, including 8 with well-controlled HbA1c while 12 were poorly controlled. Facilitators that promote patients' SMBs were responsibility toward children and commitment to spouse; barriers that hinder patients' SMBs were family experiences about starvation, seeking harmony-eating in a big family, living in an "empty nest," and family financial burden. This study provides insight into SMBs of Chinese diabetic patients. Professionals can develop tailored interventions in a Chinese cultural context according to patients' perceptions of family responsibility, early experience, activities, and resources.

A RCT to evaluate a totally automated, culturally-adapted telephone counselor for increasing physical activity among physically inactive individuals in China

BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes in China has rapidly increased in recent years. Family history and physical inactivity are known risk factors for developing diabetes. As automated telephone-based communication is recognized as a cost-effective health promoting device, the present study aims at evaluating the efficacy of an automated telephone counselor (TLC-PA-China) for promoting physical activity to the WHO-recommended level among physically inactive family members of diabetes patients.MethodsThis study employed a parallel, two-group, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial design with equal allocation to the intervention group (TLC-PA-China), and a control group. Voluntary participants with at least one first-degree relative diagnosed with diabetes mellitus were recruited through eight Community Health Centers in Shenzhen, China. The intervention group was requested to use the system once per week during a six-month period. The control group received an information pamphlet about the benefits of regular physical activity.ResultsTwo hundred ten eligible participants were randomized to TLC-PA-China (n = 109) or Control (n = 101) groups. Using intention-to-treat analysis, the TLC-PA-China group was significantly more likely to meet the WHO physical activity recommendation than the control (GEE: OR = 6.37, p < 0.001). The number of physically inactive people to intervene upon for one to become active was 2.84 at 3 months and 3.31 at 6 months.ConclusionsTLC-PA-China increased physical activity levels among physically inactive adults in China who were at high risk of developing diabetes. This study lays the groundwork for application of behavioral informatics intervention in China.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-PRC-13003361. Registered 15 May 2013 (Retrospectively registered).

Prevalence and Ethnic Pattern of Diabetes and Prediabetes in China in 2013.

Previous studies have shown increasing prevalence of diabetes in China, which now has the world's largest diabetes epidemic. To estimate the recent prevalence and to investigate the ethnic variation of diabetes and prediabetes in the Chinese adult population. A nationally representative cross-sectional survey in 2013 in mainland China, which consisted of 170 287 participants. Fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were measured for all participants. A 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted for all participants without diagnosed diabetes. Primary outcomes were total diabetes and prediabetes defined according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria. Awareness and treatment were also evaluated. Hemoglobin A1c concentration of less than 7.0% among treated diabetes patients was considered adequate glycemic control. Minority ethnic groups in China with at least 1000 participants (Tibetan, Zhuang, Manchu, Uyghur, and Muslim) were compared with Han participants. Among the Chinese adult population, the estimated standardized prevalence of total diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes was 10.9% (95% CI, 10.4%-11.5%); that of diagnosed diabetes, 4.0% (95% CI, 3.6%-4.3%); and that of prediabetes, 35.7% (95% CI, 34.1%-37.4%). Among persons with diabetes, 36.5% (95% CI, 34.3%-38.6%) were aware of their diagnosis and 32.2% (95% CI, 30.1%-34.2%) were treated; 49.2% (95% CI, 46.9%-51.5%) of patients treated had adequate glycemic control. Tibetan and Muslim Chinese had significantly lower crude prevalence of diabetes than Han participants (14.7% [95% CI, 14.6%-14.9%] for Han, 4.3% [95% CI, 3.5%-5.0%] for Tibetan, and 10.6% [95% CI, 9.3%-11.9%] for Muslim; P < .001 for Tibetan and Muslim compared with Han). In the multivariable logistic models, the adjusted odds ratios compared with Han participants were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.35-0.50) for diabetes and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.71-0.84) for prediabetes for Tibetan Chinese and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.63-0.85) for diabetes and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.71-0.86) for prediabetes in Muslim Chinese. Among adults in China, the estimated overall prevalence of diabetes was 10.9%, and that for prediabetes was 35.7%. Differences from previous estimates for 2010 may be due to an alternate method of measuring hemoglobin A1c.

AB001. Vision impairment &amp; repairment in diabetes

: With the development of global industrialization, urbanization and changes of people’s lifestyle, Diabetes Mellitus, DM has become a serious worldwide health issue. The prevalence of diabetes in China is more than 10%. Due to the huge population base, China has surpassed the U.S. and India, becoming the country with the largest diabetic population in the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of DM. The latest epidemiological survey shows that 17.8–29.2% of China’s diabetes patients developed DR, and it has become the leading cause of blindness in adults over the age of 40. Despite the continued emergence of new medicine and treatment in the past ten years, and a large number of global clinical trials have been carried out, we still couldn’t prevent the occurrence and development of DR. Microvascular damage caused by DM has been a top priority in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. Chinese government attaches great importance to the prevention and treatment of DR and has included it into China’s plan of the prevention and treatment of blindness. In this presentation, I’m going to focus on the pathogenesis of DR, especially the relationship between immune inflammatory response and DR. Major challenges and solutions in clinical treatment were discussed as well.

Prevention and Care Programs Addressing the Growing Prevalence of Diabetes in China.

According to a 2010 national survey, 11 % of adults in China have diabetes, affecting 109.6 million individuals. The high prevalence of diabetes has been attributed to the aging of the population, the rapid adoption of energy-dense foods, and a reduction in physical activity. Collectively, these secular changes have created an obesogenic environment that can unmask diabetes in subjects with a genetic predisposition. The growing prevalence of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, childhood obesity, and early-onset disease can lead to premature morbidity and mortality. Rising to meet these public health challenges, researchers in China have conducted randomized studies to demonstrate the benefits of lifestyle modification in preventing diabetes (the Da Qing Study), as well as that of team-based integrated care, using multiple strategies including peer support and information technology, in order to reduce hospitalizations, cardiovascular-renal complications, and premature deaths. With growing evidence supporting the benefits of these diabetes prevention and management programs, the next challenge is to use policies and systems to scale up the implementation of these programs through raising awareness, building capacity, and providing resources to reduce the human and socioeconomic burden of diabetes.