Diabetes In Experimental Animals Research Articles

Evaluation of Sechium edule fruit attenuation impact on the cardiomyopathy of the STZ-induced diabetic rats

Sechium edule, commonly known as chayote is known for its low glycemic index, high fiber content, and rich nutritional profile, which suggests it may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes. While research specifically examining the impact of chayote on diabetes is limited, this study screened its biological impacts by using different biomarkers on streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-ID) rats. The ethanolic extract of the Sechium edule fruits was assessed for different phytochemical, biochemical, and anti-diabetic properties. In the results, chayote extract had high phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively (39.25 ± 0.65 mg/mL and 12.16 ± 0.50 mg/mL). These high phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high implications on STZ-ID rats. Altogether 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract considerably reduced the blood sugar level and enhanced the lipid profile of the STZ-ID rats. Additionally, they have decreased blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Besides, the levels of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium, and potassium ions were significantly lowered after the administration period. More importantly, the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as QT, RR, and QTc which were prolonged in the diabetic rats were downregulated after 35 days of administration of S. edule extract (400 mg/kg). And, the histological examination of the pancreas and kidney showed marked improvement in structural features of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups when compared to the diabetic control group. Where the increase in the glucose levels was positively correlated with QT, RR, and QTc (r2 = 0.76, r2 = 0.76, and r2 = 0.43) which means that ECG could significantly reflect the diabetes glucose levels. In conclusion, our findings showed that the fruit extract exerts a high potential to reduce artifacts secondary to diabetes which can be strongly suggested for diabetic candidates. However, there is a need to study the molecular mechanisms of the extract in combating artifacts secondary to diabetes in experimental animals.

Oxidative phosphorylation in brown adipose tissue in a type II diabetes mellitus mouse model after forced treadmill running

Aim. To study the effect of forced exercises on the content and parameters of oxidative phosphorylation in brown adipose tissue of mice with type II diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods. To model the disease, we used a high-fat diet and physical exercises in the form of forced treadmill running for 4 weeks. The content of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in brown adipose tissue was determined by Western blotting.Results. Modeling diabetes in experimental animals was accompanied by expansion of adipose tissue. However, in brown adipose tissue, the content of all oxidative phosphorylation components decreases. Apparently, during type II diabetes mellitus modeling in mice, there is a decrease in the “energy efficiency” in brown adipose tissue, which is partially offset by an increase in its content in the body. Regular physical activity in mice with type II diabetes mellitus, in contrast to healthy animals, contributes to a decrease in the content of brown adipose tissue. At the same time, the content of most oxidative phosphorylation components in brown adipose tissue increases, in some casesб it even exceeds the baseline values. The latter is typical of a variable load mode – when the execution time of exercises periodically changes.Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that metabolic rearrangements in brown adipose tissue may serve as some of the mechanisms of preventive and projective effects of physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Captopril pretreatment augments diabetogenic response to streptozotocin administration: experimental in vivo rat model

BackgroundStreptozotocin (STZ) is a glucose analogue commonly used for inducing diabetes in experimental animals. This study is intended to investigate the ability of captopril (Cap) pretreatment to augment STZ-induced diabetogenic effect in an experimental rat model. If this hypothesis were proven, Cap administration to rats could reduce the dosage of STZ by augmenting its effect and resulting in a subsequent reduction in STZ cost. Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: a control group that fed a normal diet, whereas the other six experimental groups were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The six groups were then divided into STZ-30, STZ-30-Cap, STZ-40, STZ-40-Cap, STZ-50, and STZ-50-Cap. All Cap-received groups were supplemented with 50 mg/kg Cap orally one hour just before intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of STZ. 30-STZ, 40-STZ, and 50-STZ-treated groups were injected once with STZ I.P. at doses of 30, 40, and 50 mg/kg, respectively. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was done. Pancreatic tissue was obtained to measure Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin one beta (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) gene expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pancreatic sections were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, and immunohistochemical staining by anti-insulin and anti-TNF-α antibodies.ResultsResults indicated that administration of Cap before STZ in different doses significantly augmented the hyperglycemic state that was evident by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and markedly increased pancreatic pro-inflammatory markers. Histological analysis of islets of Langerhans indicated degeneration with extensive vacuolations associated with a significant decrease in mean area % of insulin immunoreactivity and an increase in optical density of TNF-α immunoreactivity.ConclusionThese findings pointed to the ability of captopril pretreatment to augment the hyperglycemic state and the diabetogenic response that was induced secondary to STZ injection in an experimental rat model.

Challenges in creating diabetes mellitus animal model for physiological research

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is one of the global health problems, and its prevalence continues to increase from year to year. Diabetes mellitus has several types, among which the most commonly encountered are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Studies related to diabetes mellitus need to be conducted to understand preventive and curative measures that can be taken to address this disease. There are various methods that can be used to study diabetes mellitus, one of which is using experimental animals. This article briefly explains various methods that can be used in inducing diabetes in experimental animals, along with the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

Toxicity and anti-diabetic effectiveness of polymeric nanoparticles containing natural compounds

Objective: To develop the nanoparticle formulations, characterization and evaluation of safety and in vivo anti diabetic potential by using experimental animal model.
 Methods: Different nano formulations such as Cur-nanoparticles, Pip-nanoparticles as well as Cur-Pip dual drug loaded nanoparticles were developed by nano co-precipitation method. The developed formulations were subjected for FT-IR analysis to determine the drug-drug and drug-polymer interaction. The Differential Scanning Colorimetric (DSC) study was carried out to observe the glass transition. Surface topography of nano formulations were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction study was carried out to determine the crystalline properties of different formulations. Particle size of the polymeric nanoparticles was evaluated by Zeta sizer of nanoseries. Toxicity of nanoformulation was evaluated as per OECD guideline-407. For evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness, in-vivo anti-diabetic potential of nano formulations, the Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes model was considered.
 Results: The developed formulations were spherical in shape and smooth surfaced. There were no interaction between the drugs and polymers. The result of toxicity study revealed that, there were no changes in behavior, food intake; hematology as well as biochemical parameters were observed that indicates the developed formulation is completely safe. The anti-diabetic effect of different formulations was screened against Streptozotocin induced diabetes in experimental animals. All the formulations were proved as effective in restoring blood glucose level however, Cu+Pi NP (184.15) group showed highest anti diabetic activity in comparison to control group (207.93)
 Conclusions: From this study, it was observed that, Curcumin-Piperine dual drug loaded nanoparticles exhibit better anti diabetic potential in comparison to control and Curcumin-NP treated group.
 Keywords: Nanoparticles, Streptozotocin, anti-diabetes, toxicity, hematology, biochemical

Investigation of Antidiabetic Activities of Cu(II) Complex of Anacardium occidentale Leaves Crude Extract

Many synthetic chemical drugs have been widely used for the treatment of diabetes. However, many of these drugs are not locally available, are less effective, and are unaffordable for many diabetic patients in developing and underdeveloped countries. Therefore, in order to search for a locally available, effective, and cost-effective antidiabetic agent, this study synthesized the Cu(II) complex of crude leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale and investigated its antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced albino rats. The leaf crude extract and its metal complex were characterized using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Experimental diabetic animals were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate at a single dose of 140 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.), and animals with fasting blood glucose levels (BGL) > 200 mg/dl were considered diabetic. Metformin was used as a standard drug. Fasting blood glucose level (BGL) and body weight were examined in assessing the antidiabetic activities of the crude extract and its complex in the rats. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the antidiabetic activity at a statistical significance level of p < 0.05. The hypsochromic shifts of C=O and O-H bands in the Cu(II) complex and the high concentration of the metal ion in the metal complex established the coordination of the crude extract with the metal ion. A more significant reduction in the blood glucose level and increase in body weight in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats was observed when treated with the leaves crude extract and its Cu(II) complex than when treated with the standard drug metformin. It can be concluded that the Cu(II) complex of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg wt is more effective without abnormal weight gain and could be considered as a potential antidiabetic drug to replace some of the less effective and expensive conventional antidiabetic drugs.

The Use of Cinnamon Supplementation in Diabetes: Research Evidence and Expert Opinion

Dietary supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of chronic conditions, During the previous decades, cinnamon have been reported to have a beneficial effects diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review cinnamon research findings relevant to its supplementary use in diabetes.

Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) analysis of STZ-diabetes induced Cardiac Structural changes in Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health crisis, imposing a substantial burden on both healthcare systems and individuals due to its chronic nature and associated complications. Among these complications, cardiovascular diseases rank as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a distinctive form of heart disease, is characterized by structural and functional abnormalities within the heart, independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The multifaceted pathophysiology of DCM involves factors like hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, altered myocardial metabolism, and fibrosis, collectively leading to cardiac tissue structural changes and impaired function. Streptozotocin (STZ), a compound derived from Streptomyces achromogenes, is commonly used to induce diabetes in animal models, particularly rodents, making it a valuable tool for simulating diabetes in laboratory settings. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) provides a powerful means to investigate ultrastructural changes within cardiac tissues at the microscopic level, encompassing myofibrillar structure, mitochondrial integrity, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and interstitial components. Figure-1 illustrates the pathological changes caused by STZ-induced diabetes in experimental animals, showing structural alterations in cardiac and brain tissues. Notably, the use of a polyherbal extract containing Curcuma amada rhizome and Sida spinosa leaves appears to mitigate some of the detrimental effects of STZ-induced diabetes on cardiac cells, suggesting potential protective benefits.

The use of cinnamon supplementation in diabetes: Research evidence and expert opinion

Dietary supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of chronic conditions, During the previous decades, cinnamon have been reported to have a beneficial effects diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review cinnamon research findings relevant to its supplementary use in diabetes. Conclusion: There is convincing research evidence suggesting that cinnamon has at least a weak hypoglycemic effect and an insulin stimulation effect that can contribute to improving insulin sensitivity and reducing serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 2 diabetes. Its antioxidant effect can reduce the risks contributing to the development of diabetes.

Succinate dehydrogenase as a new target for melatonin binding in the complex diabetes mellitus treatment

Relevance. Alloxan, destroying the beta cells of the pancreas, provokes hyperglycemia, which causes a hypoenergetic state. Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus has been and remains the subject of numerous studies. Recently, the attention of researchers is increasingly attracted by the hormone of the pineal gland - melatonin, due to its biological and pharmacological properties. The aim of the study was to study the effect of melatonin on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase as a new target in experimental alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male Wistar rats, with an average mass of 120-150 g, which were kept on a standard diet. The animals were divided into 4 groups. The control group was injected with saline solution, the second group was injected with melatonin at a dose of 1 mg/kg daily for 14 days, experimental diabetes in animals was simulated by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg with diabetes. The fourth group of animals received melatonin on the background of alloxan. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was determined in liver and pancreatic tissues by photometric method. For the docking analysis, the AutoDock Vina and AutoDock Tools software packages were used. Results and Discussion. According to the results obtained, reciprocal relationships arise under the influence of alloxan in the activity of SDH in the liver and pancreas. Alloxan causes an increase in the activity of SDH in the liver by 1.9 times, and in the pancreatic tissue there is a significant decrease - by 5 times. The use of melatonin for animals with alloxan diabetes led to a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the liver by one and a half times in comparison with the indicators of rats with alloxan diabetes. In the pancreas, on the contrary, the activity of the enzyme increased by 3.3 times, which may indicate the restoration of the function of Langerhans beta cells. Conclusion. Melatonin blocking succinate dehydrogenase domain A reduces the hyperactivity of the enzyme in the liver, and in the pancreas through its specific receptors (MR1 and MR2) present on the surface of the membranes of β- and α-cells directly interferes with the function of the cellular elements of the islets of Langerhans, restoring them.

Comparative Study of Developed Formulation and Market Formulation for Antidiabetic Potential in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Published on: October 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(4):387-393Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.78 Authors:Vinod Kumar Gauttam1,*, Kavita Munjal2, Somdutt Mujwar3, Jyotiram Sawale1, Meenakashi Rohilla4, Sumeet Gupta51Department of Pharmacognosy, IES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.2Department of Pharmacognosy, MM College of Pharmacy, MM University (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, INDIA.3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, INDIA.4Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, INDIA.5Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, MM University (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The present study was designed with the aim of minimizing the incorporation of the drugs in a polyherbal antidiabetic formulation so the load of the drugs to the patient can be avoided and also helps in standardization. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking-based screening of potential herbal leads of M. charantia, (Drug A), G. sylvestre, (Drug B) and W. somnifera, (Drug C) were performed with intent to prioritize the ratio of herbal extracts. Lyophilised hydro-alcohol (50%) extracts of above three drugs were combined in different ratios as HA: Hydroalcoholic extracts combination A, HB: Hydroalcoholic extracts combination B and HC: Hydroalcoholic extracts combination C. The study of 21 days, carried out on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats to compare its anti-diabetic effect with the marketed herbal formulation (MHF). The biochemical parameters studied were serum glucose level, lipid profile and liver glycogen content along with the body weight measurement. Results: The proposed Hydroalcoholic extracts combination B (HB, 1000 mg/kg per oral) possess antihyperglycemic effect with improvement in the abnormal lipid profile as observed in the diabetic experimental animals. Moreover, the formulation also reported check on the loss of body weight when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The observations were found to be at par with standard drug, metformin (500 mg/kg). Conclusion: Our findings suggest the proposed formulation have antihyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidimic potentials. Furthermore, its effect on chronic diabetes and its complications is needed to be explored. Based on the docking results it has been clearly indicated that the antidiabetic effect of the used herbal extract is because of the presence of Withanolide-A and Charantin.Keywords: Diabetes, Polyherbal formulation, Metformin, Docking, Charantin, Withanolide.

Superoxide-producing thermostable associate from the small intestines of control and alloxan-induced diabetic rats: quantitative and qualitative changes

Background:NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), which is highly expressed in the colon, is thought to play a potential role in host defense as a physical and innate immune barrier against commensal or pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Diabetes can be caused by several biological factors, including insulin resistance is one of them. Alloxan is widely used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes in experimental animals. Alloxan increases the generation of reactive oxygen species as a result of metabolic reactions in the body, along with a massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration.MethodsUsing a universal method, a superoxide radical (О2−)-thermostable associate between NADPH-containing lipoprotein (NLP) and NADPH oxidase (Nox)- NLP-Nox was isolated and purified from the small intestine (SI) of control (C) and alloxan-induced diabetic (AD) albino rats.ResultsIn comparison to the C indices, in AD in the SI, an increase in the specific content of NLP-Nox associate and a decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− in liquid phase (in solution) and gas phase (during blowing by oxygen of the NLP-Nox solution) were observed. The NLP-Nox of SI associate in C and AD rats produced О2− by an immediate mechanism, using NLP as a substrate. The phenomenon of the hiding of the optical absorption maxima of the Nox in oxidized states at pH10,5 was observed in the composition of these SI associates of the C and AD rat groups. The characteristic absorption maxima of the «hidden» Nox were observed under these conditions after reduction by potassium dithionite.ConclusionThus, at AD, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− in the solution and gas phase was compensated for by an increase in the specific amount of associate. In addition, the decrease in the stationary concentration of produced О2− by NLP-Nox associates at AD can be linked to a decrease in the level of NADPH in NLP-Nox composition. This could be used as a new mechanism of AD pathogenesis.

Effect of bromelain on mast cell numbers and degranulation in diabetic rat wound healing

Many studies have revealed the prominent roles of mast cells in wound healing, including inflammatory reactions, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix reabsorption. In the present study, we aimed to assess the probable therapeutic features of bromelain on wound contraction and mast cell degranulation in wound healing in experimental diabetic animals. Male rats were grouped as control, vehicle and experiment. Skin wounds were generated in all groups. Treatments were applied with distilled water and with bromelain (BR) intraperitoneally in the vehicle and experimental groups, respectively. Following skin wound generation, animals were euthanised on days 3, 5, 7 and 15. We gathered 16,800 microscopic images to count the mast cells and degranulation level (Image J software). The wound contraction index was assessed both microscopically (Image J software) and macroscopically (time-lapse photography). The meshwork evaluation method was used to assess wound healing. Time-lapse photography revealed that the BR significantly (p<0.05) accelerated wound contraction and healing. BR significantly (p<0.05) increased the total number of mast cells in all experimental groups on days 5 and 7. The count of grade III (degranulated) mast cells was reduced significantly (p<0.05) on days 5 and 7 in experimental groups compared to control and vehicle groups. In this study, the rate of wound healing was accelerated considerably following BR administration. In addition, this agent decreased the count of degranulated mast cells, leading to wound contraction and healing.

Establishing the Antidiabetic Potential of Marketed Product Diabex Capsules and Standardization of its Physicochemical Parameters

The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to standardize and validate a self proclaimed proprietary medicine promoted online by the name of Diabex capsule (DC), available for management of diabetes. The procured capsules of DC were evaluated for texture, color, taste and odor. Total ash value of is an indication of the amount of minerals and earthy materials present in the formulations. DC exhibited 9.3 % total ash with 3.16 % acid insoluble ash and 5.08 % water soluble ash. The water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives were 1.48 % and 1.42 % respectively suggesting the formulation to be suitable for human use. The powder of DC was subjected to various chemical tests for preliminary screening of the class of phytoconstituents present in them. The spot for quercetin appeared at Rf value of 0.83 on the TLC plate. The peak at 5.048 min was found due to the presence of quercetin in DC. The quantitation of the quercetin was done from the calibration curve of peak area obtained from standard quercetin and it was found that DC contained 1.89 mg quercetin per 250 mg of DC (0.756 %). A glucose tolerance test determines the blood glucose level in fasting condition then after 2 hours of drinking a solution of glucose in specific quantity. Alloxan is considered to be the most common chemical substance to induce diabetes in experimental animals. DC was able to decrease blood sugar by 35.03% while the standard drug glibenclamide could reduce it by 42.54%. This makes it evident that the polyherbal formulation DC was almost equipotent to the standard drug. Key words: Antidiabetic, Diabex, Standardization, Physicochemical, Capsule, WHO

Calotropis Procera Root Extract’s Anti-diabetic and Hepatoprotective Therapeutic Activity in Alloxan-induced Pancreatic Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Background: Studies suggest that herbal remedies may serve as functional anti-diabetic agents. This study investigated the therapeutic role of Calotropis procera aqueous-methanol root extract in hyperglycaemic and hepatopathy disorders in Wistar rats after exposure to alloxan. This compound destroys pancreatic β-cells and produce diabetes in experimental animals. Methods: Spectrophotometric methods were used to assay the antioxidants and biochemical parameters while histological examinations were employed to assess the structural changes in the harvested tissue under light microscopy. Results: The secondary metabolites were quantified by spectrochemistry methods. The extract was rich in flavonoids and low in terpenoids, and contained ursolic acid, lupeol and oleanolic acid. The extract’s strong anti-radical activity was due to its low IC50 values. The extract suppressed α-amylase more than α-glucosidase activity by 3.99%, and the blood glucose declined in the diabetic group by 64.25%. The malondialdehyde level was low in the treated group while it declined significantly in the normal group. The superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione levels were also low in the untreated versus the treated group. There were reduced activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase; however, the albumin and total protein levels increased mildly in the treated compared to the untreated group. The liver and pancreas histology revealed normal hepatocyte and β-islet architecture in the treated group as opposed to blood vessels congestion and β cells necrosis in the untreated group.

Physicochemical Characterization of In Vitro LDL Glycation and Its Inhibition by Ellagic Acid (EA): An In Vivo Approach to Inhibit Diabetes in Experimental Animals.

Hundreds of millions of people around the globe are afflicted by diabetes mellitus. The alteration in glucose fixation process might result into hyperglycaemia and could affect the circulating plasma proteins to undergo nonenzymatic glycation reaction. If it is unchecked, it may lead to diabetes with increase in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Therefore, the present study was designed to inhibit the diabetes and glycation by using natural antioxidant “ellagic acid” (EA). In this study, we explored the antidiabetes and antiglycation potential of EA in both in vitro (EA at micromolar concentration) and in vivo systems. The EA concentrations of 10 and 20 mg kg−1B.W./day were administered orally for 25 days to alloxan-induced diabetic rats, a week after confirmation of stable diabetes in animals. Intriguingly, EA supplementation in diabetic rats reversed the increase in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. EA also showed an inhibitory role against glycation intermediates including dicarbonyls, as well as AGEs, investigated in a glycation mixture with in vitro and in vivo animal plasma samples. Additionally, EA treatment resulted in inhibition of lipid peroxidation-mediated malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD). Furthermore, EA exhibited an antioxidant property, increased the level of plasma glutathione (GSH), and also helped to decrease histological changes evaluated by histoimmunostaining of animal kidney tissues. The results from our investigation clearly indicates the antiglycative property of EA, suggesting EA as an adequate inhibitor of glycation and diabetes, which can be investigated further in preclinical settings for the treatment and management of diabetes-associated complications.

The Use of Fenugreek Supplementation in Diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

Review Article: The use of fenugreek supplementation in diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

The use of fenugreek supplementation in diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic activity of Poly herbal formulation (PHF) in STZ-NA induced diabetes in rats

The effects of polyherbal formulations were studied in the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetes rat model. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of polyherbal formulations on the blood sugar level (BSL) as well as blood lipid level(BLL) of STZ-NA diabetic rats. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus raphanistrum were used for the study due to the presence of various phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, flavonoids. Three polyherbal formulations were prepared from different portions of leaves of Moringa oleifera and roots of Raphanus raphanistrum and titled PHF-I, PHF-II and PHF-III. Diabetes in experimental animals was induced by STZ injection intraperitoneally (i. p) after 30 min of Nicotinamide injection i. p in all animal groups except normal control group animals. Group, I served as normal control received no treatment. Group II served as negative control received streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Group III rats were treated with Metformin, Group IV, Group V and Group VI rats treated with PHF-I, PHF-II and PHF-III respectively. Physical parameters (body weight, feed and water intake), Biochemical parameters (Blood Glucose, Serum Insulin, Serum C-Peptide Level, Serum Leptin, Serum Total cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL) were measured on 0th, 14th and 28th day. The study results and histopathology of the pancreas indicate that oral administration of polyherbal formulation- II proved as a more effective, safe anti-diabetic agent in comparison to Polyherbal formulation I and III by Decrease in body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum glucose level. Increase in serum insulin level, serum C-peptide with a significant decrease in blood serum lipid level.