Diisooctyl Phthalate Research Articles

Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Cydonia oblonga Bark.

Cydonia oblonga is a medicinal plant that is used to treat a number of health complications in traditional medication systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, and antibacterial, antioxidant, and ant-diabetic potentials of methanolic extracts of Cydonia oblonga bark. The Cydonia oblonga bark extraction was fractionated through HPLC and seven purified fractions labeled as F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7 were obtained. The HPLC-UV analysis of methanolic extract showed the presence of a number of possible compounds. The GC-MS and HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of the following bioactive compounds in the crude extract and purified fractions: malic acid, mandelic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, catechin hydrate, as morin (HPLC analysis), BIS-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate (F1), carbamide (F2, used as fertilizer), octasiloxane and dimethylsiloxanecyclictrimer (F3), silicic acid and cyclotrisiloxane (F4), 6-AH-cAMP, 4H-cyclopropa[5′,6′]benz[1′,2′,7,8]azule, and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-morpholinepyrol-2-yl)-butenedioic acid (F5), isopropyamine (F6), and 1-propylhydrazine (F7). The extract and purified fractions were then tested for biological activities. All the purified fractions and methanolic extract showed effective antibacterial activity; however, the highest activity was recorded for methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia. Antioxidant evaluation of methanolic extract and purified fractions against DPPH showed strong % inhibition of the synthetic free radical. The methanolic extract exhibited 87.41 ± 0.54% inhibition whereas fractions showed: F1, 85.45 ± 0.85; F2, 65.78 ± 0.68; F3, 58.61 ± 0.58; F4, 80.76 ± 0.59; F5, 571.29 ± 0.49; F6, 85.28 ± 0.94; and F7, 48.45 ± 0.62% inhibition. Ascorbic acid (standard) was used as a control with 94.88 ± 0.56% inhibition at a maximum concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay of methanolic extract and purified fractions at a maximum concentration of 1000 µg/mL showed activities as: methanolic extract, 78.21 ± 0.67; F1, 55.01 ± 0.29; F2, 56.10 ± 0.24; F3, 62.44 ± 1.03; F4, 70.52 ± 0.15; F5, 62.18 ± 0.92; F6, 72.68 ± 0.2; and F7, 57.33 ± 0.05% inhibition. α-Amylase % inhibition of methanolic extract and purified fractions were noted as: methanolic extract, 77.98 ± 0.57; F1, 79.72 ± 0.02; F2, 79.72 ± 0.02; F3, 82.16 ± 0.48; F4, 77.37 ± 0.28; F5, 72.14 ± 0.30; F6, 74.24 ± 0.29; and F7, 56.58 ± 0.10 at the highest concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Acarbose (standard) showed 87.65 ± 0.71% inhibition of α-glucosidase and 85.99 ± 0.44% inhibition of α-amylase at the highest concentration of 1000 µg/mL. It was found that all biological activities of methanolic extract and purified fractions might be attributed to the fact that they are rich sources of phenolic and flavonoids along with other bioactive compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanolic extract were recorded higher as compared to purified fractions (TPC = 70% and TFC = 69%). Amongst the purified fractions, fraction 6 exhibited the highest TPC value (64%), and purified fraction 1 exhibited the highest value of TFC (58%). Recent research demonstrated that Cydonia oblonga may be considered an antibacterial medicinal plant. The result of the present study revealed that it might be utilized for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals that can lead to new opportunities in the discovery of new antibiotics.

Diisooctyl Phthalate Isolated from Rourea mimosoides: A Partial PPARγ Agonist Potently Blocks Adipocyte Differentiation

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Characterization of Essential Oil, Estimation of Phenolic and Flavonod Content and Biological Activities of Ephedra pachyclada BOISS

The northern areas of Nepal are rich in biodiversity and contain a large number of medicinal plant species including the Genus Ephedra of evergreen gymnosperm, belonging to the family Ephedraceae. The plants have been used by the peoples of the Himalayan region for the treatment of asthma, blood pressure, and gastritis for many years. This study was aimed for the evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Ephedra pachyclada Boiss from Mustang district of Nepal. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. Total phenolics and total flavonoid content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic content of 54.42 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g followed by the ethyl acetate (46.84 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g), DCM extract (19.58 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g), and the lowest TPC was shown for n-hexane extract (5.21 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g) of the dry weight. The methanol extract showed the maximum TFC of 33.28 ± 0.48 mg QE/g, followed by ethyl acetate extract (31.73 ± 0.52 mg QE/g), DCM extract (31.64 ± 0.56 mg QE/g), and the least value was obtained for the n-hexane extract (21.44 ± 2.91 mg QE/g). The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 37.81 ± 2.24 μg/mL. The methanol extract showed potent activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with zones of inhibition of 13 mm and 12 mm respectively. Ethyl acetate extract showed a slight potency against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a zone of inhibition of 9 mm. The essential oil contained diisooctyl phthalate (46.90%), dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-(16.35%), dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl- (11.59%), tetrapentacontane (11.56%), and myrtenol (4.37) as the major compounds. The plant exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which could be used as the source to isolate the active natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent as the drug candidate in the future drug discovery process.

New hybrid strategy of the photo-Fered-Fenton process assisted by O3 for the degradation of wastewater from the pretreatment of biodiesel production

The present work aims to fill a scientific gap regarding the treatment of wastewater from the enzymatic pretreatment of biodiesel production (WEPBP), as well as the identification of organic contaminants present in this complex matrix. Different treatment strategies were proposed for the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from WEPBP. The interesting combination of O3/H2O2/UV–Vis and electrocoagulation (EC) process was studied in two setups, with the EC process applied prior to O3/H2O2/UV–Vis and vice versa. Further, the innovative hybrid system based on the photo-Fered-Fenton process with O3 addition (PEF-Fere-O3) was preliminarily studied for WEPBP treatment. The hybrid system provided the best results for the WEPBP treatment when the reactor was operated at pH of 4.5, 65 mg O3 L−1 and 10000 mg H2O2 L−1, UV–Vis was used as the irradiation source, and the current intensity of 3.0 A. Removals of 45% of TOC and 68.7% of COD were reached within 45 min. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) were the main organic contaminants identified in the WEPBP as determined by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Acute toxicity assays with the bio indicator Artemia salina were carried out in untreated and treated WEPBP samples, indicating that the PEF-Fere-O3 treatment decreased the amount of contaminants present in the WEPBP as well as reduced the toxicity levels and increased biodegradability index, suggesting its great potential for the treatment of complex industrial wastewaters.

Molecular Docking and Dynamics of Phytochemicals From Chinese Herbs With SARS-CoV-2 RdRp

The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ancient Chinese herbal formulas are effective for diseases caused by viral infection, and their effects on COVID-19 are currently being examined. To directly evaluate the role of Chinese herbs in inhibiting replication of SARS-CoV-2, we investigated how the phytochemicals from Chinese herbs interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Total 1025 compounds were screened, and then 181compounds were selected for molecular docking analysis. Four phytochemicals licorice glycoside E, diisooctyl phthalate, (-)-medicocarpin, and glycyroside showed good binding affinity with RdRp. The best complex licorice glycoside E/RdRp forms 3 hydrogen bonds, 4 hydrophobic interactions, 1 pair of Pi-cation/stacking, and 4 salt bridges. Furthermore, docking complexes licorice glycoside E/RdRp and diisooctyl phthalate/RdRp were optimized by molecular dynamics simulation to obtain the stable conformation. These studies indicate that they are promising as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.

Bioactive Metabolites of Nodule Associated Microbes for Enhanced Drought Tolerance and Biocontrol Control Activity in Horsegram

In the present study, the potential bioactive compounds detected in the ethyl acetate microbial extract of root nodules of horsegram were determined using the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The bioactive metabolites of nodule associated microbes (NAM) revealed the existence of several soluble metabolites which includes phthalic acid, butyl hex-3-yl ester, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol,Dodecyl acrylate, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro, 1-Nonadecene, octadecane, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, dibutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, 1-docosene, heptadecane, 9-hexyl, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl), n-Tetracosanol-1, ergotaman-3',6',18-trione, 9,10-dihydro-12'-hydroxy-2'-methyl-5'(phenylmethyl)-, (5'à,10à), eicosanal, ethanol, 2-(9-octadecenyloxy), E-15-heptadecenal, octatriacontyl pentafluoropropionate, etc.,. Endophytic bacteria produces bioactive substances that provides resistance against phytopathogens as well as nutrient solubilization during prolonged drought periods in order to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Several antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties were brought under spotlight to realise the beneficial aspects of nodule associated microbes of horsegram. Understanding the roles of metabolites would enrich the crop growth under stressed environment by promoting the eco-friendly agriculture practices.

FOODINFORMATICS OF VANILLIN-RICH DRINK AGAINST CANONICAL TARGETS OF BREAST CANCER

Aim and objective: Vanillin-rich drink (Vimto®) is a popular drink among women. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-breast cancer potential of Vimto®. Methods: the chemical composition of Vimto® has been determined by gas chromatography and foodinformatics used to identify its putative binders to canonical targets of breast cancer. The binding affinity (kcal/mol) of the target proteins of breast cancer and the phytocompounds was computationally obtained. Results: Major aliphatic hydrocarbons of Vimto® were hydroxymethyl furfurole, tetradecane, hexadecane, dodecane, octadecane and 9-octadecenamide while aromatic hydrocarbons were vanillin, benzoic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, butanoic acid, piperonal, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and germacrene D. 9-octadecenamidebound firmly to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and warrant experimental studies. All aromatic hydrocarbons expect benzoic acid and vanillin showed reliable BA with HER2. Germacrene D showed acceptable binding affinity with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrone sulfatase. Benzoic acid and diisooctyl phthalate showed strong BA with phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and AKT (protein kinase B), respectively. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate have been docked with HER2. Butanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate showed binding affinity with aromatase. Benzoic acid and diisooctyl phthalate, and bis (2-ethylhexyl) are not safe compounds while bounded to target proteins of breast cancer. Conclusions: To sum up, Vimto® is an amalgam of safe compounds possess possible anti-breast cancer, however it needs further experimental and biosafety evaluation. Peer Review History: Received: 10 January 2022; Revised: 10 February; Accepted: 8 March, Available online: 15 March 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, raousm@gmail.com Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF CURRENT SCENARIO OF CANCER DISEASE AT CHATTAGRAM IN BANGLADESH CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES IN VITRO OF FLOWER EXTRACTS OF THREE SPECIES OF ALOE GROWING IN YEMEN:ALOE RUBROVIOLACEAE, ALOE VERA AND ALOE SABAEA, AGAINST ELEVEN TYPES OF CANCER CELL LINES A REVIEW OF BREAST CANCER RISK FACTORS

Phytochemical, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris L., Typha domingensis Pers., and Ricinus communis L.: Scientific Evidences for Folkloric Uses.

Many medicinal plants have been utilized for centuries despite the lack of scientific evidence of their therapeutic effects. This study evaluated the phytochemical and dual biological profiling, namely, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, of three plant species, namely, Tribulus terrestris L., Typha domingensis Pers., and Ricinus communis L., in order to explore potential relationships (if any) with their ethnopharmacological uses. GC-MS was used to achieve phytochemical screening of two plant extracts (T. terrestris and T. domingensis). The primary chemicals detected in varying amounts in both extracts were siloxane derivatives, fatty acid esters, diisooctyl phthalate, phytosterol, and aromatic acid esters. According to the findings, the major component detected in both extracts was 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and diisooctyl ester (antibacterial and antifungal). T. domingensis contained a low level of benzoic acid, methyl ester (antibacterial). Both extracts included stigmasterol and sitosterol, as well as six different forms of fatty acid esters. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, thyroid inhibitor, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been described. Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), human ovary adenocarcinoma (A2780), and human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29), as well as normal human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC5), all showed cytotoxic activity. The most potent activity against A2780 cells was seen in T. terrestris and T. domingensis extracts (IC50: 3.69 and 5.87 g/mL, respectively). R. communis was more active against MCF7 cells (1.52 μg/mL) followed by A2780 and HT29 cells, respectively. R. communis showed a dose-dependent clonogenic effect against MCF7 cells. The antibacterial activity of all three plant extracts was tested against three standard Gram-positive, four standard Gram-negative, and two clinical bacterial strains. Among the three extracts examined, T. terrestris was the most effective, followed by R. communis, and finally, T. domingensis plant extract was effective against various isolated bacteria. This study, interestingly, sheds light on the bioactive components found in plant extracts that can be utilized for cytotoxic and antibacterial purposes.

Highly Active Biphasic Anatase-Rutile Ni-Pd/TNPs Nanocatalyst for the Reforming and Cracking Reactions of Microplastic Waste Dissolved in Phenol.

Solvent-based recycling of plastic can offer the main improvement when it is employed for pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming. In this research, plastic waste dissolved in phenol was used as a feed for catalytic cracking and steam reforming reactions for valuable liquid fuels and hydrogen production, which is gaining the attention of researchers globally. Microplastic wastes (MPWs) are tiny plastic particles that arise due to product creation and breakdown of larger plastics. They can be found mainly in several habitats, including seas and freshwater ecosystems. MPWs harm aquatic species, turtles, and birds and were chosen to recover in this study that can be reacted on the catalyst surface. Biphasic anatase-rutile TiO2 with spherical-shaped support for Ni and Pd metals with nanosized particles was synthesized via the hydrothermal treatment method, and its chemical and physical properties were characterized accordingly. According to temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H2-TPR) results, the incorporation of Pd into Ni/TNPs enhanced the basicity of the support surface and the redox properties of catalysts, which were strongly linked to the improved hydrogen yield (71%) and phenol conversion (79%) at 600 °C. The Ni-Pd/TNPs nanocatalyst, with remarkable stability for 72 h of time on stream, is a promising catalyst for the MPW-phenol cracking and steam reforming reactions toward H2 production for clean energy generation and other environmental applications. Besides, this study has also highlighted the opportunities of overcoming the risk of microplastic waste and converting it into valuable fuels such as decamethyltetrasiloxane, phenanthrene, methyl palmitate, benzenepropanoic acid, benzoic acid, azulene, xanthene, anisole, biphenyl, phthalic acid, diisooctyl phthalate, etc.

Translocation of Phthalates From Food Packaging Materials Into Minced Beef.

There has been increased concern regarding the potential human health risks associated with exposure to phthalates. Research indicates that food intake is the most critical exposure pathway for phthalates. This study aimed to investigate packaged beef samples for the presence of dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diisooctyl phthalate (DiOP) and to assess their translocation from the common form of food packaging procured from various Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region shops. The packaging samples include paper and different types of plastic. Phthalates were extracted by dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). While DnBP had the highest mean values in beef from 34.5 to 378.5 μg·kg−1, DiOP displayed the lowest mean values from LOD to 37 μg·kg−1. The larger contact area and the presence of distributed fat on the surface of the minced meat resulted in significantly higher phthalate translocation than beef slices. Further, DMTP was not detected in any samples. However, the examined food packages do not meet the requirements of Russian, EU and USA legislation, as DnBP migrates to meat. Calculated maximum DnBP daily intake of 0.167 μg·kg−1·day−1 for chilled minced beef in vacuum packaging did not exceed tolerable daily intake (TDI) level. The most alarming results are concerning the phthalates presence in beef farmed in the Leningrad region and not subjected to any plastic packaging. A full-scale study is warranted to determine the pathways and sources of phthalates migration in the food chain.

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ETHANOL LEAVES EXTRACT OF SPHENOCENTRUM JOLLYANUM AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES.

Sphenocentrum jollyanum is a plant genus of the family Menispermaceae. It has high medicinal importance as it is used traditionally to treat various diseases such as jaundice, breast engorgement related to the menstrual cycle, tumour, fibroids and improve the health of people. The present investigation was carried out to analyze the bioactive compounds present in ethanol crude extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum leaves using GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract Sphenocentrum jollyanum was done using a 7890A GC system (Agilent Technologies), coupled with 5977B MSD (Agilent Technologies) while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 45 bioactive compounds representing 99.98% of the total extract based on the retention time, peak area, molecular formula, molecular weight, and biological activities were identified by GC-MS which ranges from high molecular weight to low molecular weight compounds. The major compounds identified with their peak area percentages were 2,4-Di-tertbutylphenol, (21.05%), Z-8-Methyl-9-tetradecenoic acid (19.12), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7.86%), Diisooctyl phthalate (7.13%), Phytol, Oleic Acid (7.03), 6,9,12- Octadecatrien-1-ol (6.65%), 3-Eicosene, (E)-(4.63%), 2-Methyl-Z, Z-3,13-octadecadienol (4.24%), n- Hexadecanoic acid (4.09%), trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (3.81%), Cyclohexene, 4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl) -1- pentyl- (3.74%), Dibutyl phthalate (3.20%), and 9-Oxabicyclo (6.1.0) nonane, cis-(3.18%). The presence of these major phytoconstituents in the leaf extract provides various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumour which supports the ethno-medicinal uses of the plant in curing diseases. We recommend

Chaenomeles speciosa fruit endophytic fungi isolation and characterization of their antimicrobial activity and the secondary metabolites composition

BackgroundEndophytes promote the survival of the host plants affected by unfavorable environment. To confirm the endophytes role in Chaenomeles speciosa pathogenic resistance, fungal isolates were derived from both fruit peel and pulp, and presumptively identified using macroscopic and microscopic techniques. Antifungal potential of the isolates was assayed by dual culture method and agar disc method against Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium oxysporum strains. Two most active fungal isolates were cultured in Czapek's liquid medium to obtain metabolites. The crude ethyl acetate extracts of metabolites were characterized for antibacterial activity against Basillus subtilis and Erwinia dissolvens, and for component composition by GC–MS technique.ResultsNine fungal endophytic isolates were derived from the peel and pulp of C. speciosa fruits and tentatively attributed to Penicillium spp. (seven isolates), Aspergillus spp. (one isolate), Mucor spp. (one isolate). Two fungal isolates, one each of the fruit peel and pulp, were designated as Penicillium sp. I and Penicillium sp. II respectively, and selected for further research. Both isolates showed similar activity against A. alternata; however, Penicillium sp. I activity against F. culmorum and F. oxysporum exceeded the activity of Penicillium sp. II. Cultural medium ethyl acetate extracts of both endophytes exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive B. subtilis, while mycelium extracts were more active against Gram-negative E. dissolvens. In general, Penicillium sp. I antibacterial activity was higher in cultural medium extracts, while activity of Penicillium sp. II dominated in mycelium extracts. GC–MS analysis of the fungal metabolites component composition revealed the identity of 27 and 17 compounds, respectively in the ethyl acetate extracts of Penicillium sp. I and Penicillium sp. II cultural medium. Basic compounds produced by the first isolate, were represented by 3-Furanacetic acid, 4-hexyl-2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo, Diisooctyl phthalate, 11-Hexadecyn-1-ol, and Propanedioic acid, dihydroxy. At the same time, Phthalic acid diisooctyl ester and other phthalates constituted the main part of the second isolate metabolites, followed by Hexadecanoic acid, Eicosyl isopropyl ether, and 4-Butoxy-2-butanone at a lower content.ConclusionsThe findings showed that the antimicrobial potential of Chaenomeles fruits endophytic fungi is promising and deserves further investigation.

GC-MS analysis of cuticular waxes and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chaenomeles cathayensis and Ch. × californica fruits

Fruit extracts of the Chaenomeles species are a rich source of compounds having health-promoting properties, while their distribution between the species and cultivars varies significantly depending on both genotype and environmental threats. This study aimed at discovering antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the secondary metabolites of fruit and waxes of fruit cuticular of introduced Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica plants. The sum of detected polyphenols in the isopropanolic fruit extracts varied slightly between the species, while significant excesses in indices were seen for both species peel extracts as compared to pulp extracts. Antimicrobial assays carried out by disc diffusion method showed notable activity of the fruit peel and pulp extracts of both species against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, and two Candida strains as well. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was the most resistant to the action of both fruit extracts, especially peel extracts of Ch. cathayensis fruits. As identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assays, chloroformic extracts from the fruits of cuticular waxes of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica contained six prevailing fractions: aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols, esters, fatty acids and various terpenoids. The predominant compounds were tetrapentacontane (21.8% of total amount) and heptacosanal (23.1% of total), respectively in the cuticular waxes of Ch. cathayensis and Ch. × californica. Cinnamaldehyde, cis-9-hexadecenal, hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, olean-12-ene-3,28-diol (3. beta), lupeol, diisooctyl phthalate, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, 1,3,12-nonadecatriene-5,14-diol and some other identified compounds are well-known for their bioactivity, indicating the feasibility of studying the antimicrobial potential of plant fruits.

Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products’ mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, and sediments; PAEs are also frequently discovered in plant and microorganism sources, suggesting the possibility that they might be biosynthesized in nature. In this review, we summarize that PAEs have not only been identified in the organic solvent extracts, root exudates, and essential oils of a large number of different plant species, but also isolated and purified from various algae, bacteria, and fungi. Dominant PAEs identified from natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, etc. Further studies reveal that PAEs can be biosynthesized by at least several algae. PAEs are reported to possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and other biological activities, which might enhance the competitiveness of plants, algae, and microorganisms to better accommodate biotic and abiotic stress. These findings suggest that PAEs should not be treated solely as a “human-made pollutant” simply because they have been extensively synthesized and utilized; on the other hand, synthesized PAEs entering the ecosystem might disrupt the metabolic process of certain plant, algal, and microbial communities. Therefore, further studies are required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms and ecological consequences.

Detection Bioactive Metabolites of Fructobacillus fructosus Strain HI-1 Isolated from Honey Bee's Digestive Tract Against Paenibacillus larvae.

American foulbrood is a devastating disease of honey bee, causing economic loss in the beekeeping industry. The disease mainly causes reduction in honeybee populations which negatively affect the honey bee's major role as natural pollinators of significant crops and wildflowers. Thus, it is crucial to develop safe efficient strategies to control the disease and to improve bee colony health. Using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as an alternative to chemical treatments is a promising novel technique for tackling honeybee diseases and improving their immunity. The endogenous LAB isolates were recovered from honeybee gut samples collected from different apiaries in two Egyptian governorates and screened for antagonistic activities against Paenibacillus larvae (pathogen of AFB disease). The results showed that 53.3% of tested LAB isolates (n = 120) exhibited antagonistic activities against P. larvae. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the most potent LAB isolate (with an inhibition zone of 44 mm) were 100 and 125 µL/mL, respectively. 16S rRNA sequencing identified the most potent isolate as Fructobacillus fructosus HI-1. The bioactive metabolites of F. fructosus were extracted with ethyl acetate and fractionated on thin-layer chromatography (TLC); also, bioactive fractions were detected. Heptyl 2-methylbutyrate, di-isobutyl phthalate, D-turanose, heptakis (trimethylsilyl), di-isooctyl phthalate, and hyodeoxycholic acid compounds were identified in the bioactive fractions. The result explores the promising administration of probiotic metabolites to control honeybee AFB disease, as a natural tool to substitute antibiotics and chemicals in disease-controlling strategies.

Isolation, characterization and optimization of chrysene degradation using bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated water.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are uncharged, non-polar molecules generated from natural and anthropogenic activities, where the emissions from anthropogenic activities predominate. Chrysene is a high molecular weight PAH, which is found to be highly recalcitrant and mutagenic in nature. The aim of this study was to isolate chrysene-degrading microorganisms from oil-contaminated water and to enhance their degradative conditions using design expert. From the various samples collected, 19 bacterial strains were obtained through enrichment culture and the one which showed highest activity was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus halotolerans. Under optimum conditions of 100 mg/L chrysene concentration, 1,000 mg/L nitrogen source, and pH 6, B. halotolerans exhibited 90% chrysene degradation on sixth day. Positive results for the enzymes laccase and catechol 1,2 dioxygenase confirmed the ability for chrysene degradation by the isolated strain. Major metabolic intermediate determined in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis was diisooctyl phthalate. Hence it can be concluded that B. halotolerans can be a promising candidate for the removal of high molecular weight (HMW) hydrocarbons from contaminated environments.

GC-MS Analysis and <i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extracts and Different Fractions of Moringa Oleifera Pods

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) has been known as a medicinal plant. The objectives of this study is to identify the chemical compositions of M. oleifera pods extracts and to evaluate its total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. The methodology of this study began with the collection of the pod's sample, drying and grinding the pods into powdered form. M. oleifera pods extracts were prepared by using methanol (MeOH), hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) solvent which yielded respective residues. All extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify its chemical compositions. Major compound found in hexane, DCM, EtOAc, and MeOH extracts were nonanoic acid (30.94 %), diisooctyl phthalate (89.45 %), benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy- (37.57 %) and octanoic acid (19.19 %), respectively. The TPC quantification was done via Folin-Ciocalteu method showed that EtOAc extract has the highest phenols content with 500.05 mg GAE/g. Generally, all extract contain moderate phenolic content. M. oleifera pods extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Hexane, DCM and EtOAc extracts exhibited good free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 65.79 μg/mL, 74.93 μg/mL and 82.83 μg/mL, respectively. MeOH showed the lowest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 529.6 μg/mL. However, antioxidant activity of all extracts was low compared to standard, ascorbic acid (AA) with IC50 of 19.57 μg/mL. The presence of various bioactive constituents in the M. oleifera pods extracts might contributed to the antioxidant activity of the plant.

Oral Acute Toxicity, Influence on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and in Vivo Anti-Salmonellosis Effect of Zizyphus Lotus (L.) and Ruta Chalepensis (L.) Essential Oils

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of Z. lotus (ZL) and R. chalepensis (RC) Essential Oils (EOs), the oral acute toxicity, influence on the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, and the in vivo anti-salmonellosis effect. Materials and Methods: The EOs were isolated using the steam distillation process, and bioactive components were identified by GC-MS analysis. Oral acute toxicity, influence on the GI flora composition, and the anti-salmonellosis effect were elucidated using in vivo methods on experimental animals. Results: The GC-MS allowed us to identify 33 and 58 components in Z. lotus and R. chalepensis, respectively. Di-isooctyl phthalate (89.857%) was found to be the major compound identified in ZL. The main compounds in RC were 2-undecanone (26.528 %) followed by 2-nonanone (13.404 %). The LD50 of EOs was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Also, no negative influence to intestinal microbiota was detected. An important decrease in S. enterica ssp arizonae cells achieving a bactericidal effect was recorded in rats treated with the EOs of both plants at a dose of 400 mg/kg. In parallel, an important significant (p <0.05) increase in lymphocyte number was observed for all tested animals. A decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed. Furthermore, a reduced blood sedimentation rate (ESR) was recorded in treated animals. Conclusions: The Z. lotus and R. chalepensis act effectively as anti-salmonellosis agents, which support the use of these plants to cure gastrointestinal infections.

Application of Immobilized Laccase on Polyurethane Foam for Ex-Situ Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bioremediation

There is growing concern about developing treatment technologies for the hazardous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), because the rising levels of these compounds in the environment by human activities. The application of laccases has been evaluated as one of the most promising treatments. Thus, laccase immobilization on polyurethane foam (PUF)—low-cost material—was evaluated for bioremediation in batch mode of simulated groundwater using a combination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model pollutants. Conditions closer to a real contaminated site (non-optimal) were considered on our experimental design, leading to the formation of new degradation intermediaries, even more degraded than the usual ones. The bioremediation of PAH (mg L−1) using immobilized laccase on PUF reached 92.35% of removal for anthracene (Ant) and 97% for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). After the treatment, the biodegradation products were identified as diisooctyl phthalate and tetradecane. The biodegradation mechanism was proposed, where PAHs oxidation processes and aromatic ring fission led to quinone and diethyl phthalate formation. Then, through the latter processes besides, polymerization and methylation, lead to the identified biodegradation product formation. The immobilized enzyme improvement in the removal yield of 8 of the other 14 PAHs tested in μg L−1, compared to the free counterpart. Laccase immobilized on PUF achieved final anthracene concentration of 0.95 mg L−1, up to 38 μg L−1 of chrysene (77% removal) and 98 μg L−1 of pyrene (32% removal), under the intervention limits of environmental protection policies. Thus, laccase immobilized on PUF for use in bioreactors can be considered a potential approach for PAHs bioremediation for an ex-situ treatment.

Production of Volatile Organic Compounds of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Coinoculation with the Metabolites of Chaetomium globosum

e present study focused on divulging the effect of 15 and 30 days old culture filtrates of Chaetomium globosum on the mycelial growth and toxin production of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The cell-free culture (CFC) filtrate of C. globosum was inoculated in the liquid medium of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The results revealed that mycelial growth was reduced in the CFC filtrate of C. globosum inoculated medium compared to control (pathogen alone). The mycelial dry weight of the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was 0.864g in fifteen days old CFC filtrate followed by 30 days old CFC filtrate of C. globosum (1.374g) amended medium. Metabolites from the CFC filtrate and control were extracted separately using chloroform followed by ethyl acetate and the extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analyses showed that methyl ester group was present in 15 days old culture filtrate condensate compared to 30 days old CFC. The compounds are methyl tetradecanoate, octadecanoic acid, methyl ester, and DL-Proline, 5-oxo-, methyl ester. Thirty days old culture filtrate condensate of C. globosum contained more phenol groups like phenol 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) at 17.62 RT followed by diisooctyl phthalate, 17-pentatriacontene, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3a,5a) and bicycle [4.1.0]heptanes,-3-cyclopropyl,-7-hydroxymethyl,trans. Metabolites of F. o. f. sp. lycopersici were also characterized by GC-MS, which showed very few volatile compounds like methyl tetradecanone , oleic acid, eicosyl ester, methyl stearate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. These compounds were not detected in co-inoculation of 15 and 30 days old CFC filtrate of C. globosum and F. o. f. sp. lycopersici. The difference in the volatile profile may be due to the effect of the metabolites of C. globosum on F. o. f.sp. lycopersici.