Phytochemical, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris L., Typha domingensis Pers., and Ricinus communis L.: Scientific Evidences for Folkloric Uses.

Asaad Khalid,Sadique A Javed,Shahnaz Sultana,Husham E Homeida,Alanood S Algarni,Zia Ur Rehman,Mohammed Albratty,Hassan A Alhazmi,Hana Abdalla,Ashraf N Abdalla

doi:10.1155/2022/6519712

Abstract

Many medicinal plants have been utilized for centuries despite the lack of scientific evidence of their therapeutic effects. This study evaluated the phytochemical and dual biological profiling, namely, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, of three plant species, namely, Tribulus terrestris L., Typha domingensis Pers., and Ricinus communis L., in order to explore potential relationships (if any) with their ethnopharmacological uses. GC-MS was used to achieve phytochemical screening of two plant extracts (T. terrestris and T. domingensis). The primary chemicals detected in varying amounts in both extracts were siloxane derivatives, fatty acid esters, diisooctyl phthalate, phytosterol, and aromatic acid esters. According to the findings, the major component detected in both extracts was 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and diisooctyl ester (antibacterial and antifungal). T. domingensis contained a low level of benzoic acid, methyl ester (antibacterial). Both extracts included stigmasterol and sitosterol, as well as six different forms of fatty acid esters. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, thyroid inhibitor, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been described. Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), human ovary adenocarcinoma (A2780), and human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29), as well as normal human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC5), all showed cytotoxic activity. The most potent activity against A2780 cells was seen in T. terrestris and T. domingensis extracts (IC50: 3.69 and 5.87 g/mL, respectively). R. communis was more active against MCF7 cells (1.52 μg/mL) followed by A2780 and HT29 cells, respectively. R. communis showed a dose-dependent clonogenic effect against MCF7 cells. The antibacterial activity of all three plant extracts was tested against three standard Gram-positive, four standard Gram-negative, and two clinical bacterial strains. Among the three extracts examined, T. terrestris was the most effective, followed by R. communis, and finally, T. domingensis plant extract was effective against various isolated bacteria. This study, interestingly, sheds light on the bioactive components found in plant extracts that can be utilized for cytotoxic and antibacterial purposes.

Highlights

Tribulus terrestris is an annual plant mainly found in subtropical and Mediterranean regions such as China, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Australia, and Europe [1, 2]. e fruits and roots of T. terrestris have been used as a folk medicine for many years. e fruits are used in traditional medicine in many countries, including India in Ayurvedic medicines, China in traditional Chinese medicines, and Bulgaria
A wide range of constituents displaying several pharmacological activities with diverse chemical structures has been isolated from T. terrestrisextracts. ese compounds belong to different classes, including steroidal saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, amino acids, amide derivatives, and proteins
Different siloxane derivatives were present in both extracts in different concentrations (6.32% in T. domingensis). ese derivatives are reported to be important in personal care products such as hair and skincare, antiperspirants, and deodorants. eir antibacterial, antifungal [28], insecticidal, antimicrobial [36, 37], and preservative properties [27] have been reported

Summary

Introduction

Tribulus terrestris is an annual plant mainly found in subtropical and Mediterranean regions such as China, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Australia, and Europe [1, 2]. e fruits and roots of T. terrestris have been used as a folk medicine for many years. e fruits are used in traditional medicine in many countries, including India in Ayurvedic medicines, China in traditional Chinese medicines, and Bulgaria. E fruits are used in traditional medicine in many countries, including India in Ayurvedic medicines, China in traditional Chinese medicines, and Bulgaria. For the last few years, herbal pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts from T. terrestris have been available in several countries due to a wide range of pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, improvement in sexual function, and cardio-protective activities [2, 3]. Several pharmaceutical preparations containing T. terrestris extract with mainly steroidal saponins are available worldwide. Ese preparations are primarily used to manage libido disorders in both men and women and other male sexual disorders; data regarding the efficacy of the extracts in such conditions are not concrete. T. terrestris has been traditionally used in India and China to manage several conditions, mainly for the improvement of sexual functions and prevention and to cure diabetes and cardiovascular disorders

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