Dextrose Saline Research Articles

The Effect of Dextrose Hypotonic vs Saline Hydration on Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male and Female Rats.

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) as a cytotoxic agent might cause various side effects. Hyperhydration has been implemented as the major strategy to decrease the potential risk of toxicities induced by HDMTX. This study aims to assess the renoprotective effect of hydration with dextrose water (DW) 5% versus normal saline (N/S) 0.9% against methotrexate (MTX) induced nephrotoxicity. This experimental animal study has been conducted on 36 Wistar rats (200-250 g) categorized into six groups, including male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) rats receiving sodium chloride 0.9% saline plus MTX, DW 5% plus MTX, or MTX alone. By the fifth day after the MTX injection, biochemical indexes were measured. The rats were also sacrificed and renal specimens were evaluated microscopically to determine kidney tissue damage (KTD). The groups were not significantly different with regard to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P = 0.5), creatinine (Cr) (P = 0.24), kidney weight (P = 0.34), and urine flow (UF) (P = 0.5), while KTD score was remarkably less in the hydrated groups (P < 0.001). Weight loss in DW-treated rats was significantly more than N/S-treated ones, and creatinine clearance (CrCl) and urine load (UL) of Cr were statistically similar between males and females in the control group, but significantly lower among the DW5% treated males. Based on the findings of this study, hydration with N/S was superior to DW5% for the prevention from HDMTX-induced nephrotoxicity. Besides, we found insignificant differences between male versus female rats in response to the hydration for HDMTX-induced renoprotection; however, females probably benefit more.

Acute Intermittent Porphyria: Flaccid Quadriplegia and Encephalopathy due to Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)

A deficiency of the enzyme HMB Hydroxymethylbilane synthase function, also known as porphobilinogen deaminase, leads to the emergence of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). AIP is an uncommon form of hepatic porphyria inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. We present a case involving a young girl who experienced a sudden onset of quadriparesis, a severe neurological condition that necessitated ventilator support due to respiratory distress. Her condition was consistent with motor axonal neuropathy, which is a characteristic feature of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP). During her last hospital admission, she developed new-onset generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and MRI findings at that time indicated the presence of hyperintense lesions in the posterior parietal region, likely attributed to Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES). To manage her symptoms, she received Dextrose saline due to the elevated levels of urinary porphobilinogen. This case underscores the significance of recognizing two alarming complications associated with porphyria, namely PRES and acute motor axonal neuropathy. Despite an appropriate and timely diagnosis, our efforts were unsuccessful in averting these complications. The unavailability of Hematin, a vital treatment for acute porphyria attacks, was the primary reason for her unfortunate demise.

Delivery of Dead Foetus by Episiotomy in an Indigenous Cow

The presented case of dystocia with history of protrusion of ear of foetus outside the vulva of cow was diagnosed by physical examination and successful removal of dead foetus was done per vaginally by episiotomy operation. Foetal membranes were expelled two hours after removal of dead foetus and post operative management was done by antibiotic, analgesic, vitamin B complex, dextrose saline injection and intra uterine ecbolic administration for 05 days. Animal recovered eventually and suture was removed 14 days post conduction of episiotomy operation.

Dysnatremia and subsequent sodium level changes following various intravenous treatments in infants with acute gastroenteritis.

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of electrolyte imbalance in infants. We aimed to determine the frequency of and factors associated with dysnatremia at presentation and establish the ideal intravenous treatment scheme. The records of hospitalized infants aged 1-12months with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis between January 2017 and March 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Factors associated with dysnatremia at presentation were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Subsequent sodium levels 4-24h after intravenous fluid treatments, which were categorized into 2 groups, were determined in the subgroup of infants with normal sodium levels at presentation. A total of 347 infants with a median age of 8.0 (5.0-10.0) months were included. The frequency of dysnatremia at presentation was 14% (hyponatremia 12% and hypernatremia 2.0%). Severe dehydration was associated with dysnatremia at presentation (p = 0.048). Among 68 infants with normal sodium levels at presentation, the median sodium change was highest in the 5% dextrose in saline group, with changes of + 3 (0.5-5) and + 1 (- 2 to 2) mmol/L in infants who received 5% dextrose in saline and 5% dextrose in 1/3-1/2 saline, respectively (p = 0.001). Four out of 47 infants (8.5%) developed hyponatremia while receiving 5% dextrose in 1/3-1/2 saline. None of those who received 5% dextrose in saline developed subsequent dysnatremia. Conclusion:The frequency of dysnatremia at presentation among infants with acute gastroenteritis was 14%. Severe dehydration was associated with dysnatremia at presentation, so electrolyte levels need to be assessed in these patients. The use of isotonic solution did not promote acquired dysnatremia. This study supports once more that current guidelines recommending isotonic solution for children, and, especially, infant rehydration, are important also for infants in Thailand. What is Known: • There were a wide variation in the incidence of dysnatremia at presentation in children with acute gastroenteritis in previous pediatric series. • The AAP guidelines recommend using isotonic solution in children with acute illness from 28days to 18years of age to prevent acquired hyponatremia. What is New: • The incidence of dysnatremia at presentation in infants with acute gastroenteritis was 14% (hyponatremia 12% and hypernatremia 2.0%). • The use of isotonic solution did not promote acquired dysnatremia in infants with acute gastroenteritis.

Powerful and fast nanostructure electrochemical sensor for monitoring of carbidopa catechol-based drug in water and biological fluids

Herein, to monitor the concentration of carbidopa in an aqueous solution, an analytical approach based on electrode surface modification by Pt/SWCNTs as a sensor has been proposed. Pt/SWCNTs was synthesized by polyol strategy and characterized by the TEM method. Results confirmed spherical Pt nanoparticles with a diameter of about 10 nm decorated at the surface of SWCNTs with good distribution. The carbon paste electrode modified (CPEM) with Pt/SWCNTs was fabricated by mixing 12% of nanocomposite as an optimum condition with graphite powder in the presence of paraffin oil as a binder. Carbidopa's oxidation signal was enhanced by about 2.73 times when using the CPEM/Pt/SWCNTs, and its oxidation potential was decreased by about 110 mV. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated a linear dynamic range of 1.0 nM–120 M with a detection limit of 0.5 nM at pH = 7.0 as the ideal condition for monitoring carbidopa. Therefore, carbidopa in water and dextrose saline can be detected using CPEM/Pt/SWCNTs with an acceptable recovery range.

Comparative study between ketamine versus betamethasone gargles in attenuating post-operative sore throat after endotracheal intubation

: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a commonly encountered side effect which causes patient discomfort after airway instrumentation during general anesthesia (GA). This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of preop­erative gargling with Ketamine, a NMDA receptor an­tagonist and Betamethasone gargles, a steroidal anti inflammatory drug in reducing POST in patients being intubated for surgery under GA. This was a randomized, single blinded, prospective study conducted after obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee approval. 90 patients undergoing surgery under GA with endotracheal intubation were enrolled in the study after obtaining written informed consent from all. They were further divided into 3 groups; group B, group K and group C who received Betamethasone gargles, Ketamine gargles and Dextrose Saline gargles respectively, 5 minutes before GA. Results obtained were compared statistically by using Kruskal-Wallis test, which showed significant difference between median POST grading. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical intergroup analysis. There was no statistical difference among groups as far as age, height, weight by using ANOVA test; p value &amp;#62; 0.05. Age of patients varied between 16-60 years in three groups. The severity of sore throat were noticeably reduced after Ketamine, Betamethasone gargles in group K and group B (p &amp;#60; 0.05) as compared to group C when statistically analysed by Mann-Whitney U test. But Betamethasone gargles in group B patients more efficiently reduced the incidence, severity of sore throat compared to Ketamine gargles (p&amp;#60;0.05) during postoperative period. The incidence &amp; severity of POST decreased with use of pre-operative Ketamine gargles or Betamethasone gargles during post-operative period in patients with tracheal intubation. The Betamethasone gargles were more effective than Ketamine gargles in reducing the incidence, severity of POST.

Efficacy of soursop juice extender on rooster semen quality, oxidative activity and spermatozoa kinematics.

African medicinal plant like soursop (Annona muricate L.) within annonaceae are known for their biological, therapeutic, and pharmacological properties with little or no toxicity. The use of such plant requires good knowledge of the toxicity dosage, purity, suitable extraction solvent and adverse effects. The leaves, seeds, fruits, barks, and roots of African medicinal plants have been used for various nutraceuticals and functional effects according to African folk medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the semen quality, oxidative activity and spermatozoa kinematics of rooster semen in soursop juice extender. About 30 roosters were used for the in vitro analysis. Semen was collected twice a week for 2 weeks through dorsal-abdominal massage technique. The evaluation was done hourly until semen quality declined at the 5th-hour. The pooled semen was allotted to seven treatments of semen extenders as undiluted semen, dextrose saline, 10% soursop juice extender, 20% soursop juice extender, 30% soursop juice extender, 40% soursop juice extender, and 50% soursop juice extender for the study. The percentage motility, progressive motility, nonprogressive motility, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, straight line velocity, linearity, straightness, amplitude of lateral head, beat cross frequency and wobble were analyzed using computer aided sperm analysis. Oxidative status (antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation) was determined by assay. Result of rooster semen at room temperature and after 1-hour dilution showed that percentage motility, nonprogressive motility, and average path velocity were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by different soursop juice extenders compared to undiluted semen. After 2-hour dilution of rooster semen, nonprogressive motility, average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, wobble, liveability and amplitude of lateral head parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by different soursop juice extenders compared to undiluted semen. Antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in both room temperature and after 5-hour dilution were affected by different soursop juice extenders in rooster semen. In conclusion, supplementation of soursop juices as an extender to rooster undiluted semen played an improvement role on spermatozoa fertility and oxidative status during processing or preserving ejaculates for insemination.

Monitoring of Promazine in Injection and Dextrose Saline Samples Using Electrochemical Tool Based on Amplified Nanostructure Sensor

Monitoring of Promazine in Injection and Dextrose Saline Samples Using Electrochemical Tool Based on Amplified Nanostructure Sensor

Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensor for Epinine Determination Amplified with MgO/CNTs Nanocomposite and Ionic Liquid

Background:Catecholamines are a large group of pharmacological and biological compounds that are widely used in biological systems. These compounds are prepared both naturally and synthetically with many key roles in the human body and its activities. Therefore, many researchers focused on the identification and determination of catecholamines in biological samples.Methods:MgO/SWCNTs were synthesized through the chemical precipitation method. In addition, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometric methods were used for the electro-oxidation reaction study of epinine at the surface of the modified electrode.Results:Carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with MgO/SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (BMMS) was used as an electrochemical sensor for the determination of epinine. The results showed a linear dynamic range of 5.0 nM-250 μM with a detection limit of 0.1 nM for epinine determination using MgO/SWCNTs/BMMS/CPE as a sensor.Conclusion:In the present study, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was designed and fabricated as an analytical tool for the determination of epinine. MgO/SWCNTs/BMMS/CPE was successfully used for the determination of epinine in water and dextrose saline with an acceptable recovery range of 98.7%-102.72%.

Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Diabetic Patient Treated with SGLT2 Inhibitor

Abstract Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life - threatening complication and must be diagnosed and treated promptly and aggressively. The classic triad of DKA is: Hyperglycemia (blood glucose (BG) > 250 mg/dl: Anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.30 and bicarbonate < 18 mEq/L): And ketonemia. With Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the sodium - glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), DKA can occur with BG levels below 200 mg/dl and has been defined as euglycemic DKA (EuDKA). Due to the absence of hyperglycemia, the diagnosis of EuDKA is challenging and often delayed. This 60-year-old diabetic male, treated with empagliflozin and pioglitazone, presented with diarrhea and abdominal pain which started 20 days ago. He was admitted with dehydration and diagnosis of colitis. On admission laboratory evaluation revealed metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap of 18mEq/L, bicarbonate of 19 mEq/L, and BG of 146 mg/dL. There was no history of ingestion of alcohol, salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol and nothing to suggest lactic acidosis. The plasma creatinine was 0.79 mg/dl. On the following day, he developed an increase in the anion gap to 22 mEq/L and further decrease in bicarbonate to 13 mEq/L, and serum ketones were detected. The patient was treated for EuDKA in ICU with intravenous insulin, dextrose (to prevent hypoglycemia), and normal saline with resolution of his symptoms and EuDKA in 3 days. With the widespread use of SGLT2i, physicians need to have a high suspicion of EuDKA in patients who present with an unexplained anion gap acidosis without or only modest elevation in BG concentration.

Electrochemical determination of epirubicin in the presence of topotecan as essential anti-cancer compounds using paste electrode amplified with Pt/SWCNT nanocomposite and a deep eutectic solvent

Epirubicin (EP) and topotecan (TP) are two major anti-cancer compounds for the treatment of breast cancer with serious side effects. Hence herein, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) amplified with Pt/SWCNT nanocomposite and a deep eutectic solvent (CPE/DES/Pt-SWCNT) were proposed as an analytical tool for the monitoring of EP in the presence of TP in the real samples. Amplification of sensor was improve EP oxidation signal about 2.73 times. Under the optimized conditions, EP determined by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique with linear dynamic range of 0.001–500 μM with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 nM. The CPE/DES/Pt-SWCNT offered influential ability for monitoring of EP in injection and dextrose saline samples with a recovery range of 97.4%–104.9%.

Hydration with Mannitol and Dextrose May Promote Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Test of Five Protocols of Hydration during Cisplatin Therapy in Rat Models.

Backgrounds Cisplatin (CP) still is a novel choice for solid tumor therapy, but it is accompanied with the side effect of nephrotoxicity. Hydration may reduce the risk of CP-induced nephrotoxicity, while the issue is still challenging. In this study, five types of hydration protocols including saline, mannitol, dextrose saline, saline plus furosemide, and saline plus mannitol were examined in both sexes of rats during CP therapy. Methods Seventy-six male and female Wistar rats in 14 groups of experiments were subjected to CP therapy, and five types of hydration protocols were implemented, and the induced nephrotoxicity was evaluated via biochemical markers, kidney function parameters, and pathology investigation. Results Male and female rats had different responses to hydration protocol types. The higher mortality rate was seen in female rats that received mannitol or dextrose hydration types. In addition, the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) and sodium excretion fraction (ENa%) increased and the clearance of Cr (ClCr) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in female rats hydrated with saline plus furosemide or mannitol plus saline-treated groups. The worsened condition in male rats is observed in the mannitol hydration group with a significant decrease of ClCr and significant increase of serum BUN and Cr and ENa% (P < 0.05). The higher kidney tissue damage score (KTDS) in the mentioned groups verified the findings. Conclusion Hydration with mannitol or dextrose promotes the risk of nephrotoxicity during CP therapy with more intensity on the female.

Comparative Study of Children's' Blood Sugar in Fluid Therapy with Dextrose Saline, Ringer and Normal Saline 0.9% Serums and its Relationship with Depth of Anesthesia in Elective Surgery

Background: This study was aimed to determine the children's' blood sugar level in fluid therapy with DSS (dextrose saline serum), RS (ringer serum) and NS 0.9% serums (normal saline 0.9%) and its relationship with the depth of anesthesia in elective surgery.&#x0D; Method: This double-blind experimental study was performed with 90 children referred to the surgical ward, including: group A (receiving DSS), group B (receiving NS 0.9%) and group C (receiving RS) that the blood sugar of each group in 5 steps was measured: half an hour before induction of anesthesia, during induction of anesthesia, half and one hour after induction of anesthesia and after complete awakening in recovery. In addition, the monitoring the vital signs, measuring depth of anesthesia, pulse oximetry and electrocardiogram were performed for all groups.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the mean blood sugar in the 5 steps measured had a significant difference in three groups under study (P &lt;0.05). The mean blood sugar in the group receiving DSS was significantly higher than the two groups receiving RS and NS 0.9%. Also the mean depth of anesthesia in three groups did not show a significant difference.&#x0D; Conclusion: Finally, according to this study, the use of DSS from the beginning of anesthesia, RS half an hour after the start of anesthesia and NS 0.9% one hour after the start of anesthesia can increase blood sugar in children. Therefore, the use of DSS is not recommended due to the stressful nature of anesthesia and operating room and the possibility of hyperglycemia.

Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Diabetic Patient Treated with SGLT2 Inhibitor

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life - threatening complication and must be diagnosed and treated promptly and aggressively. The classic triad of DKA is hyperglycemia (Blood Glucose (BG) &gt;250mg/dl; anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH &lt;7.30 and bicarbonate &lt;18mEq/L); and ketonemia. With Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the sodium - glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), DKA can occur with BG levels below 200mg/dl and has been defined as Euglycemic DKA (EuDKA). Due to the absence of hyperglycemia, the diagnosis of EuDKA is challenging and often delayed. This 60-year-old diabetic male, treated with Empagliflozin and pioglitazone, presented with diarrhea and abdominal pain, which started 20 days ago. He was admitted with dehydration and diagnosis of colitis. On admission laboratory evaluation revealed metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap of 18mEq/L, bicarbonate of 19mEq/L, and BG of 146mg/dL. There was no history of ingestion of alcohol, salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol and nothing to suggest lactic acidosis. The plasma creatinine was 0.79mg/dl. On the following day, he developed an increase in the anion gap to 22mEq/L and further decrease in bicarbonate to 13mEq/L, and serum ketones were detected. The patient was treated for EuDKA in ICU with intravenous insulin, dextrose (to prevent hypoglycemia), and normal saline with resolution of his symptoms and EuDKA in 3 days. With the widespread use of SGLT2i, physicians need to have a high suspicion of EuDKA in patients who present with an unexplained anion gap acidosis without or only modest elevation in BG concentration.

Long-term stability of 10 mg/mL dobutamine injectable solutions in 5% dextrose and normal saline solution stored in polypropylene syringes and cyclic-oleofin-copolymer vials

ObjectiveDobutamine is an inotropic agent given to patients with low cardiac output or undergoing cardiac surgery in intensive care units. Routine clinical care protocols recommend a target dilution concentration of...

Comparative Clinical Effects of Early Pharyngostomy Alimentation and Intravenous Fluid Infusion following Oesophageal Transection and Anastomosis in Nigerian Breeds of Dogs

Twelve adult Nigerian breeds of dogs were used to compare the clinical responses of dogs alimented through pharyngostomy tubes (PGTs) with those maintained on intravenous infusion (50:50 mixture of Ringers lactate and 5% dextrose saline) during the first 14 days following oesophageal transection and anastomosis (OTA). The dogs were assigned to two groups (n=6), the pharyngostomy tube (PGT) group and the intravenous fluid infusion (IVF) group (n=6). Dogs in both groups underwent routine OTA. The PGT group was fed blanched processed dog food at 70g/kg body weight for 14 days through PGTs, while the IVF group was maintained on intravenous fluids at a dose of 70 mL/kg body weight daily also for 14 days post operatively. The postoperative complications observed in both groups showed that the mortality rate in the IVF group (83.3%) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than in the PGT group (16.7%). Vomiting and leakages at the site of oesophageal anastomosis did not differ significantly between the groups. Cervical swelling was observed in two dogs (33.3%) in the IVF group, while tenesmus and displacement of the tubes were recorded in 66.6% and 100% respectively of the dogs in the PGT group. It is concluded that feeding dogs which had undergone OTA through PGTs during the immediate postoperative period reduces their morbidity and mortality; and shortens the recovery period when compared with similar dogs maintained solely on intravenous fluids.&#x0D; Keywords: Oesophageal, Transection, Anastomosis, Pharyngostomy, Complications, Morbidity, Mortality.

A New Electrochemical Platform for Dasatinib Anticancer Drug Sensing Using Fe3O4-SWCNTs/Ionic Liquid Paste Sensor.

A new electrochemical platform was suggested for the sensing of the dasatinib (DA) anticancer drug based on paste electrode modification (PE) amplified with Fe3O4-SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (mim-BF4−). The new platform showed a linear dynamic range from 0.001–220 µM with a detection limit of 0.7 nM to determine DA at optimal condition. Electrochemical investigation showed that the redox reaction of DA is relative to changing the pH of solution. Moreover, Fe3O4-SWCNTs/mim-BF4−/PE has improved the oxidation current of DA about 5.58 times which reduced its oxidation potential by about 120 mV at optimal condition. In the final step, Fe3O4-SWCNTs/mim-BF4−/PE was used as an analytical platform to determine the DA in tablets and a dextrose saline spike sample, and the results showed recovery data 99.58–103.6% which confirm the powerful ability of the sensor as an analytical tool to determine the DA in real samples.

Potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) to maintain oxidative stability of rooster semen for artificial insemination.

Fruits with antioxidant enrichment can be an economically affordable supplement for mitigating oxidative damage prone spermatozoa membrane pathologies. Computer-assisted sperm analyzer and oxidative status were utilized to evaluate the impact of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fortification of dextrose saline as diluent for rooster semen and fertility response of hens inseminated. Watermelon juice and dextrose saline were used to formulate diluent of 7 treatments consisting of unextended semen (positive control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and only dextrose saline (negative control) designated as Treatments 1–7. Pooled semen was obtained from fertile roosters and equilibrated with diluents at ratio 1:2 in the various treatments and were evaluated using computer software coupled microscope and seminal oxidative status assay. 168 laying hens randomly divided into 7 treatment of 8 replicates and 3 hen per replicate. Hen were everted, and semen (2 × 108 Spermatozoa) deposited intra-vagina and eggs collected over 8 weeks to assess fertility and hatchability of eggs laid. The result obtained revealed that watermelon-dextrose saline rooster semen diluent enhanced progressive motility, sperm kinetics and lowered non-progressive motility in T2–T6 compared to T7 over the 3 hours of evaluation. Watermelon addition to rooster semen diluent enhance the antioxidant capacity of rooster semen and lowered lipid peroxide generation. The percentage fertility was highest in T3 (81.01%) and T4 (81.24%) with lowest value obtained in T7 (73.46%). The hatchability of eggs set of hens inseminated with undiluted semen (71.46%) was lower than values for hens inseminated with watermelon inclusive extended semen (75.71%–80.39%). The optimal inclusion of 30%–40% watermelon in dextrose saline diluent enhance rooster semen kinetics, seminal oxidative stability and egg fertility.

Oxidative status and spermatozoa kinetics of rooster semen in citrus juice-based diluent.

Poultry spermatozoa are prone to oxidative damage and adversely affect their fertility. Bioactive constituents of citrus fruit confer antioxidant enrichment on its juice and are candidates to combat oxidative load in poultry semen. Computer-assisted semen analyser and oxidative status were used to evaluate the potency of two tropical citrus varieties (sweet orange and tangerine) as natural diluents for rooster semen. Fresh and ripe sweet orange and tangerine fruits were obtained and processed into juices using a standard protocol and included in dextrose saline at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% as semen diluent. Semen pool from 30 breeder roosters of 35-40weeks of age was allotted randomly in triplicates to the different fruit juice-dextrose at 1:2 dilution rate and evaluated for 5h at room temperature. Diluted semen, according to treatments, was evaluated for sperm kinetics using a computer-assisted sperm analyser, and seminal plasma was assayed for lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity. The result obtained shows that tangerine and sweet orange juice inclusion significantly (p < 0.05) enhance progressive spermatozoa motility and semen kinetics compared favourably with undiluted semen. The diluents had a proportionate increase in antioxidant activity with juice inclusion at 0h and the antioxidant activity of 40%, 50% and 60% fruit juice-based diluents was higher than undiluted semen at 5h. There was a reduced lipid peroxidation in juice inclusive diluents and increase lipid peroxidation rate in undiluted semen and 0% juice inclusion. In conclusion, tangerine and sweet orange juice inhibit lipid peroxidation in rooster semen and enhance progressive spermatozoa motility and maintain rooster semen kinetics.

The Biochemical parameters in venous blood sampling by direct venipuncture and peripheral intravenous catheter

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the results of some biochemical values in venous blood samples obtained by direct venipuncture (DV) and peripheral venous catheter (PVC).&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 78 hospitalized patients in different wards of Poor-Sina Medical and Educational Center of Rasht in 2017 were divided into three equal groups, including patients who were treated with normal saline and dextrose saline and those who did not receive this solution. Two separate blood samples were obtained from each patient, one from PVC and the other from DV. The levels of sodium, potassium, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured and compared.&#x0D; Results: Difference of PVC with DV in BUN was generally 0.32±3.18 mg/dl; creatinine, sodium and potassium were 0.02±0.12 mg/dl, 1.00±2.49 mEq/L and 0.15±0.48 mEq/L respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two methods in relation to BUN and creatinine (P = 0.377 and P = 0.149, respectively), but significant differences in levels of sodium and potassium were observed between the two blood sampling methods (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively).&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the results of this study and other studies, PVC can be used to measure BUN and creatinine, not so for sodium and potassium. For other parameters, further investigation is needed.