Dextran-induced Paw Edema Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of kaurenol: Experimental evaluation and mechanistic insights.

Kaurenol, a diterpene alcohol found in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (known as "copaiba"), is historically used in traditional medicine for inflammatory conditions. This study aims to comprehensively assess the potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of kaurenol. To this end, the following experiments were conducted to evaluated toxicity: locomotor performance and acute toxicity; nociception: acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced antinociception; and anti-inflammatory activity: carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, and measurement of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in macrophages at 1, 3, and 9 μg/ml. Kaurenol did not show significant locomotor changes, acute toxicity, and central analgesic activity in the first phase of formalin test at dosages tested. Kaurenol showed 53%, 64%, 64%, and 58% of inhibition in the acetic acid-induced writhing, second phase of formalin test, carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity was associated with the regulation of NO release and probably with the regulation of mediators, such as serotonin and prostaglandin in vascular permeability, as well as by being associated with the regulation of IL-6 and IL-10. Kaurenol display anti-inflammatory activity but has no analgesic activity.

Terpinolene inhibits acute responses triggered by different inflammatory agents in vivo models of mouse

The aim of this work was evaluate the effects of terpinolene on acute inflammatory responses in mice. In vivo preclinical research using different inflammatory agents to induce acute responses and evaluate the effects of terpinolene in orally treated mice. The acute inflammatory responses were induced by injecting phlogistic agents in the mice paw to observe the development of pain responses (formalin test) or edema (carrageenan, dextran, histamine, arachidonic acid, and prostaglandin). The antiedematogenic activity was also evaluated using a croton oil-induced ear edema model. Finally, cotton pellet-induced granuloma was used to carry out a preliminary evaluation of terpinolene in a chronic inflammatory model. Topically administered terpinolene (5, 10, and 20 mg/mL) significantly inhibited ear edema development (by 33.82%, 29.63%, and 33,30%, respectively). Following an oral administration, only the highest dose of the monoterpene (200 mg/kg) reduced the licking time of the formalin test in both phases 1 (73.55%) and 2 (96.61%). The carrageenan-induced edema significantly inhibited over time following the oral administration of terpinolene at 50 mg/kg (T1: 47.74%, T2: 54.67%, T3: 48.63%, and T4: 62.99%), 100 mg/kg (T1: 72.86%, T2: 71.03%, T3: 48.63%, and T4: 57.83%), and 200 mg/kg (T1: 43.22%, T2: 34.11%, T3: 36.47%, and T4: 45.20%). On the other hand, only the dose of 200 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction of the dextran-induced paw edema (T1: 51.18%, T2: 60%, T3: 50.92%, and T4: 65.15%). Regarding the participation of inflammatory pathways, the monoterpene (200 mg/kg, p.o.) had little impact on histamine-induced edema, while the edema induced by arachidonic acid was significantly reduced at all time-points (T1: 37.04%, T2: 24.32%, and T3: 35.13%, and T4: 35.53%), which was corroborated by the observation that the compound inhibited the response triggered by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suggesting interference with downstream signaling cascades. Finally, terpinolene (200 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced both the weight (21.43%) and total protein content (36.21%) of the cotton pellet-induced granuloma, indicating an anti-inflammatory activity in this chronic model. Terpinolene inhibited acute inflammatory responses and reduced granuloma development in vivo, possibly by interfering with the tissue changes orchestrated by inflammatory mediators such as histamine and PGE2. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this pharmacological observation need to be confirmed by further research.

Preclinical Rodent Models of Arthritis and Acute Inflammation Indicate Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Juglans regia Extracts.

Juglans regia has been used to treat inflammatory and arthritic disorders in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic leaves extract of J. regia. Arthritis was induced in rodents with Freund's complete adjuvant. J. regia treatment was started on 8th day of arthritis induction and sustained for 20 days. Acute inflammatory models were developed using carrageenan, histamine, serotonin, and dextran. Qualitative and GC-MS analyses were also performed. Arthritis was determined using an arthritis scoring index and histopathological examination of ankle joints. RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2) and anti-inflammatory IL-4. PGE2 levels were evaluated using an ELISA. Blood and biochemical parameters were also determined. Paw edema was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Treatment with extracts inhibited arthritic development and attenuated paw edema along with all histopathological parameters. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 were downregulated, while IL-4 was upregulated. PGE2 levels were also reduced in extract-treated groups. Blood and biochemical parameters were nearly normalized in the treatment groups. Both extracts significantly inhibited carrageenan, histamine, serotonin, and dextran-induced paw edema. Qualitative phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis confirmed that extracts possessed potential medicinal compounds. In conclusion, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of J. regia leaves have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that ameliorate experimentally induced arthritis and edema. The inhibition of autacoids may also be one of the mechanisms inducing the immunomodulatory effect.

Evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of diosgenin enriched Paris polyphylla rhizome extract of Indian Himalayan landraces

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional medicinal plants have gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent to combat cancer and inflammation. Diosgenin rich fresh extracts of Paris polyphylla rhizome from Indian Himalaya is traditionally used as wound healing, anti-bleeding, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent by the folk healers. Aim of the studyPresent study was aimed to prepare two types of extracts from Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces – 1. ethanolic extract of Paris polyphylla rhizome (EEPPR) and 2. Diosgenin enriched Paris polyphylla rhizome extract (DPPE), quantification of diosgenin content, and to evaluate their in vitro anti-oxidant, in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of the DPPE. Materials and methodsDiosgenin content of EEPPR was quantified through GC-MS while diosgenin content of DPPE was quantified through HPTLC, and the diosgenin yield from EEPPR and DPPE were compared. In vitro antioxidant activities of DPPE were performed using DPPH, NOD, RP and SOD assay while in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of DPPE were evaluated in dextran induced hind paw edema in rats. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activities of DPPE were evaluated in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) and Hep-2 cell lines. ResultsEEPPR obtained through cold extraction method using 70% ethanol showed maximum diosgenin content of 17.90% quantified through GC-MS while similar compounds pennogenin (3.29%), 7β-Dehydrodiosgenin (1.90%), 7-Ketodiosgenin acetate (1.14%), and 7 β-hydroxydiosgenin (0.55%) were detected in low concentration, and thus confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical. However, DPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction with the same solvent (70% ethanol) showed diosgenin content of 60.29% which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the diosgenin content in EEPPR. DPPE demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activities by dose-dependently quenched (p < 0.001) SOD free radicals by 76.66%, followed by DPPH (71.43%), NOD (67.35%), and RP (63.74%) at a max concentration of 2 μg/μl of ascorbic acid and test drugs with remarkable IC50 values (p < 0.01). Further, DPPE also showed potent anti-inflammatory activities by dose-dependently suppressed dextran induced paw edema in rats (p < 0.01) from 2 h to 4 h. DPPE suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Hep-2 and HeLa cell lines. Maximum activity was observed in MCF-7 cells. The DPPE also induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cell lines as measured by AO/PI and DAPI staining, as well as DNA laddering, cell cycle analysis and phosphatidylserine externalization assay. The growth-inhibitory effect of DPPE on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was further confirmed from the colony-formation assay. DPPE upregulated expression of Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 and survivin mRNA transcripts. ConclusionDPPE obtained through both cold and repeated hot extraction using ethanol showed significantly higher content of diosgenin than the diosgenin content detected in EEPPR. However, diosgenin yield of both the extracts (EEPPR & DPPE) clearly confirmed diosgenin as major and lead phytochemical of Paris polyphylla rhizome of Indian Himalayan landraces. Further, DPPE also demonstrated potent in vitro anti-oxidative and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities and showed in vitro cytotoxicity and significant anti-cancer (apoptosis) effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Pharmacological evaluation for anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of polymeric microparticles

The objective of the study was to evaluate anti-bacterial and anti-Inflammatory activities of polymeric microparticles. In vitro antibacterial activity was performed for prepared microparticles followed by in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on rats. From the present study, it was observed that the microparticles developed were appropriate in their shape and uniform size. The topography of SEM studies revealed that, the microparticles were smooth-surfaced. The result of antibacterial activity indicated that the formulation has not exhibited any zone of inhibition against the various strains of bacteria used for this study. The result of anti-inflammatory activity (Dextran induced paw edema) exhibits that, the formulations possess the inhibitory potential for various inflammatory mediators thereby reduces the inflammation in paws. From the results, it can be concluded that Acacia arabica microparticles is showing significant Anti-inflammatory activity after 6 h than conventional dosage form.

Antiedematogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Monoterpene Isopulegol and Its β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Inclusion Complex in Animal Inflammation Models.

Isopulegol (ISO) is an alcoholic monoterpene widely found in different plant species, such as Melissa officinalis, and has already been reported to have a number of pharmacological properties. Like other terpenes, ISO is a highly volatile compound that is slightly soluble in water, so its inclusion into cyclodextrins (CDs) is an interesting approach to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of isopulegol and a β-cyclodextrin–isopulegol inclusion complex (ISO/β-CD) in rodent models. For the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, antiedematogenic plethysmometry and acute (peritonitis and pleurisy), as well as chronic (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) anti-inflammatory models, were used. The docking procedure is used to evaluate, analyze, and predict their binding mode of interaction with H1 and Cox-2 receptors. The animals (n = 6) were divided into groups: ISO and ISO/β-CD, negative control (saline), and positive control (indomethacin and promethazine). ISO and ISO/β-CD were able to reduce acute inflammatory activity by decreasing albumin extravasation, leukocyte migration, and MPO concentration, and reducing exudate levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. ISO and ISO/β-CD significantly inhibited edematogenic activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw edema. Moreover, both significantly reduced chronic inflammatory processes, given the lower weight and protein concentration of granulomas in the foreign body granulomatous inflammation model. The results suggest that the inclusion of ISO in β-cyclodextrins improves its pharmacological properties, with the histamine and prostaglandin pathways as probable mechanisms of inhibition, and also reinforces the anti-inflammatory profile of this terpene.

Anti-inflammatory activity of herb products from Licania rigida Benth.

PurposeThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Licania rigida Benth (EHFLR) on models of systemic inflammation in mice. MethodsThe quantitative chemical profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Systemic anti-inflammatory activity was determined from carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models and the animals were orally treated (p.o.) with EHFLR at doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and promethazine (6 mg/kg) for dextran-induced paw edema. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of the extract were evaluated by the paw edema models induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, and by the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, where vascular permeability and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were evaluated. ResultsThe results of the HPLC identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid (1.16%) and Caempferol (0.81%) as the main constituents. From the results, it was concluded that the extract has an LD50 ≥5000 mg/kg when administered orally in mice as this dose did not trigger deaths in any of the observed groups. EHFLR (25 mg/kg) showed a significant antiderematogenic effect on histamine and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema at the third hour of the tests, with a percentage of inhibition of 46.64% and 18.33%, respectively. The extract (25 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly reduced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. ConclusionsIt is concluded that EHFLR exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory action, which seems to depend, at least in part, on the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and the action of vasoactive amines. In addition, the extract reduced the leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity, indicating that its action may be linked to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Potential of the Stem Barks Aqueous Extract of Albizia ferruginea (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Benth. (Mimosaceae) in Rats and Mice

Aims: The present research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of aqueous extract of Albizia ferruginea stem bark.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology (Animal Physiology Laboratory), Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I. between March 2012 and June 2016.&#x0D; Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyzes were done.The anti-inflammatory effect of the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) was investigated on carrageenan, histamine, serotonin or dextran-induced paw oedema. The analgesic activity was evaluated on acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and tail immersion tests in Swiss albino mice. The antipyretic activity of A. ferruginea extract was assessed on brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia.&#x0D; Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the AEAF revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoïds, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides, tannins and steroids. For quantitative phytochemical analysis, total flavonols represent 0.12±0.04 mg EQT/g dried extract and the total phenol content was 58.69±0.65 mg ECA/g dried extract. The total flavonoids content was 0.18±0.01mg EQT/g dried extract).The total alkaloids presented a grade of 27.45±0.14 mg EBER/g dried extract. Carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin-induced inflammation were significantly inhibited by A. ferruginea’s extract (200 mg/kg), exhibiting 55.47%, 50.26%, 62.88% and 42.59% inhibition, respectively. Acetic acid-induced writhing was significantly reduced by the plant extract. The extract of Albizia ferruginea (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the second phase of formalin test. The analgesic tests revealed that A. ferruginea had only peripheral analgesic effect. Additionally, the plant’s extract prevented brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.&#x0D; Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that A. ferruginea’s aqueous extract has anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic properties and this strongly supports the ethnopharmacological uses.

Anti-Inflammation Effect of Small Molecule Oligopeptides Prepared from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs). For the anti-inflammatory activity, dextran-induced paw edema and granuloma models were used in Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g, 12 weeks old, n = 10). Rats were treated orally with GOPs (0, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for prophylaxis. In the granuloma model, the levels of NO, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-β, and interleukin IL-10 in serum were evaluated. In addition, in the edema model, the level of TNF-α, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and the platelet activating factor (RAF) in paw tissue were detected. PCR assessed the effect of GOPs on the expression of MAPK and NF-κB. The results showed that oral administration of GOPs inhibited inflammation caused by cotton pellet and dextran. GOPs significantly inhibited the edema formation via MAPK and NF-κB. These findings suggested that GOPs have a beneficial effect on acute and chronic inflammation, and the mechanism possibly mediated by inhibiting gene expression involved in inflammation and downregulating inflammatory mediators.

Acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methanolic extract of Rotula aquatica roots in Wistar rats

BackgroundThe plant Rotula aquatica Lour. was traditionally well known due to its large number of pharmacological action and medicinal uses. The plant is a necessary component of many Ayurvedic drug preparations since historical times. It is widely used as a crucial ancient drug for kidney and bladder stones. ObjectivesThe main objective of the study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and anti inflammatory efficacy of methanolic extract of R.aquatica Lour. in in vivo models. Materials and methodsThe qualitative phytochemical analysis and invitro antioxidant activity of the roots of methanolic extract of R.aquatica Lour. (MERA) was evaluated. The acute toxicity effect of MERA was evaluated with two different doses (550, 2000 mg/kg body weight), were administrated orally to Wistar rats. The rats were observed for sign and symptoms of toxicity and mortality for 14 days. The parameters measured including relative organ weight, blood, biochemical and histopathological parameters of hepatic and renal toxicity. The anti-inflammatory effect of MERA was also evaluated in carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models. ResultsThe phytochemical evaluation of MERA shows the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins, phytosterols, reducing sugars, proteins and terpenoids. The results of in-vitro antioxidant evaluation of MERA reveal its capability to scavenging free radical at a lower concentration. The MERA did not show any visible signs of toxicity up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. The results obtained from our carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema model study also proved the anti-inflammatory effect of MERA in rat model. ConclusionThe result shows the potential of MERA as an anti-inflammatory drug to reduce the signs of inflammation devoid of any toxic effect.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Studies of Hydroalcoholic Extract from the Leaves of Phyllanthus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Poir. and Isolation of 5-O-β-d-Glucopyranosyljusticidin B and Six Other Lignans.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and the antiinflammatory/antinociceptive properties of the hydroalcoholic extract derived from the leaves of Phyllanthus brasiliensis (HEPB) in rodents. A new arylnaphthalene lignan glycoside, 5-O-β-d-glucopyranosyljusticidin B, together with six known lignans, were isolated from HEPB. 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HRMS were used to elucidate the structure of the new compound. HEPB toxicity and antinociceptive activity were evaluated through acute oral toxicity and formalin models in mice, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of HEPB were assessed using carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw edema models in rats. HEPB showed low toxicity. Oral administration of HEPB reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, but not by dextran. HEPB and its fractions from FR6 to FR10 (FR6-10) inhibited the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin-induced linking, demonstrating its antinociceptive activity. These results indicated that lignans from Phyllanthus brasiliensis exerted antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory effects not related to the histaminergic pathway.

Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response.

Lavandula angustifolia is a plant of Lamiaceae family, with many therapeutic properties and biological activities, such as anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil (LEO) on acute inflammatory response. LEO was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods and showed predominance of 1,8-cineole (39.83%), borneol (22.63%), and camphor (22.12%). LEO at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 10 μg/ml did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. Additionally, LEO did not stimulate the leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The LEO topical application at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ear reduced edema formation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and nitric oxide (NO) production in croton oil-induced ear edema model. In carrageenan-induced paw edema model, LEO treatment at doses of 75, 100, and 250 mg/kg reduced edema formation, MPO activity, and NO production. In dextran-induced paw edema model, LEO at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg reduced paw edema and MPO activity. In conclusion, LEO presented anti-inflammatory activity, and the mechanism proposed of LEO seems to be, at least in part, involving the participation of prostanoids, NO, proinflammatory cytokines, and histamine.

The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of albumins from Crotalaria retusa seeds

Seeds of Crotalaria retusa L. are used in popular medicine because of their pharmacological properties. The albumin fraction obtained from its seeds contains lectin, a protein known to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, albumins extracted from C. retusa were investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. The intraperitoneal administration of different doses of albumins (5, 10 or 20mg/kg) significantly inhibited the mice paw edema induced by carrageenan (maximum inhibition rate of 80.9% at four hours, 20mg/kg), and this event was followed by diminishing paw myeloperoxidase measurements. Albumins (20mg/kg) also inhibited neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan. However, no effect was observed in the dextran-induced paw edema and abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid. Moreover, albumins (20mg/kg) significantly reduced the second (inflammatory) phase of the licking time induced by formalin. The detection of heammaglutinating activity against human erythrocytes in albumins evidences the presence of lectin in seeds of C. retusa. Our data showed that seeds of C. retusa had anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties and such activities are probably due to the inhibitory effect on neutrophil migration of lectin present in albumins.

In vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of the semisynthetic (−)-cubebin derivatives (−)-hinokinin and (−)-O-benzylcubebin

(−)-Cubebin (CUB), isolated from seeds of Piper cubeba, was used as starting material to obtain the derivatives (−)-hinokinin (HK) and (−)-O-benzyl cubebin (OBZ). Using paw edema as the experimental model and different chemical mediators (prostaglandin and dextran), it was observed that both derivatives were active in comparison with both negative (5% Tween® 80 in saline) and positive (indomethacin) controls. The highest reduction in the prostaglandin-induced edema was achieved by OBZ (66.0%), while HK caused a 59.2% reduction. Nonetheless, the dextran-induced paw edema was not significantly reduced by either of the derivatives (HK or OBZ), which inhibited edema formation by 18.3% and 3.5%, respectively, in contrast with the positive control, cyproheptadine, which reduced the edema by 56.0%. The docking analysis showed that OBZ presented the most stable ligand-receptor (COX-2 – cyclooxygenase-2) interaction in comparison with CUB and HK.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of &lt;i&gt;Albizia zygia&lt;/i&gt; stem bark

Albizia zygia is used in folk medicine for treatment of a wide variety of ailments including wounds, toothache and inflammation. Its acclaimed local use in the treatment of inflammation prompted the investigation into its antiinflammatory activity. The effect of the aqueous stem bark extract of Albizia zygia on inflammation was investigated using acute (carrageenan induced-, dextran induced-, histamine induced-paw oedema, carrageenan-induced exudate formation and croton oil induced ear oedema) and chronic (formalin induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats and mice. The extract caused significant (p<0.05), inhibitions of croton oil-induced ear oedema, carrageenanand dextran-induced paw oedema without any appreciable effect on histamine induced oedema. The extract also significantly inhibited leucocyte migration without affecting the volume of exudate formation. The antiinflammatory effects of the extract on these acute models of inflammation were not dose-dependent as greatest activity was seen at the dose of 200mg/kg. This same dose also caused a significant reduction in ankle, but not paw, oedema in the formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. The aqueous stem bark extract of Albizia zygia possesses antiinflammatory activity on acute and chronic inflammatory models in rats and mice. Keywords: Albizia zygia ; Arthritis; Carrageenan; Formaldehyde; Oedema

Anti-inflammatory activity of Odina wodier Roxb, an Indian folk remedy, through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

Inflammation is part of self-limiting non-specific immune response, which occurs during bodily injury. In some disorders the inflammatory process becomes continuous, leading to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. Several Indian tribes used the bark of Odina wodier (OWB) for treating inflammatory disorders. Thus, we have evaluated the immunotherapeutic potential of OWB methanol extract and its major constituent chlorogenic acid (CA), using three popular in vivo antiinflammatory models: Carrageenan- and Dextran-induced paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma, and Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. To elucidate the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of action we determine the level of major inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 or PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12). Further, we determine the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), nuclear factor kappa-B cells (NF-κB), and NF-kB inhibitor alpha (IK-Bα) by protein and mRNA expression, and Western blot analysis in drug treated LPS-induced murine macrophage model. Moreover, we determined the acute and sub-acute toxicity of OWB extract in BALB/c mice. Our study demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory activity of OWB extract and CA along with the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 expressions. Further, the expression of TLR4, NF-κBp65, MyD88, iNOS and COX-2 molecules were reduced in drug-treated groups, but not in the LPS-stimulated untreated or control groups, Thus, our results collectively indicated that the OWB extract and CA can efficiently inhibit inflammation through the down regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway.

Gabapentin, a synthetic analogue of gamma aminobutyric acid, reverses systemic acute inflammation and oxidative stress in mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of gabapentin (GBP) in mice. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were evaluated using various mediators that induce paw edema, peritonitis model, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, proinflammatory cytokine levels, glutathione (GSH) consumption, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in mice. Pretreatment of mice with GBP (1 mg/kg) significantly reduced carrageenan or dextran-induced paw edema (P<0.05) when compared to vehicle group. Adding to this, GBP (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw edema induced by histamine, serotonin, bradikinin, 48/80 compound, and prostaglandin E2. In the carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, GBP significantly decreased total and differential leukocyte counts and reduced the levels of MPO activity in the plantar tissue and IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations in the peritoneal exudate. The same dose of GBP also decreased the MDA concentration and increased the levels of GSH into the peritoneal fluid. In summary, our results demonstrated that GBP exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in mice by reducing the action of inflammatory mediators, neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine levels, and anti-oxidant properties by decreasing the concentration of MDA and increasing the GSH content. These observations raise the possibility that GBP could be used to improve tissue resistance to damage during inflammatory conditions.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of riparin II (O-methil-N-2-hidroxi-benzoyl tyramine) in animal models

Riparin II (RipII), an alkamide isolated from the green fruit of Aniba riparia, was tested in the various animal models of inflammation to investigate its anti-inflammatory activity. Male Wistar rats (180–240g) were treated with RipII by gavage at doses 25 or 50mg/kg, before initiating the inflammatory responses. The tests used were paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine or serotonin; peritonitis induced by carrageenan and fMLP, as well as the measurement of MPO activity, TNF-α and Il-1β amount in the peritoneal fluid. In the animal models of carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema, the animals treated with RipII showed lower edema than those of the control group. Treatment with RipII also reduced the paw edema induced by histamine but not serotonin. In the carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, treatment with RipII reduced leukocyte migration, the MPO activity and the amount of TNF-α and IL-1β in the peritoneal fluid. In summary, these results indicate that RipII has an anti-inflammatory activity in chemical models of acute inflammation. RipII might be directly or indirectly inhibiting the activity, production or release of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the generation of the pain associated with inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (Fabaceae)

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol stem bark extract of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin. Methodology: Analgesic activity was examined using the hot plate and acetic acidinduced writhing test while acute anti-inflammatory effect was studied using carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema. Results: Oral administration of the extract produced significant (P<0.01) antiedematogenic effect with a dose of 100 mg/kg within the 2 nd

Anti-inflammatory potential of thienopyridines as possible alternative to NSAIDs

The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of the new synthetic thienopyridine analogs. The anti-inflammatory activity of thienopyridines was assayed by using carrageenan; dextran and arachidonic acid induced paw edema models (acute), cotton pellet granuloma model (Sub acute) and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis (chronic) in experimental rats. The compounds BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 have shown significant inhibition of edema in carrageenan and arachidonic acid induced paw edema model at a dose of 100mg/kg compared to the dextran induced paw edema model and also showed significant inhibition in granuloma tissue formation and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats. These thienopyridine analogs also inhibited the proinflammatory mediators such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and Nitric Oxide (NO) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged murine macrophages. Ulcerogenecity study results revealed less ulcerogenic potential of BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin in rats. In conclusion, the new thienopyridine analogs were promising for the potential use as anti-inflammatory agents for both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders with low toxic effects.