Management Of Devices Research Articles

Vascular bundle-structured polymeric composites with fire-safe, self-detecting and heat warning capabilities for power batteries thermal management

The trend of miniaturization and integration poses challenges to the thermal management of electronic devices, requiring high thermal conductivity and potential fire safety, etc. In this study, inspired by plant vascular structure, we developed a polymer composite with a vertical vascular bundle structure via a sacrificial template method and subsequent assembly of transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene) nanosheets and phytic acid (PA) coordinated cobalt ions (Co2+) complex. The embedded MXene and PA@Co exhibit multilayer multiscale structural features, forming heat transfer channels and protective cells within the composite. The resultant composites possess high out-of-plane thermal conductivity (∼1.54 W‧m−1‧k−1) and excellent flame retardancy, including self-extinguishing, and significantly reduced heat and smoke release. Interestingly, the MXene vascular bundle structure imparts heat early warning capabilities and intelligent damage self-detection, suggesting an effective means of preventing early-stage fires and real-time monitoring of composite structural and functional integrity. Such biomimetic strategies enable new insights into the designing of multifunctional, intelligent polymer composites.

ID: 341437 Remote Management of SCS Devices for Chronic Pain: Update on Expert Recommendations and Available Evidence

ID: 341437 Remote Management of SCS Devices for Chronic Pain: Update on Expert Recommendations and Available Evidence

Combinations of Energy-based Devices plus isotretinoin for management of acne and acne scars: A systematic review.

A 6-month interval between systemic isotretinoin (ISO) and the initiation of energy-based interventions has been recommended, due to concerns about keloid formation and delayed wound healing. While this postponement goes against the current trend of early intervention for acne scarring. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of combinations of ISO with energy-based devices (EBD). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were comprehensively searched up to April 2023 according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts to select articles. The quality of the literature was assessed for each study design. A total of 16 studies addressing the efficacy and safety of energy-based modalities combined with ISO were identified, including six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two case series, seven cohort studies, and one case report. ISO combinations with intense pulsed light (IPL), fractional ablative CO2 laser, pulsed dye laser (PDL), non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) and fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMRF) have been tested for improving acne severity, acne scarring and erythema. The current evidence does not justify delaying the use of EBDs for patients who have recently undergone or are currently receiving ISO treatment. Evidence-based treatments such as PDL, NAFL, and FMRF etc. are suggested relatively safe and effective in treating acne and acne scarring.

Advancing the deployment and information management of direct air capture: A solution enabled by integrating consortium blockchain system

Direct air capture (DAC) is a critical and emerging Negative Emissions Technology (NET) that directly removes CO2 from the atmosphere, significantly contributing to climate change. However, the deployment and management of large-scale DAC faces challenges such as collections and analysis of energy consumption data, intricate device and system management, emission prediction and operation strategy, precise carbon footprint tracking, etc. This paper proposes the integration of blockchain technology with DAC systems to address these challenges, utilizing blockchain's inherent properties of immutability, security, and transparency. The implementation strategy includes the development of a DAC consortium blockchain system, leveraging a consensus mechanism11Consensus mechanism: The programming and process used in blockchain systems to achieve distributed agreement about the ledger's state or the state of a data set. (Source: Investopedia), ECDSA encryption22Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA): In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve cryptography. As with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the private key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level, in bits. (Source: Wikipedia), IoT33Internet of things (IoT): describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communication networks. (Source: Wikipedia) integration, and digital signatures. Preliminary modeling of the proposed system suggests potential improvements in operational efficiency and a reduction in data inaccuracies. The proposed system underscores the system's ability to streamline identity verification, improve data collection accuracy, and facilitate secure, confidential information sharing among DAC stakeholders. By enhancing the efficiency and reliability of DAC operations, this approach supports the scalable and effective deployment of NETs in the global effort to combat climate change. Future research will focus on empirical validation through pilot projects and simulations to further substantiate these claims.

Long-term patient outcomes from a multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation programme with integrated nurse specialist support: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundCardiac rehabilitation programmes, while demonstrating benefits, face challenges in universal adoption, particularly in New Zealand. This study evaluates the long-term impact of cardiac rehabilitation participation and attendance on survival and readmission rates in the Auckland Health District. ObjectiveTo examine the impact of patient participation in nurse-led lifestyle rehabilitation and physiotherapy exercise rehabilitation on key outcomes, including all-cause mortality, and all-cause, cardiac-specific, and kidney disease readmission rates. DesignRetrospective cohort study. SettingAuckland Health District, New Zealand. Participants3331 patients registered in the Auckland cardiac rehabilitation programme between 2016 and 2020. MethodsData analysis included examining associations between attendance at nurse-led lifestyle and physiotherapy-led exercise sessions and outcomes at 12, 24 months, and 2022 year-end, including all-cause mortality, all-cause readmission, and cardiac-specific readmission rates. Analysis methods included survival analysis, Cox proportional regression, and logistic binary regression, controlling for confounders using propensity score weights and baseline factors. Results1363 (40.9 %) patients attended at least one lifestyle rehabilitation session (average 5.0 ± 2.9 sessions), 1121 (33.7 %) patients attended at least one exercise rehabilitation session (average 6.8 ± 7.4 sessions), and 649 (19.5 %) patients attended at least one lifestyle and one exercise rehabilitation session. Increased likelihood of participation in rehabilitation was explained by ethnicity, while current and historical tobacco use, history of heart failure, receiving an angiogram, PCI, or other treatment such as medical management or implantable devices were associated with lower odds of participation. Participation in rehabilitation (average 7.9 ± 6.1 sessions) was associated with a higher mean survival estimate (7.6 years vs. 6.4 years, p < 0.001) while Cox proportional hazard regression, controlling for baseline factors and propensity score weights showed that a single session of rehabilitation attended had a 2.1 % decreased risk of mortality (hazard ratio = 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.96 to 0.99, p = 0.29). The cumulative hazard ratio for average attendance (7.9 ± 6.1 sessions) was 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.83 to 0.86, p < 0.001) indicating a 15 % decreased risk of mortality during follow-up. 20 % lower kidney disease readmission rates were observed among participants over the next 24 months (p < 0.05). However, no differences in all-cause or cardiac-specific readmission rates were observed. ConclusionsThe study supports the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in improving long-term survival for Auckland Health District patients. The positive impact of nurse-led interventions and integrated support throughout the cardiac rehabilitation process highlights the need for translating this model to other health districts in New Zealand to optimise patient care and outcomes.

ID: 341598 Six-Month Results from a Prospective Multicenter Study of Multiphase SCS System With Remote Device Management

ID: 341598 Six-Month Results from a Prospective Multicenter Study of Multiphase SCS System With Remote Device Management

ID: 341544 Proactive Remote Device Management Enables Rapid SCS Optimization: 6-Month Results from a Prospective Multicenter Study

ID: 341544 Proactive Remote Device Management Enables Rapid SCS Optimization: 6-Month Results from a Prospective Multicenter Study

ID: 341475 Long-Term Study of SCS System With Multiphase Stimulation and Remote Device Management: Interim 12-Month Results

ID: 341475 Long-Term Study of SCS System With Multiphase Stimulation and Remote Device Management: Interim 12-Month Results

АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ НЕИСПРАВНОСТЕЙ МЕДТЕХНИКИ

The study identifies the problems faced by modern medical institutions, in particular, the Meditsina clinic. The management, maintenance, and user operation of medical devices cause these difficulties. To overcome them, it is necessary to revise the system of maintenance and repair of medical equipment, as well as to ensure continuous professional development of the employees responsible for the equipment operation. The paper proposes an information model that includes technical tools for forecasting, such as exponential smoothing. The authors create software implementa-tion of the information system and forecasting module based on the research; test these developments in the working conditions of the medical and preventive institution Meditsina. Thanks to the constructed forecast of the service life of the PHoX Plus analyzer parts, it is possible to adjust the purchase of consumables downwards.

Phonon transport manipulation in TiSe2 via reversible charge density wave melting

Titanium diselenide (TiSe2) is a layered material that under a critical temperature of Tc ≈ 200 K features a periodic modulation of the electron density, known as charge density wave (CDW), which finds applications in quantum information and emerging electronic devices. Here, we present first-principles calculations showing the suppression of the CDW via photoexcitation and consequent stabilization of the undistorted high-temperature phase, in agreement with experimental observations. Interestingly, the unfolded CDW melting is accompanied by a sizable reduction in the thermal conductivity, κ, of up to 25% and a large entropy increase of ~10 J K−1 kg−1. The significant κ variation is almost entirely originated from photoinduced changes in the phonon–phonon scattering processes involving a high-symmetry soft phonon mode. Our results open new possibilities in the design of devices for thermal management and phonon-based logic, and suggest original applications in the of context solid-state cooling.

Assessment of Thermal Management Using a Phase-Change Material Heat Sink under Cyclic Thermal Loads

Phase-change materials (PCMs) are widely used in the thermal management of electronic devices by effectively lowering the hot end temperature and increasing the energy conversion efficiency. In this article, numerical studies were performed to understand how temperature instability during the periodic utilization of electronic devices affects the heat-dissipation effectiveness of a phase-change material heat sink embedded in an electronic device. Firstly, three amplitudes of 10 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C for fixed periods of time, namely, 10 min, 20 min, and 40 min, respectively, were performed to investigate the specific effect of amplitude on the PCM melting rate. Next, the amplitude was fixed, and the impact of the period on heat sink performance was evaluated. The results indicate that under the 40 min time period, the averaged melting rate of PCMs with amplitudes of 20 °C, 15 °C, and 10 °C reaches the highest at 19 min, which saves 14 min, 10 min, and 8 min, respectively, compared with the constant input of the same melting rate. At a fixed amplitude of 20 °C, the PCM with a period of 40 min, 20 min, and 10 min has the highest averaged melting rate at 6 min, 11 min, and 19 min, saving the heat dissipation time of 3 min, 8 min, and 14 min, respectively. Overall, it was observed that under identical amplitude conditions, the peak melting rate remains consistent, with longer periods resulting in a longer promotion of melting. On the other hand, under similar conditions, larger amplitude values result in faster melting rates. This is attributed to the fact that the period increases the heat flux output by extending the temperature rise, while the amplitude affects the heat flux by adjusting the temperature.

User involvement in the design and development of medical devices in epilepsy: A systematic review.

This systematic review aims to describe the involvement of persons with epilepsy (PWE), healthcare professionals (HP) and caregivers (CG) in the design and development of medical devices is epilepsy. A systematic review was conducted, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligibility criteria included peer-reviewed research focusing on medical devices for epilepsy management, involving users (PWE, CG, and HP) during the MDD process. Searches were performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, and a total of 55 relevant articles were identified and reviewed. From 1999 to 2023, there was a gradual increase in the number of publications related to user involvement in epilepsy medical device development (MDD), highlighting the growing interest in this field. The medical devices involved in these studies encompassed a range of seizure detection tools, healthcare information systems, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and electroencephalogram (EEG) technologies reflecting the emphasis on seizure detection, prediction, and prevention. PWE and CG were the primary users involved, underscoring the importance of their perspectives. Surveys, usability testing, interviews, and focus groups were the methods used for capturing user perspectives. User involvement occurs in four out of the five stages of MDD, with production being the exception. User involvement in the MDD process for epilepsy management is an emerging area of interest holding a significant promise for improving device quality and patient outcomes. This review highlights the need for broader and more effective user involvement, as it currently lags in the development of commercially available medical devices for epilepsy management. Future research should explore the benefits and barriers of user involvement to enhance medical device technologies for epilepsy. This review covers studies that have involved users in the development process of medical devices for epilepsy. The studies reported here have focused on getting input from people with epilepsy, their caregivers, and healthcare providers. These devices include tools for detecting seizures, stimulating nerves, and tracking brain activity. Most user feedback was gathered through surveys, usability tests, interviews, and focus groups. Users were involved in nearly every stage of device development except production. The review highlights that involving users can improve device quality and patient outcomes, but more effective involvement is needed in commercial device development. Future research should focus on the benefits and challenges of user involvement.

Fever Prevention in Patients With Acute Vascular Brain Injury: The INTREPID Randomized Clinical Trial.

Fever is associated with worse outcomes in patients with stroke, but whether preventing fever improves outcomes is unclear. To determine whether fever prevention after acute vascular brain injury is achievable and impacts functional outcome. Open-label randomized clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment that enrolled 686 of 1176 planned critically ill patients with stroke at 43 intensive care units in 7 countries from March 2017 to April 2021 (last date of follow-up was May 12, 2022). Patients randomized to fever prevention (n = 339) were targeted to 37.0 °C for 14 days or intensive care unit discharge using an automated surface temperature management device. Standard care patients (n = 338) received standardized tiered fever treatment on occurrence of temperature of 38 °C or greater. Primary outcome was daily mean fever burden: the area under the temperature curve above 37.9 °C (total fever burden) divided by the total number of hours in the acute phase, multiplied by 24 hours (°C-hour). The principal secondary outcome was 3-month functional recovery by shift analysis of the 6-category modified Rankin Scale, which is scored from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). Major adverse events included death, pneumonia, sepsis, and malignant cerebral edema. Enrollment was stopped after a planned interim analysis demonstrated futility of the principal secondary end point. In total, 686 patients were enrolled, and 9 were consented but not randomized, leaving a primary analysis population of 677 patients (254 ischemic stroke, 223 intracerebral hemorrhage, 200 subarachnoid hemorrhage; 345 were female [51%]; median age, 62 years) with 433 (64%) completing the study through 12 months. Daily mean (SD) fever burden was significantly lower in the fever prevention group (0.37 [1.0] °C-hour; range, 0.0-8.0 °C-hour) compared with the standard care group (0.73 [1.1] °C-hour; range, 0.0-10.3 °C-hour) (difference, -0.35 [95% CI, -0.51 to -0.20]; P < .001). Between-group differences for the primary outcome by stroke subtype were -0.10 (95% CI, -0.35 to 0.15) for ischemic stroke, -0.50 (95% CI, -0.78 to -0.22) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and -0.52 (95% CI, -0.81 to -0.23) for subarachnoid hemorrhage (all P < .001 by Wilcoxon rank-sum test). There was no significant difference in functional recovery at 3 months (median modified Rankin Scale score, 4.0 vs 4.0, respectively; odds ratio for a favorable shift in functional outcome, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.46]; P = .54). Major adverse events occurred in 82.2% of participants in the fever prevention group vs 75.9% in the standard care group, including 33.8% vs 34.5% for infections, 14.5% vs 14.0% for cardiac disorders, and 24.5% vs 20.5% for respiratory disorders. In patients with acute vascular brain injury, preventive normothermia using an automated surface temperature management device effectively reduced fever burden but did not improve functional outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02996266.

Enhancing IoT connectivity through spectrum sharing in 5G networks

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into high-performance devices and monitoring systems, spanning domains such as smart building, e-health care, and smart agriculture, necessitates a critical emphasis on advancing mobile communications through efficient spectrum utilization. This research addresses pivotal challenges within agricultural IoT applications, specifically focusing on the substantial decline in spectrum efficiency observed with the increasing escalation of network bandwidth. Acknowledging the absence of comprehensive reviews on 5G resource allocation strategies in the existing literature, our study aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of their implications for service quality. The identified research gaps underscore an urgent need for heightened efforts to optimize resource allocation in 5G networks. This investigation delves into the intricacies of spectrum sharing and real-time analysis techniques within the 5G and beyond network, with a targeted focus on augmenting agricultural IoT services. Three distinct models, namely (i) Non-Priority Algorithm (NPA), (ii) Reserved Channel Algorithm (RCA) - No Permanent Channels, and (iii) Reserved Channel Algorithm (RCA) - Permanent Channels, were meticulously designed and simulated for Agricultural IoT application scenarios. The methodology encompasses the comprehensive evaluation of performance metrics, including call blocking, termination, and handover, to strategically identify and allocate spectrum resources effectively. The research endeavors to address ongoing challenges pertaining to effective communication, standardization, and data management for diverse 5G IoT devices. In light of these persisting concerns, the study not only seeks to enhance the overall efficiency of 5G IoT networks but also proposes innovative perspectives on intelligent and ingenious spectrum allocation techniques. The anticipated outcomes pledge to optimize the utilization of limited spectrum through novel spectrum-sharing strategies, thereby contributing to the advancement of 5G networks and bolstering agricultural IoT devices and services.

Additively manufactured 17–4 PH stainless steels for fracture management devices

ABSTRACT Stainless steel 316L (SS316L) is widely used in fracture management devices. However, SS316L does not offer any bacterial infection resistance and can cause metal-ion sensitivity due to Ni-ions’ presence. 17-4PH can emerge as a promising substitute due to the intrinsic antibacterial properties of copper, a 75% reduction in nickel content, and superior mechanical properties. SS316L and 17–4 PH were manufactured using laser-directed energy deposition (LDED). 17-4PH specimens surpassed the compressive strength of SS316L by over 150%. A static magnetic field was generated in 17–4 PH specimens to understand in vitro bone cell–material interactions. In vitro human fetal osteoblast cell culture and bacterial inhibition study using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out on these specimens with SS316L as control and as-processed and magnetised 17–4 PH as treatments. Results demonstrated that magnetised 17–4 PH exhibited 25% enhancement in hFOB proliferation and 70% reduction in bacterial colonisation compared to SS316L.

Heat transfer performance of a multiport mini-channel loop thermosyphon for cooling miniaturized electronic devices

Multiport mini-channel thermosyphon with hydraulic diameters less than 2 mm undergoes a severe entrainment problem both in vapor and liquid regions, impeding the flow and affecting the performance characteristics. To address this issue, a novel multiport mini-channel loop thermosyphon (MPMC-LT) design is proposed. This design separates the vapor and liquid flow paths, reducing entrainment and enhancing the performance characteristics. Tests are conducted with heat loads ranging from 5 to 45W at four inclinations (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) relative to the horizontal plane. Results revealed that the MPMC-LT design extends the entrainment limit by 10.6 times compared to conventional designs, reducing the interaction between the vapor and condensed working fluid. Additionally, the total entropy and thermal resistance drops by 20.7 % and 19.9 %, respectively at an optimum inclination angle of 30°. It is also noted that the effective thermal conductivity at the optimal inclination is 5.8 times higher compared to the conventional multiport thermosyphon designs. The design effectivity uses the buoyancy, inertial and surface tension forces to reduce resistance in the fluid flow, thereby enhancing the heat transfer characteristics. These results highlight that MPMC-LT is a suitable thermal management device for power electronic systems.

Atomic‐Scale Structural Dynamics at a‐Si:H/c‐Si Heterointerface During Low‐Temperature Thermal Annealing

AbstractThe integrity of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon (a‐Si:H/c‐Si) interface is essential for the enhanced performance of a‐Si:H/c‐Si heterojunction‐based devices. However, during annealing processes aimed at passivating silicon dangling bonds, unexpected Si epitaxy and nanotwin formation tend to emerge, even under low‐temperature conditions. Therefore, understanding the influence of such annealing on the a‐Si:H/c‐Si interfacial structure is therefore pivotal for device optimization. In this study, the atomic‐scale structural transformation of the a‐Si:H/c‐Si heterointerface subjected to low‐temperature annealing is delved into. The dynamic evolution of this interface is captured by employing in situ spherical aberration (CS)‐corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The TEM observations indicated that Si epitaxy initiated before Si nanotwin formation, and these nanotwins are inclined to revert to epitaxial structures upon sustained annealing. Through MD and DFT insights, the thermodynamic and kinetic intricacies driving the concerted tri‐layer atomic shift characterizing the Si nanotwin‐to‐epitaxy transition are decoded. The findings shed light on the thermal behavior of a‐Si:H/c‐Si interfaces, offering new perspectives on the thermal management in silicon heterojunction devices.

Thermoelectric generators versus photovoltaic solar panels: Power and cost analysis

In the current study, the concept of building a power plant using thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules is investigated, both technically and economically. The hypothesized thermoelectric generation power plant is a modular system, consisting of a large array of electrically connected thermoelectric generator units for generating clean electricity with-out greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, noise, or hazardous solid wastes. The envisioned thermoelectric generation power plant (TEGPP) considered here is assumed to utilize solar radiation as a heat source, and water as a heat sink. The viability of such a concept is examined in the current study based on available specifications of a high-output thermo-electric generator module released in the market (TEG1-24111-6.0). Benchmarking is car-ried out considering a high-efficiency photovoltaic (PV) panel in the market (SunPower SPR-MAX3-400), assuming that it operates under standard solar radiation of 1,000 W, and with a standard panel temperature of 25 C, causing it to give an output electric power of 400 W (DC or direct current). It is found that in order to have an electric power of a thermoelectric generator unit similar to that of a photovoltaic panel of equal surface area, the temperature at the hot side of the thermoelectric generator unit should be about 70 C if the cold-side temperature is 30 C. However; under this output power equiva-lence, the price of the thermoelectric generator unit is about 90 times that of a photovol-taic panel of equal size (based on prices of October 2023). At an elevated hot-side tem-perature of 300 C for the thermoelectric generator unit (with the cold-side temperature being still 30 C), the thermoelectric generator unit can generate electric power that is about 25 times the power generated by a photovoltaic panel of an equal geometric area. This big boost in the output power still does not counteract the large cost difference be-tween the thermoelectric generator technology and the photovoltaic technology, where the per-watt(electric) cost in the case of thermoelectric generators is 3.5 times its value in the case of photovoltaic panels. Thus, the TEG technology in its intensified generation mode is still relatively more expensive compared to the PV technology. The practical im-plications of the current study are excluding the thermoelectric generation (based on the Seebeck effect) concept from large-scale commercial power plants, and viewing thermoe-lectric generators as sources of small electric power for waste heat management or con-venient power sources for small mobile devices.

Discontinuation of Cardiac Devices at or Near an Adult Patient's End of Life.

Advances in medical technology have begun to blur the lines between life and death as well as the lines between appropriate and inappropriate therapy. This review addresses the charged issue of the management of cardiac devices at or near the end of a patient's life, provides a summary of prior and current opinion with some historical context, and attempts to provide some modest guidance as to how to approach the various options to the patient's best advantage. Modalities to be addressed include indwelling electronic devices, the left ventricular assistance device, and extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation, and includes available outcome data as well as ethical analysis from a number of commentators. The expected further increase in technical sophistication of these devices is expected to render the various aspects of device deactivation more and more complex over the course of the next few years such that careful attention to and knowledge about this issue will continue to be more and more necessary.

Energy-Based Device Management of Nodular Reaction Following Poly-D, L-Lactic Acid Injection for Tear Trough Rejuvenation.

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) is used for tear trough rejuvenation but can cause complications like nodular reactions. This report describes using a radiofrequency device to manage these nodules. A 42-year-old woman developed firm, non-inflammatory nodules 3 weeks after receiving PDLLA (Juvelook) injections in the tear trough area. The nodules were firm and not associated with erythema or tenderness. The monopolar radiofrequency device was used directly on the nodules with 150 shots at an energy level 115 J, 28.75 J/cm². The treatment resulted in complete resolution of the nodules within 24 hours. The radiofrequency treatment effectively resolved the nodular reaction without recurrence, highlighting the device's compatibility with the unique structure of Juvelook's PDLLA. Radiofrequency therapy is effective for managing nodular reactions following PDLLA injections. Further research is needed to optimise protocols and improve the safety of biostimulator treatments in cosmetic procedures.