Device Processing Research Articles

General framework for ultrafast nonlinear photonics: unifying single and multi-envelope treatments [Invited

Numerical modeling of ultrashort pulse propagation is important for designing and understanding the underlying dynamical processes in devices that take advantage of highly nonlinear interactions in dispersion-engineered optical waveguides. Once the spectral bandwidth reaches an octave or more, multiple types of nonlinear polarization terms can drive individual optical frequencies. This issue is particularly prominent in χ(2) devices where all harmonics of the input pulse are generated and there can be extensive spectral overlap between them. Single-envelope approaches to pulse propagation have been developed to address these complexities; this has led to a significant mismatch between the strategies used to analyze moderate-bandwidth devices (usually involving multi-envelope models) and those used to analyze octave-spanning devices (usually involving models with one envelope per waveguide mode). Here we unify the different strategies by developing a common framework, applicable to any optical bandwidth, that allows for a side-by-side comparison between single- and multi-envelope models. We include both χ(2) and χ(3) interactions in these models, with emphasis on χ(2) interactions. We show a detailed example based on recent supercontinuum generation experiments in a thin-film LiNbO3 on sapphire quasi-phase-matching waveguide. Our simulations of this device show good agreement between single- and multi-envelope models in terms of the frequency comb properties of the electric field, even for multi-octave-spanning spectra. Building on this finding, we explore how the multi-envelope approach can be used to develop reduced models that help build physical insights about new ultrafast photonics devices enabled by modern dispersion-engineered waveguides, and discuss practical considerations for the choice of such models. More broadly, we give guidelines on the pros and cons of the different modeling strategies in the context of device design, numerical efficiency, and accuracy of the simulations.

Boosting CsSnI3‐based near‐infrared perovskite light‐emitting diodes performance via solvent coordination engineering

AbstractDue to their unique photoelectric properties, nontoxic tin‐based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near‐infrared LEDs. However, the facile oxidation of Sn2+ and the rapid crystallization rate of tin‐based perovskites result in suboptimal film quality, leading to inferior efficiencies of tin‐based perovskite light‐emitting diodes (Pero‐LEDs). In this study, we investigate the influence of commonly used solvents on the quality of the CsSnI3 films. Remarkably, DMSO exhibits a stronger interaction with SnI2, forming a stable intermediate phase of SnI2·3DMSO. This intermediate effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+ and slows down the crystallization rate, bringing in lower defect state density and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of the prepared perovskite films. Consequently, the corresponding Pero‐LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.6%, among the most efficient near‐infrared Pero‐LEDs. In addition, the device processes ultra‐low efficiency roll‐off and high reproducibility. Our research underscores the crucial role of solvent‐perovskite coordination in determining film quality. These findings offer valuable guidance for screening solvents to prepare highly efficient and stable tin‐based perovskites.

Constructing Hybrid Semiconductor Thin‐Films for Advanced Photovoltaics

AbstractThis comprehensive review explores recent advancements in creating hybrid semiconductor perovskite thin films, driving progress in photovoltaic technology. It covers aspects like material design, fabrication techniques, and device structures, all aimed at addressing challenges and guiding the way to efficient and sustainable solar energy conversion. The review reveals the intricate interplay between energy conversion, device processing, and stability enhancement, providing context to the evolving field of photovoltaics. While hybrid metal halide perovskites exhibit innovation, challenges in stability and reproducibility persist. A collective push for progress drives scientific efforts, involving the optimization of absorber layers, innovative deposition methods, and strategic interlayer integration. The synthesis of research and insights traces the evolution of perovskite technology, from the early days of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) to a symphony of innovation. With determination and creativity, hybrid semiconductor perovskite thin films emerge as key players in shaping the future of solar energy conversion.

An innovative methodology for monitoring the sacrificial layer removal process in MEMS structures

The sacrificial layer is a key component for the fabrication of a released structure in the MEMS sensors and actuators. Wet etching is a practical microfabrication process that minimizes costs compared to dry etching. Since the sacrificial layer exists between the structural layer and the substrate, characterization of the etching process is unavailable to observe and evaluate directly. This research, for the first time, presents a methodology for monitoring sacrificial layer removal. It takes advantage of using a transparent substrate (during process development) to observe the removal process from the backside. This method can be used as a separate test during surface micromachining to monitor and optimize the release process of the MEMS device. To evaluate the efficiency of the method, the copper sacrificial layer was selected. The removal process was investigated for typical structures used in MEMS sensors and actuators including the etch-holes, the cantilever beams, comb fingers, and the pads. The experimental test showed the removal of the sacrificial layer, the non-uniformity of the etching, and all the veritable chemical reactions and phenomena under the structural layer. In addition, the etch-rate were obtained in the order of 0.35–5.5 μm min−1 for various structural features. The procedure developed in this research is an approach to the process monitoring of the sacrificial layer removal. Therefore, it can be used to organize the quality control in the released structures of MEMS and optimization in batch processing. This method can be adopted for non-metallic sacrificial layers and dry etching as well.

Engineering Ferroelectric‐/Ion‐Modulated Conductance in 2D vdW CuInP2S6 for Non‐Volatile Digital Memory and Artificial Synapse

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) ferroionics is appealing in performing complex artificial intelligence tasks due to the interesting property of coexistence of ferroelectricity and ionic activities. CuInP2S6 (CIPS), as a typical 2D ferroionic material, is highly conducive to rich functions of information devices due to the displacement of Cu+ inducing both ferroelectricity and ionic conductivity. However, the coupling and modulation of polarization and ion migration in CIPS for multifunctional information devices has not been fully explored. Here, this study demonstrates that digital memory and synaptic simulations are realized in Au/CIPS/Au device via engineering ferroelectric polarization reversal and the long‐distance migration of the Cu+ to change conductive modes. Steep resistive switching behavior based on ion‐migration is observed with a high on/off ratio of over 108, long retention time (>2 × 104 s), and current compliance engineered multilevel resistance states, demonstrating reliable nonvolatile high‐density memory characteristics. Based on the continuous modulation of polar order, the key synaptic behaviors are successfully simulated. Moreover, by the co‐modulation of polarization state and ions migration, the paired‐pulse facilitation, paired‐pulse depression, and potentiation following depression are achieved. These results suggest that CIPS is a promising candidate for constructing high‐performance, function‐enriched devices for data storage, information processing, and neuromorphic computing.

MATRESHCA: Microtesla Apparatus for Transfer of Resonance Enhancement of Spin Hyperpolarization via Chemical Exchange and Addition.

We present an integrated, open-source device for parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization processes in the microtesla field regime with a cost of components of less than $7000. The device is designed to produce a batch of 13C and 15N hyperpolarized (HP) compounds via hydrogenative or non-hydrogenative parahydrogen-induced polarization methods that employ microtesla magnetic fields for efficient polarization transfer of parahydrogen-derived spin order to X-nuclei (e.g., 13C and 15N). The apparatus employs a layered structure (reminiscent of a Russian doll "Matryoshka") that includes a nonmagnetic variable-temperature sample chamber, a microtesla magnetic field coil (operating in the range of 0.02-75 microtesla), a three-layered mu-metal shield (to attenuate the ambient magnetic field), and a magnetic shield degaussing coil placed in the overall device enclosure. The gas-handling manifold allows for parahydrogen-gas flow and pressure control (up to 9.2 bar of total parahydrogen pressure). The sample temperature can be varied either using a water bath or a PID-controlled heat exchanger in the range from -12 to 80 °C. This benchtop device measures 62 cm (length) × 47 cm (width) × 47 cm (height), weighs 30 kg, and requires only connections to a high-pressure parahydrogen gas supply and a single 110/220 VAC power source. The utility of the device has been demonstrated using an example of parahydrogen pairwise addition to form HP ethyl [1-13C]acetate (P13C = 7%, [c] = 1 M). Moreover, the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei (SABRE-SHEATH) technique was employed to demonstrate efficient hyperpolarization of 13C and 15N spins in a wide range of biologically relevant molecules, including [1-13C]pyruvate (P13C = 14%, [c] = 27 mM), [1-13C]-α-ketoglutarate (P13C = 17%), [1-13C]ketoisocaproate (P13C = 18%), [15N3]metronidazole (P15N = 13%, [c] = 20 mM), and others. While the vast majority of the utility studies have been performed in standard 5 mm NMR tubes, the sample chamber of the device can accommodate a wide range of sample container sizes and geometries of up to 1 L sample volume. The device establishes an integrated, simple, inexpensive, and versatile equipment gateway needed to facilitate parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization experiments ranging from basic science to preclinical applications; indeed, detailed technical drawings and a bill of materials are provided to support the ready translation of this design to other laboratories.

Hydrogen-triggered metal filament rupture in Cu-based Resistance Switches

Cation based resistance switches have been considered as promising candidates for memory cells and other novel devices. So far, the most accepted switching processes of such devices are based on the formation/rupture of metallic filaments between two electrodes. Although many recent studies have identified the existence of H2O (and resulting -OH groups) in such devices, their effects on the switching process are still unclear. In the present work, by taking Cu/Ta2O5/Pt device as an example, we have theoretically revealed that H ions may dissociate from -OH groups and accumulate onto the Cu filament in amorphous Ta2O5. After that, the adsorbed H ions will induce a series of changes, such as the elongation of the adjacent Cu-Cu bonds, the weakening of the Cu-Cu bonds, the increase of charge on Cu cations, and the enhancement of diffusivities of Cu cations, all of which eventually lead to the rupture of the Cu filament. Interestingly, our proposed “H-triggered metal filament rupture” model is similar to the widely studied “hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon”. The crucial point of this model is the high catalytic activity of Cu towards the splitting of -OH group. Consequently, it is expected that this model could be applicable to other Cu-cation based resistance switches.

Iodide manipulation using zinc additives for efficient perovskite solar minimodules

Interstitial iodides are the most critical type of defects in perovskite solar cells that limits efficiency and stability. They can be generated during solution, film, and device processing, further accelerating degradation. Herein, we find that introducing a small amount of a zinc salt- zinc trifluoromethane sulfonate (Zn(OOSCF3)2) in the perovskite solution can control the iodide defects in resultant perovskites ink and films. CF3SOO̶ vigorously suppresses molecular iodine formation in the perovskites by reducing it to iodide. At the same time, zinc cations can precipitate excess iodide by forming a Zn-Amine complex so that the iodide interstitials in the resultant perovskite films can be suppressed. The perovskite films using these additives show improved photoluminescence quantum efficiency and reduce deep trap density, despite zinc cations reducing the perovskite grain size and iodide interstitials. The zinc additives facilitate the formation of more uniform perovskite films on large-area substrates (78-108 cm2) in the blade-coating process. Fabricated minimodules show power conversion efficiencies of 19.60% and 19.21% with aperture areas of 84 and 108 cm2, respectively, as certified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the highest efficiency certified for minimodules of these sizes.

Insight on defects mechanically introduced by nanoindentation in 4H-SiC p-n diode

We investigate defects in 4H-SiC p-n junction diodes introduced trough nanoindentation procedure. A nanoindentation load range between 3 mN and 15 mN was explored. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis are adopted for the morphological and crystallographic investigation of defects; electrical characterisations of junction diodes are performed to investigate the conduction mechanism, both at RT and versus measurement temperature. Electrical parameters such ideality factor, leakage current and series resistance, are extracted for the processed diodes and compared to virgin one. Activation energy of about 1.7 eV and 0.2 eV are extracted for defects in virgin and in mechanically processed devices, respectively. Electro-optical characterisation is performed adopting Emission Microscopy measurements evidencing a diffuse photons emission in the visible range from the full area in virgin device and an emission in the visible and in the near infrared ranges from nanoindentation sites in processed devices. Performed analysis evidenced both extended and point defects are mechanically introduced. Thanks to the performed experiment, a promising way is paved for the defects engineering, in a microscale spatially defined position, in end of processing devices.

Is the interspinous process device safe and effective in elderly patients with lumbar degeneration? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common diseases affecting the elderly that is characterized by the narrowing of the spinal canal and peripheral neural pathways which may cause back pain and neurogenic intermittent claudication in affected patients. Recently, as an alternative treatment between conservative therapy and decompression surgery, interspinous process device (IPD) such as X-stop, Coflex, DIAM, Aperius, Wallis, etc., has gained enough popularity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IPD in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis compared with decompression surgery. This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 555 patients' samples were collected for this study. The Visual Analogue Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index were analyzed, as well as the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire For efficacy evaluation. Complication and reoperation rate was utilized for the assessment of safety. A comprehensive literature search was performed through Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until October 2023. Among the studies meeting the eligible criteria, any study in which IPD was utilized in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis was included in the current review. For efficacy evaluation, the Visual Analogue Scale and the Oswestry Disability Index were analyzed, as well as the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire. Complication and reoperation rates were utilized for the assessment of safety. Five randomized controlled trials with 555 patients were included. There were no significant differences in VAS leg pain (SMD - 0.08, 95% CI - 0.32 to 0.15) and back pain (SMD 0.09, 95%CI-0.27 to 0.45), ODI scores (MD 1.08, 95% CI - 11.23 to 13.39) and ZCQ physical function (MD-0.09, 95% CI-0.22 to 0.05) for IPD compared with decompression surgery. In terms of ZCQ symptom severity (MD - 0.22, 95% CI - 0.27 to - 016), decompression surgery showed superior to the IPD. As for complications (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.36 to 3.27), the IPD had no advantages compared to decompression surgery, whereas inferior to it in reoperation rate (RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.67 to 3.96). This systematic review and meta-analysis indicated no superiority in the clinical outcome for IPD compared with decompression surgery. However, more clinical studies are warranted to determine the efficacy and safety of IPD.

Nematonics: from physics to photonics of reorientational solitons

ABSTRACT Nematic Liquid Crystals are birefringent soft matter exhibiting unique nonlocal and nonlinear optical properties. Due to the interaction with finite-size light beams, self-focusing via molecular reorientation can balance out diffraction and result in self-confined beams, namely spatial solitons or nematicons, operating as waveguides for copolarized optical signals. Since nematicon propagation and confinement are determined by material properties that can be tailored by external fields, they allow implementing various photonic functionalities: from signal steering and addressing to bistability, from topological and optical symmetry breaking to beaming of random laser emission, to mention a few. Such proof-of-principle applications make nematic liquid crystals and nematicons a versatile platform for the study of complex light–matter interactions in nonlocal dielectrics and the demonstration of all-optical photonic devices for signal processing.

Full-Scale Implementation of an Automated Connecting Device for Modular Construction

Modular construction is characterized by assembling volumetric units on site. Once assembled on site, the structural integrity of modular buildings highly relies on connections that provide essential performance against critical loading conditions. Connections significantly impact field assembly activities, and previous research has highlighted the importance of their functional performance. In this study, the researchers focus on implementing automated connecting devices in a full-scale experimental project. It presents the implementation of a self-locking inter-modular connector and an investigation of the benefits and limitations of its application in modular building systems. This study also investigates the use of connectors as attachment points for modular handling and lifting. It evaluates the pros and cons of combining a single device’s connecting and lifting functions. The implementation of an automated connecting device in the building design process is covered as well as the evaluation of its impacts on architectural, structural, and functional considerations. Finally, the potential of automated connecting devices to improve modular building systems’ overall performance and efficiency is assessed, and guidelines are identified to facilitate their adoption.

Peristaltic transport of nanofluid with temperature dependent thermal conductivity: A numerical study

Peristaltic flow of nanofluid with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity is investigated. Variation of effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids with temperature is addressed. Mathematical modeling of momentum and energy equation is considered in a symmetric channel. Viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating, and mixed convection are accounted. Applied magnetic field and convective boundary conditions are imposed. Dimensionless expressions are simplified under long wavelength approximation. The relevant problems are solved by numerical technique. Velocity, temperature, pressure, and heat transfer characteristics are studied graphically. Heat transfer rate rapidly increases by increasing the concentration of nanomaterial. Therefore, nanomaterial is used for the cooling process in engineering and biomedical devices.

High Electrical Conductivity and Hole Transport in an Insightfully Engineered Columnar Liquid Crystal for Solution-Processable Nanoelectronics.

Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are widely acknowledged as a class of organic semiconductors that can harmonize charge carrier mobility and device processability through supramolecular self-assembly. In spite of circumventing such a major challenge in fabricating low-cost charge transport layers, DLC-based hole transport layers (HTLs) have remained elusive in modern organo-electronics. In this work, a minimalistic design strategy is envisioned to effectuate a cyanovinylene-integrated pyrene-based discotic liquid crystal (PY-DLC) with a room-temperature columnar hexagonal mesophase and narrow bandgap for efficient semiconducting behavior. Adequately combined photophysical, electrochemical, and theoretical studies investigate the structure-property relations, logically correlating them with efficient hole transport. With a low reorganization energy of 0.2eV, PY-DLC exhibits superior charge extraction ability from the contact electrodes at low values of applied voltage, achieving an electrical conductivity of 3.22 × 10-4 Sm-1, the highest reported value for any pristine DLC film in a vertical charge transport device. The columnar self-assembly, in conjunction with solution-processable self-healed films, results in commendably elevated values of hole mobility (≈10-3 cm2V-1s-1). This study provides an unprecedented constructive outlook toward the development of DLC semiconductors as practical HTLs in organic electronics.

Controller-driven vector autoregression model for predicting content popularity in programmable named data networking devices.

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising network architecture for content delivery in edge infrastructures, primarily due to its name-based routing and integrated in-network caching. Despite these advantages, sub-optimal performance often results from the decentralized decision-making processes of caching devices. This article introduces a paradigm shift by implementing a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller to optimize the placement of highly popular content in NDN nodes. The optimization process considers critical networking factors, including network congestion, security, topology modification, and flowrules alterations, which are essential for shaping content caching strategies. The article presents a novel content caching framework, Popularity-aware Caching in Popular Programmable NDN nodes (PaCPn). Employing a multi-variant vector autoregression (VAR) model driven by an SDN controller, PaCPn periodically updates content popularity based on time-series data, including 'request rates' and 'past popularity'. It also introduces a controller-driven heuristic algorithm that evaluates the proximity of caching points to consumers, considering factors such as 'distance cost,' 'delivery time,' and the specific 'status of the requested content'. PaCPn utilizes customized DATA named packets to ensure the source stores content with a valid residual freshness period while preventing intermediate nodes from caching it. The experimental results demonstrate significant improvements achieved by the proposed technique PaCPn compared to existing schemes. Specifically, the technique enhances cache hit rates by 20% across various metrics, including cache size, Zipf parameter, and exchanged traffic within edge infrastructure. Moreover, it reduces content retrieval delays by 28%, considering metrics such as cache capacity, the number of consumers, and network throughput. This research advances NDN content caching and offers potential optimizations for edge infrastructures.

Silicon-Compatible Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions with a SiO2/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Composite Barrier as Low-Voltage and Ultra-High-Speed Memristors.

The big data era requires ultrafast, low-power, and silicon-compatible materials and devices for information storage and processing. Here, ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) based on SiO2/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 composite barrier and both conducting electrodes are designed and fabricated on Si substrates. The FTJ achieves the fastest write speed of 500ps under 5V (2 orders of magnitude faster than reported silicon-compatible FTJs) or 10ns speed at a low voltage of 1.5V (the lowest voltage among FTJs at similar speeds), low write current density of 1.3 × 104 A cm-2, 8 discrete states, good retention >105 s at 85°C, and endurance >107. In addition, it provides a large read current (88 A cm-2) at 0.1V, 2 orders of magnitude larger than reported FTJs. Interestingly, in FTJ-based synapses, gradually tunable conductance states (128 states) with high linearity (<1) are obtained by 10ns pulses of <1.2V, and a high accuracy of 91.8% in recognizing fashion product images is achieved by online neural network simulations. These results highlight that silicon-compatible HfO2-based FTJs are promising for high-performance nonvolatile memories and electrical synapses.

Spatiotemporal Visualization of Photogenerated Carriers on an Avalanche Photodiode Surface Using Ultrafast Scanning Electron Microscopy

The spatiotemporal evolution of photogenerated charge carriers on surfaces and at interfaces of photoactive materials is an important issue for understanding fundamental physical processes in optoelectronic devices and advanced materials. Conventional optical probe-based microscopes that provide indirect information about the dynamic behavior of photogenerated carriers are inherently limited by their poor spatial resolution and large penetration depth. Herein, we develop an ultrafast scanning electron microscope (USEM) with a planar emitter. The photoelectrons per pulse in this USEM can be two orders of magnitude higher than that of a tip emitter, allowing the capture of high-resolution spatiotemporal images. We used the contrast change of the USEM to examine the dynamic nature of surface carriers in an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD) after femtosecond laser excitation. It was observed that the photogenerated carriers showed notable longitudinal drift, lateral diffusion, and carrier recombination associated with the presence of photovoltaic potential at the surface. This work demonstrates an in situ multiphysics USEM platform with the capability to stroboscopically record carrier dynamics in space and time.

The effect of technology on Arabic language learning in higher education

Technology is advancing and developing, and we cannot let go of our lives. One of them is in the world of education, the use of technology is often found. teachers combine technological devices in the learning process so that the learning atmosphere becomes more interesting, not only with increasingly open technological developments and the spread of information and knowledge throughout the world across the boundaries of space and time. Thus, technological developments have a positive impact on educators and students. In this study, researchers measured the extent to which the application of this technology in the learning process was highly valued. For this reason, this research aims to find out the impact of technology on Arabic language learning at the Batusangkar Institute State Islamic University. The method used in this research is a survey research method. Data collection uses observation, interviews and questionnaires. Furthermore, the expected result of this research is to find out the role or influence of technology on Arabic language learning activities in higher education. Based on the research results, it can be seen that there is an influence or influence of technology on Arabic language learning at the Batusangkar State Islamic Institute.

Effect of High Current Density Pulses on Performance Enhancement of Optoelectronic Devices

Thermal annealing is commonly used in fabrication processing and/or performance enhancement of electronic and opto-electronic devices. In this study, we investigate an alternative approach, where high current density pulses are used instead of high temperature. The basic premise is that the electron wind force, resulting from the momentum loss of high-energy electrons at defect sites, is capable of mobilizing internal defects. The proposed technique is demonstrated on commercially available optoelectronic devices with two different initial conditions. The first study involved a thermally degraded edge-emitting laser diode. About 90% of the resulting increase in forward current was mitigated by the proposed annealing technique where very low duty cycle was used to suppress any temperature rise. The second study was more challenging, where a pristine vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) was subjected to similar processing to see if the technique can enhance performance. Encouragingly, this treatment yielded a notable improvement of over 20% in the forward current. These findings underscore the potential of electropulsing as an efficient in-operando technique for damage recovery and performance enhancement in optoelectronic devices.

64 picosecond time resolved time-correlated single photon counting imaging.

High-speed imaging of dynamic scenes is a challenging and important task in many applications. However, conventional imaging methods based on charge coupled devices or complementary metal oxide semiconductors have limitations in temporal resolution and photon sensitivity. To address this problem, we propose a novel high-speed imaging scheme that combines single-pixel imaging with single photon detection and time-correlated single photon counting. Our scheme can achieve high-speed imaging with 64ps resolution by repeating the motion scenes and using binary outputs from single photon detectors. We demonstrate our scheme by reconstructing the switching process of a digital micro-mirror device and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Our scheme can be further improved to 1ps resolution by using a more accurate time-correlated single photon counting system. Moreover, our scheme can adapt to different speed scenes by adjusting the temporal resolution and reducing the sampling time. Our high temporal resolution imaging scheme further expands the application areas of single-pixel imaging and provides solutions for scenes requiring single photon detection and higher temporal resolution, such as reproducible chemical reaction processes imaging, cellular or sub-cellular bio imaging, single-molecule imaging of rotary motors, high-speed equipment inspection, and other periodic high-speed scenes imaging.