Developments In Field Research Articles

Behavior of reinforced CHS T-joints by welding collar plates under load

The paper presents a comprehensive test program on collar plate reinforced CHS T-joints under different preload conditions, in order to investigate the effect of preload and welding thermal on reinforced joints. A total of four specimens, including specimens with and without preload when the collar plates were welded, were tested under brace axial loading. The test results, including welding temperature field, development of strain as well as welding residual deformation during the welding process are measured and presented in this paper. Furthermore, the failure model and compressive strength of the collar plate reinforced T-joints were determined. The test results demonstrated that the localized high temperature and rapid attenuation are the characteristics of the welding temperature field, which instantaneous peak temperature rose to 1808 °C at the local area and attenuated to 600 °C in an elliptic range of about 3.1 cm × 1.7 cm. The failure modes of collar plate reinforced CHS T-joints do not change with preload on the chord and welding thermal. Furthermore, preload on the chord reduces the compressive strength of reinforced joints. The strain distribution and residual deformation are affected by the thermal expansion and cold shrinkage, while the development of the welding temperature field is not affected by the preload. Finally, for compressive strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with collar plate by welding, the applicability of the reduction coefficient due to preload calculated by existing codes was assessed by comparing design values with experimental results. A finite element model by ANSYS, considering the welding heat, was established. Key parameters affecting the strength of the T-joint at the reinforced collar plate under load were identified through parametric study with finite element models. Construction recommendations of welded CHS T-joints are proposed.

TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS (FORMATION DAMAGE) DURING CO2 INJECTION FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY. Part 1. GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING ROCK MINERALS, CHANGE OF PETROPHYSICAL AND GEOMECHANICAL ROCK PROPERTIES

Decrease in permeability, porosity, change in wettability of oil-bearing formations during field development are defined by a general term - formation damage, which occur at various stages of field development, including drilling, production, application of enhanced oil recovery methods, well stimulation technologies with acid compositions, hydraulic fracturing and well workover. Reservoir damage leads to a reduction in the oil and gas content of reservoirs and in the economic efficiency of operation. In this regard, it is important to understand and prevent formation damage based on experimental and analytical methods, the applicationof which will minimize damage to the oil and gas bearing reservoir. The review considers anthropogenic processes that cause damage to oil and gas reservoir when CO2 is injected by various methods to enhance oil recovery. The processes of interaction of CO2 with formation rock are considered in detail. The main geochemical transformations of rock minerals are given, which lead to changes in the structure of pore space, permeability and porosity, decrease of geomechanical properties. Secondary sedimentation processes and risks of rock particles removal into the borehole are discussed.

Pengembangan Trainer Internet of Things (IoT) Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Dengan Menggunakan NodeMCU ESP32CAM

This study examines the potential and implementation of feature development on the ESP32CAM as an Internet of Things (IoT)-based learning medium in the form of a trainer. This research addresses the gap in the use of the NodeMCU ESP32CAM as IoT technology in educational media, which has not been widely utilized. The primary goal of this study is to analyze and explore the use of the ESP32CAM as a trainer to enhance IoT-based learning. The study employs an exploratory approach to investigate the use of the ESP32CAM, including an analysis of the application of the technology in a learning environment. Data were obtained through questionnaires distributed to experts and users/students, involving 45 students from the Electrical Engineering program at Trunojoyo University Madura. The results of the study indicate that the IoT trainer using the NodeMCU ESP32CAM is highly feasible, with an eligibility percentage of 91.08% from expert evaluations and 87.25% from user evaluations. It is hoped that the findings of this research can provide new insights into innovations in IoT use and serve as a foundational basis for further development in the related field.

Investigating the Effects of Lubricant Infusion Methods on Polymer SLIPS.

Slippery lubricant infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) are promising bioinspired surfaces with self-healing and droplet wetting properties, among many others, that are desirable due to their range of applications. Recently, there have been many developments in the SLIPS field regarding the creation of textured surfaces and lubricant selection. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the method of lubricant infusion. In this study, we aim to fill this void by investigating different infusion methods that impose external forces on the lubricant. We developed our SLIPS by hot embossing nanostructures onto polypropylene by using molds that were laser micromachined. These textured surfaces were then infused with silicone oil using three different infusion methods: ultrasonication, vacuum, and hydrostatic pressure. We analyzed the wettability and slipperiness of the SLIPS by evaluating the critical tilt angle and comparing the sliding velocities of water droplets on each sample at a tilt angle of 20°. Additionally, the durability of the SLIPS was tested by dropping 50 successive water drops onto the samples and evaluating the droplet-surface interactions throughout. The sonicated infusion method yielded SLIPS that performed the best with a contact angle hysteresis of 13°, a critical tilt angle of 18.3°, a sliding velocity of 1.66 mm/s, and the least accumulation of droplets over time with use. These values are greatly improved when compared to the control sample where lubricant was simply dripped on, which resulted in a contact angle hysteresis of 20°, a critical tilt angle of 26.3°, and a sliding velocity of 0.23 mm/s. The sonicated and drip infusion methods were also compared with different materials (stainless steel) and different textures (microstructures). It was found that the improvement in slipperiness using the sonicated infusion method is prominent for nanoscale textures on both stainless steel and polypropylene. In this study, we discuss the challenges with oil depletion in SLIPS (cloaking and wetting ridges) and with the selection of contact angle measurement methods. While further investigation as to why certain applied forces during infusion yield better SLIPS is warranted, these forces greatly affect the outcome. This work suggests that researchers should consider using sonication or other methods of lubricant infusion that apply external forces as infusion techniques to yield better SLIPS on the nanoscale.

Smart socio-technological infrastructures: cyber security risks and the human factor

Smart socio-technological infrastructure is a new approach to the design and creation of complex systems, based on the integration of technological and social elements. Currently, smart sociotechnological infrastructures are applied in all spheres of life, from business and industry to healthcare and medical facilities. The implementation of these infrastructures creates new opportunities for the development of various fields. However, it causes a number of problems. The reasons for new information security problems arising from the characteristics of smart sociotechnological infrastructures may include the increase in the number of devices (the number of devices interacting with each other increases, which expands the potential attack plane), the complexity of integration (the integration of social and technological components leads to the creation of new vulnerabilities), data heterogeneity (where the processing and storage of various types of information, including confidential information, make them an attractive target for cybercriminals), the dynamism of the environment (smart socio-technological infrastructures are constantly evolving and adapting, which makes it difficult to ensure their security). This article examines information security problems of smart socio-technological infrastructures. New threats arising from the introduction of these infrastructures are classified. The development of information security culture is justified as one of the main factors of combating these threats, and recommendations are given on the principles and methods of its formation.

Thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil: Mechanism, influencing factors, evaluation methods, and antioxidants

AbstractAviation lubricating oil, as the “blood of machine operation”, plays an important role in the lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, rust prevention, and other aspects of aero‐engines, thereby ensuring the safe and stable long‐term endurance of aero‐engines under high‐speed and high‐temperature conditions. The thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil leading to decay is the most important factor causing lubricating oil failure, which will seriously affect the performance of aero‐engines and endanger flight safety. Here, we comprehensively summarize the oxidation mechanism of aviation lubricating oil, factors affecting thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, evaluation methods for thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, and antioxidants that inhibit thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil. We hope that this review can enhance readers' understanding of the thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, stimulate broader interest, and promote more exciting development in this promising field.

Smart Field Technologies in Petroleum Engineering (Control and Monitoring)

Aim of study is provide an introductory overview of “smart well” technologies in terms of control and monitoring, with the hope of contributing to the development of Libyan oil and gas fields and turning them into smart fields because the principle in petroleum engineering stipulates maximum profit, fastest time, least cost, maximum efficiency, minimum risk. Smart field technology can operate equipment automatically, improve oil field management, scientifically assist oil fields in decision making, monitor wells in real time, manage and monitor operations and control production, as well as predict potential risks and choose the best scenario for dealing with crises. This paper presents the definition and principle of smart wells and fields technology, a comparison between the types of smart technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, and how this technology contributes to the control and monitoring of oil and gas wells. Smart wells are technologies that use intelligent systems to improve the control and monitoring process in oil and gas wells. These technologies use the Skida system, wireless sensors, and data analytics, which use artificial intelligence to monitor and control operations within oil fields and facilities. Smart oil fields rely on wireless sensors and the Industrial Internet of Things. This technology makes it easier for oil companies to control performance, monitor in real time, and manage oil and gas fields, and makes it easier for management to make decisions. WSN is the most widespread technology used in oil and gas fields, as it provides sensors for remote control and monitoring and detecting faults if they occur. Internet of Things helps improve control and monitoring, as it is the operating system used by wireless sensors and connects them to the network so that we can control them.

From macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications

Research on slow-wave sleep (SWS) began almost a century ago, not long after the discovery of electroencephalography. From maintaining homeostasis to memory function, the pivotal role of SWS in health has been established. The elucidation of its mechanisms and functions is directly related to the fundamental question of why people sleep. This comprehensive review first summarizes the basic science of SWS from anatomical and physiological aspects. It describes the fundamental mechanisms and functions of SWS, including hormonal regulation, developmental changes in SWS across the lifespan, and associations between SWS and optimal physical, psychological, and cognitive functions. Next, the relationship between SWS and physical and mental disorders, for which increasing knowledge has accumulated in recent years, is discussed from both research and clinical perspectives. Conditions such as memory impairment, sleep-disordered breathing, neurodevelopmental disorders, and various psychiatric disorders are of concern. The relationship between SWS and the glymphatic system, which is responsible for waste clearance in the brain, has also been explored, highlighting the potential neuroprotective role of SWS. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the field regarding whether interventions in SWS can improve health. We also address the problem of the inconsistent definitions of SWS, slow-wave activity, and slow oscillations. This review emphasizes the importance of discussing SWS from both macro- and microarchitectural perspectives and highlights its potential clinical and research impacts. By reviewing these aspects, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of SWS and the future development of this research field.

Preface

The purpose of the three-day 2024 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Engineering (EICE 2024), held via virtual form during January 12th to 14th, 2024 in Guangzhou China, was to create a timely forum for multi-disciplinary discussions related to the recent developments on electronic information and communication engineering. As usual, the program of the conference mainly consisted of keynote speeches, oral and poster presentations, with the former including speeches delivered by three sophisticated professors from related research areas. The keynote speeches are: i) Recent Progress of Millimeter-wave Circuits Using Groove Gap Waveguide Technology given by Prof. Wenjie Feng (South China University of Technology, China); ii) 6G Satellite-ground Massive MIMO Communication: Key Technologies and Development Prospect given by Prof. Zhiyong Luo (Sun Yat-sen University, China); iii) Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Enhanced Wireless Network: Further Developments and Future Outlooks given by Assoc. Prof. Feng Ke (South China University of Technology, China). In the framework of experimental and theoretical approaches, the Conference gathered about 100 delegates from all over the world and addressed a number of highly relevant aspects of electronic information and communication engineering. Covering topics on Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, Sixth Generation Mobile Communication Technology (6G), Communication Electronic Circuit and Technology, Information and Communication Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, etc., the selected contributions of this volume provide guidance for future interdisciplinary developments in related fields. We received quantities of manuscripts of invited papers and other contributions presented at the Conference. All of these papers have gone through a rigorous peer review process and are collected in the Conference Proceedings. We would like to thank all the anonymous colleagues who acted as referees to assess the suitability of the various articles for publication in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We are confident that the high quality of both invited and contributed papers contained in this Proceedings will be appreciated by relevant industries and communities. On behalf of the conference EICE 2024 organizing committee, we would like to express our deeply appreciation to all the keynote speakers, oral speakers, peer reviewers, and all the participants and supporters. More than anything, we would like to acknowledge the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, for the efforts and help of all its staff in publishing this paper volume. The Committee of EICE 2024 List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Optimization of flow behavior models by genetic algorithm: A case study of aluminum alloy

Prediction of the flow stress of materials using a flow constitutive model provides strong support for engineering practice and promotes the continuous development of aluminum alloys and relevant application fields. Optimizing the parameters of flow constitutive models is a key concern to explain and predict the flow behavior. In this study, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the parameters of flow constitutive models widely used for the flow behavior of Al alloy including modified Johnson-Cook model, hyperbolic sinusoidal Arrhenius-type model, SK-Paul model, modified Zerilli-Armstrong model, Kobayashi-Dodd model, and modified Fields-Backofen model. AA6061−T6 alloy is used in this study since it has been used as a representative Al alloy. The performance of the models optimized by GA was evaluated through comparative analysis with mechanical test. The Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation testing apparatus was employed to conduct unidirectional thermal compression tests under multi conditions, including different temperatures (573 ∼ 783 K), diverse strain rates vary from 0.001 to 1 s−1, and a range of strains (0 ∼ 0.8). The performance of all the models optimized by GA is enhanced, and the optimization effect of GA on SK-Paul model is most pronounced, which exhibits a maximum correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99731 and a minimum average absolute relative error (AARE) of 6.53%. The findings highlight the validity of GA optimization in flow constitutive models in the prediction of the flow behavior of Al alloy.

VALUE OF OIL FIELD INTEGRATED MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Today, there is practically no doubt about the need to use geological and dynamic models for the development of oil fields. Most of the world's companies actively use them and are guided by the results obtained as a result of their construction and calculations on them. At the same time, the value of creating integrated models of oil fields at a late stage of development among specialists in various fields raises many questions and doubts. In the work performed, an integrated model is understood as a combination of three models into a single calculation system: a geological and dynamic model of the field, models of all wells and a model of the surface development network. The latter includes both a production and transportation system and a system for injecting formation stimulation agents. Opinions differ on the need and feasibility of creating integrated models, since there are no statistics on their widespread use and the benefits obtained from this in the form of additional oil production or cost savings.This article shows the results of creating an integrated model of a large N oil field, which has been in operation for more than 60 years and is at a late stage of development. The work was carried out on the domestic software complex, during which the parameters of the initial information and factors affecting the quality of creating an integrated model were determined. When creating an integrated model, information about the real position of pipelines, their dimensional characteristics, as well as the reliability of measurements of wellhead pressures and volumes of pumped fluid are important. As a result of the construction and adaptation, the possibilities of practical application of the integrated model were determined, such as determining the state of pipelines and identifying bottlenecks in them. In the process of work, the database of various services is synchronized. In practice, the narrow section of the oil pipeline identified on the model was replaced, and additional oil production from the section was obtained. Thus, the value of creating an integrated model in the form of the actual result of its application in order to increase oil production is shown.

Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of biobased low viscosity photoactive benzoxazine thermosets

Preparing biobased benzoxazine resin through vat photopolymerization 3D printing is of great significance for its sustainable development and application in cutting-edge fields. In this work, biobased guaiacol and eugenol are used as phenol sources, while 2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol with flexible ether bonds is used as an amine source to create photoactive benzoxazine monomers, Eu-BzMA and Gu-BzMA. The viscosity of both monomers at room temperature is lower than 150 mPa·s, which can satisfy the requirements of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing without adding diluents. The thermal and mechanical properties of the 3D printing benzoxazine resins are studied and the relationship between structure and properties is discussed by comparing the two molecules. Eu-BzMA resin has higher thermal decomposition temperature (T5 = 343 °C), higher hardness (0.70 GPa), higher flexural stress (43.5 MPa) and flexural moduli (2.71 GPa); while, Gu-BzMA resin has higher glass transition temperature (176 °C). This is because Eu-BzMA resin shows higher cross-linking density, but contains more flexible structures formed by allyl crosslinking. In this article, a preparation strategy of low viscosity biobased photoactive benzoxazine is proposed and successfully applied to vat photopolymerization 3D printing.

Generating suspension-adapted human mesenchymal stromal cells (S-hMSCs) for the scalable manufacture of extracellular vesicles

BackgroudHuman mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are a naturally adherent cell type and one of the most studied cellular agents used in cell therapy over the last 20 years. Their mechanism of action has been primarily associated with paracrine signaling, which has contributed to an increase in the number of studies focused on hMSC-related extracellular vesicles (EVs). MethodsIn this study, we demonstrate for the first time that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) immortalized hMSCs can be adapted to suspension culture, eliminating the need for microcarriers or other matrixes to support cell growth. ResultsThis novel cell line, named suspension hMSCs (S-hMSCs), has a doubling time of approximately 55 hours, with a growth rate of 0.423/d. Regarding its immunophenotype characteristics, S-hMSCs retained close to 90% of CD73 and CD105 expression levels, with the CD90 receptor being downregulated during the adherent to suspension adaptation process. An RNA sequencing analysis showed an upregulation of the transcripts coding for CD44, CD46 and CD47 compared to the expression levels in AT-hMSCs and hTERT-hMSCs. The cell line herein established was able to generate EVs using a chemically defined medium formulation with these nanoparticles averaging 150 nm in size and displaying the markers CD63, CD81, and TSG101, while not expressing the negative marker calnexin. ConclusionThis body of evidence, combined with the visual confirmation of EV presence using transmission electron microscopy, demonstrates the EV-producing capabilities of the novel S-hMSCs. This cell line provides a platform for process development, drug discovery and translational studies in the EV field.

The Attitudes of Some Media Instructors Towards Electronic Publishing Platforms During (December 2021 – 2022)

E_ publishing is considered one of the essential results of information technology because it helps improve scientific research. That is what makes me study electronic publishing, according to university teachers, especially those in the media field, because they are still on their way to learning. At the same time, they also need more knowledge as this field demands. That can be achieved by sharing knowledge and experience with other teachers and people from different cultures, countries, and experiences. Nowadays, all university teachers publish their scientific studies in e-magazines, which is an advantage of knowledge. Through the analysis, we will learn more about electronic publishing according to some specialists in communication sciences because many universities have begun to use electronic libraries. The study focuses on the importance of using the Internet in keeping scientific research, the significant role of electronic publishing in improving, to what extent learners and teachers can depend on electronic resources, and how to make it a helpful source of learning. It is a descriptive study. The author uses survey methods through university teachers. The study finds that 78% of researchers have their studies published online. 66% agree that e-publishing doesn’t affect the publishers. The study advises asking all university teachers to do their work and studies in electronic copies. This makes teachers more active and enables them to enlarge their knowledge about technological development in learning fields and create training courses and sessions to improve this. And keep those electronic lectures for use when needed. Keywords: Attitudes, Platforms, Electronic Publishing.

ECONOMIC, ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF OIL AND GAS FIELD ABANDONMENT

More and more mature fields in the old oil-producing regions are now in the stages of declining production, and their operation is close to completion, therefore, the upcoming liquidation work is of particular relevance and importance. Decommissioning of developed or inactive oil and gas wells is associated with a number of environmental, economic and legal problems. Liquidation of oil and gas facilities can become a significant expense for companies, especially if the budget deficit does not fully pay off during operation. At the same time, the negative impact of field development on the environment is not limited to the period of active production. With the onset of liquidation work, subsoil users may have obligations to government agencies in the form of taxes, licenses and other payments, which also increases their financial burden. Interaction between the state and subsoil users in the process of development and decommissioning of oil and gas fields becomes an important factor in the rational use of natural resources. Often, control over the liquidation of abandoned or decommissioned fields is entrusted to the state, although companies also have obligations to report on planned and implemented related activities. Since liquidation measures are a rather labor-intensive process that requires careful planning and financial resources, subsoil users sometimes evade responsibility, citing the lack of the necessary amount of financial resources to carry out these works. The article provides an overview of international experience in approaches to financing liquidation work. Mechanisms of legal regulation of relations between state management bodies and subsoil users, organizational, technical and economic problems of liquidation of oil and gas fields, as well as a number of approaches to effective financial support for the decommissioning of oil and gas facilities are considered. In conclusion, based on the presented analysis of the problems of the industry and international experience in organizing liquidation measures, the authors give several of their proposals, the implementation of which can be considered necessary preparatory work for effectively solving the problems of eliminating the consequences of the operation of hydrocarbon deposits with the onset of the desired economic stability.

Betung Field Development Based On Petrophysical Integration Analysis And Radius Drainage

Abstract Betung Field which has a productive reservoir of sandstone layers of the Air Benakat Formation. The potential in Layer-5 (L-5) in 2018 is still quite large, with Original Oil In Place (OOIP) of 16,531.05 MSTB. This study uses Petrel Petrophysical and Oil Field Manager software. The output of Petrel Petrophysical is in the form of a petrophysical property model. The output of the Oil Field Manager is a Bubble map model to determine the cumulative production of a well. The petrophysical property model is then integrated with the Bubble map model to find locations for additional potential development wells. Based on the petrophysical distribution map, the Southeast – South area has reference wells with good quality where the porosity value is excelent (30% - 31%), permeability is good (119 mD – 139 mD) and water saturation is small (28% - 38%). Based on the map of the distribution of the drainage radius (Bubble map), the reference wells in the Southeast – South area have large draining radius (45 m/147.64 ft – 70 m/229.67 ft) with large cumulative (3513 STB – 10723 STB). Based on the petrophysical overlay results and drain radius, indicating the Southeast – South area potential for field development with the addition of further wells.

Steckman Ridge: A naturally fractured underground gas storage field

This paper presents a field development case study of a gas storage field in Pennsylvania within a fractured reservoir. Integration of multiple data sets was required for the project's success. During the study, the interpretation of 3D isofrequency seismic volumes, generated through spectral decomposition, was shown to be the key step in this data integration. The interpretation of these isofrequency volumes successfully identified previously unresolved subtle structural features, which controlled the natural fracture system. The existence of these subtle structural features was subsequently confirmed with eight horizontal gas storage wells. Accurate characterization of a fracture trend requires the integration of seismic data, available well data, surface geology, drilling, and production data. This study was performed to develop the Oriskany reservoir in the Steckman Ridge underground gas storage field located in Bedford County, Pennsylvania. This field had undergone rapid depletion during its primary production phase. During the early portion of the study, the reservoir was determined to be a type 1 fractured reservoir with little to no gas storage available in the sandstone matrix. Multiple data types were acquired and integrated to detect and characterize the structural features that compose the reservoir. Isofrequency volumes, developed through spectral decomposition of 3D seismic data over the field, helped identify and map subtle shear faults that proved to be controlling the location and orientation of the dominant fracture trend in the field. Horizontal boreholes, needed to convert the field from gas production to gas storage, were planned and drilled based on this seismic interpretation. The existence of these shear faults, their location, and their orientation were confirmed by image logs acquired along the length of six horizontal gas storage boreholes. Additionally, flow tests performed to determine gas deliverability supported this interpretation.

Well Trajectory Optimization under Geological Uncertainties Assisted by a New Deep Learning Technique

Summary The large number of geological realizations and well trajectory parameters make field development optimization under geological uncertainty a time-consuming task. A novel deep learning-based surrogate model with a novel well trajectory parametrization technique is proposed in this study to optimize the trajectory of wells under geological uncertainty. The proposed model is a deep neural network with ConvLSTM layers to extract the most salient features from highly channelized and layered reservoirs efficiently. ConvLSTM layers are used because they can extract spatiotemporal features simultaneously since layered reservoirs can be regarded as a time series of spatially distributed reservoir properties. The proposed surrogate model could predict the individual objective function with a coefficient of determination of 0.96. After verifying the validity of the surrogate model, four approaches were used to optimize well trajectories. Two of the approaches consumed all available realizations (surrogate model-based and simulation-based approaches), while the remaining two used a subset of realizations. The selection of the subset was based on the cumulative oil production (COP) and the diffusive time of flight (DTOF). Results showed that although the surrogate model used all realizations, it could provide similar results to the simulation-based optimization with only a 5% computational cost of the simulation-based approach. The novelty of this work lies in its proposal of an innovative surrogate model to improve the analysis of channelized and layered reservoirs and its introduction of a novel well trajectory optimization framework that effectively addresses the challenge of optimizing well trajectories in complex three-dimensional spaces, a problem not adequately tackled in previous works.

Rock Typing and Flow Unit Identification in the Upper Cretaceous Carbonate Reservoirs in Jambur Oil Field

The effectiveness of dynamic models in field development and predicting future reservoir performance depends on the accuracy and reliability of geological models. These models are constructed based on an accurate categorization of reservoir rock types and the identification of flow units. understanding the geological structure, lithological characteristics, and depositional processes is crucial in differentiating rock types and determining flow units within strata. This study focuses on identifying rock types and flow units within the upper Cretaceous reservoir/Qamchuqa formation of the Jambur oilfield. By employing four petrophysical techniques across six wells, it was determined that the Rock Fabric Number technique and the Winland porosity-permeability relation were insufficient for accurately estimating permeability, primarily due to constraints in regression analysis. The classification of flow zone indicators resulted in the identification of five distinct rock classes that offer a more reliable means of assessing permeability in intervals lacking core data. Subsequently, the cluster analysis process sorted the reservoir rock into cohesive groups based on the raw log data and calibrated it with the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) method. In conclusion, permeability can be determined through equations derived from the FZI method, and the establishment of petrophysical characteristics within a geological model can be achieved by utilizing rock facies derived from cluster analysis.

Parallel role played by tight gas resource in fulfilling United States’ Energy requirement and reducing emission profile from hydrocarbon exploration and production industry (Life cycle analysis lens)

Tight gas has revolutionized the energy picture in North America. The US energy information agency states that the tight gas and oil in the USA has boosted the production of natural gas by around 35% in recent years. This has reduced the need for gas imports. Thousands of meters underground, tight gas trapped in microscopic pores of very dense rocks requires hydraulic fracturing to fracture the rock and releases the gas into the well, known as tight gas. Environmental impact of producing tight gas has caused concerns related to air emissions, water contamination and disposal of waste generated by the tight gas production. There are also concerns related to the possibility of methane escaping into the air during tight gas production and development of this resource class causing minor earth tremors. The advancements in the drilling technologies have recently enabled greater volume of gas to be produce from a single drilling site. This reduces the operational footprint, which is directly proportional to emission profile of tight gas resource. There is a knowledge gap in understanding of Green House Gas (GHG- CO2 equivalent) footprint of tight gas’ resource development because of lack of operational constraints in previous environmental impact assessment of this resource. The objective of this study is to add value and reduce the scientific gap with respect to understanding of tight gas’ resource development techniques, related environmental, and land impact. There remain concerns about development of tight gas related to chemical and methane release into the local water and air, seismic events because of hydraulic fracturing and waste disposal. In order to understand this phenomenon better the work establishes the tight gas production foundation by in depth understanding of 1) Features of Tight gas reservoirs; 2) Geological environment, deposition and generation of tight gas resource; 3) Field development techniques of tight gas resource including construction, production and processing. The work then uses methodology of accounting input and out parameters of cradle to grave tight gas system boundary throughout its life cycle and understands previous GHG (CO2 equivalent) number of tight gas resource development. The work does systematic analysis and summarizes the previously published life cycle analysis to understand further the potential environmental impacts of resource development of tight gas. This will help hydrocarbon exploration and production operators to optimize the operations of tight gas production by better understanding of each sub block of tight gas field development in terms of C02 numbers by using low carbon technologies thus reducing the potential impacts.