Developmental Factors Research Articles

The Relationship Between Experiencing Childhood Trauma and Psychopathic Personality Traits: The Mediating Role of Insecure Attachment

ABSTRACT While psychopathy has been a topic of interest in the psychological field for a long time, it is still unclear which developmental factors are related to its onset. Theories have suggested that experiencing trauma in childhood may contribute to the development of psychopathic traits. Experiencing trauma may also contribute to the development of an insecure attachment style, which in turn might cause the emergence of psychopathic traits. The current study investigated links between experiencing childhood trauma and the three psychopathy domains of the Extended Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale (E-LSRP; Egocentricity, Callousness, and Antisocial), and whether these links were mediated by the four insecure attachment dimensions of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Need for Approval, Preoccupation with Relationships, Relationships as Secondary, and Discomfort with Closeness), in a large sample of non-clinical participants (N = 2023, Mage = 32.7, 70.0% female). The results suggested that Relationships as Secondary, but not Discomfort with Closeness, positively mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and the three domains of psychopathy, while Need for Approval negatively mediated this relationship. Preoccupation with Relationships was a significant mediator in the links between childhood trauma and both the Egocentricity and Antisocial domains, but not the Callousness domain. The current findings suggested that there might be both shared and differential mechanisms linking childhood trauma and psychopathic traits through insecure attachment styles. These findings can guide further investigations in longitudinal research.

GATA6 regulates WNT and BMP programs to pattern precardiac mesoderm during the earliest stages of human cardiogenesis.

Haploinsufficiency for GATA6 is associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) with variable comorbidity of pancreatic or diaphragm defects, although the etiology of disease is not well understood. Here, we used cardiac directed differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a platform to study GATA6 function during early cardiogenesis. GATA6 loss-of-function hESCs had a profound impairment in cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) specification and cardiomyocyte (CM) generation due to early defects during the mesendoderm and lateral mesoderm patterning stages. Profiling by RNA-seq and CUT&RUN identified genes of the WNT and BMP programs regulated by GATA6 during early mesoderm patterning. Furthermore, interactome analysis detected GATA6 binding with developmental transcription factors and chromatin remodelers suggesting cooperative regulation of cardiac lineage gene accessibility. We show that modulating WNT and BMP inputs during the first 48 hours of cardiac differentiation is sufficient to partially rescue CPC and CM defects in GATA6 heterozygous and homozygous mutant hESCs. This study provides evidence of the regulatory functions for GATA6 directing human precardiac mesoderm patterning during the earliest stages of cardiogenesis to further our understanding of haploinsufficiency causing CHD and the co-occurrence of cardiac and other organ defects caused by human GATA6 mutations.

Functions, accumulation, and biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in the fig tree (Ficus carica).

Ficus carica is an economically important horticultural plant. Due to its abundant secondary metabolites, F. carica has gained interest for its applications in medicine and as a nutritional supplement. Both external and internal factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in F. carica. The assembly of the F. carica genome has facilitated functional analysis of key genes and transcription factors associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly anthocyanin. In this review, we summarize the various types and functions of secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenes. We also explore the factors influencing their biosynthesis and accumulation, including varieties, tissue, environmental factors (e.g., light), stresses (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, drought, nutrient deficiencies, salinity), hormonal treatments, and developmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of structural genes and transcription factors in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, specifically anthocyanin and furanocoumarins, knowledge of which will promote the breeding and genetic engineering of novel F. carica varieties.

Exploring Augmented Reality Integration in Diagnostic Imaging: Myth or Reality?

This study delves into the transformative potential of integrating augmented reality (AR) within imaging technologies, shedding light on this evolving landscape. Through a comprehensive narrative review, this research uncovers a wealth of literature exploring the intersection between AR and medical imaging, highlighting its growing prominence in healthcare. AR's integration offers a host of potential opportunities to enhance surgical precision, bolster patient engagement, and customize medical interventions. Moreover, when combined with technologies like virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics, AR opens up new avenues for innovation in clinical practice, education, and training. However, amidst these promising prospects lie numerous unanswered questions and areas ripe for exploration. This study emphasizes the need for rigorous research to elucidate the clinical efficacy of AR-integrated interventions, optimize surgical workflows, and address technological challenges. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, sustained research efforts are crucial to fully realizing AR's transformative impact in medical imaging. Systematic reviews on AR in healthcare also overlook regulatory and developmental factors, particularly in regard to medical devices. These include compliance with standards, safety regulations, risk management, clinical validation, and developmental processes. Addressing these aspects will provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in integrating AR into clinical settings, informing stakeholders about crucial regulatory and developmental considerations for successful implementation. Moreover, navigating the regulatory approval process requires substantial financial resources and expertise, presenting barriers to entry for smaller innovators. Collaboration across disciplines and concerted efforts to overcome barriers will be essential in navigating this frontier and harnessing the potential of AR to revolutionize healthcare delivery.

HY5 and PIF antagonistically regulate HMGR expression and sterol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Secondary metabolites play multiple crucial roles in plants by modulating various regulatory networks. The biosynthesis of these compounds is unique to each species and is intricately controlled by a range of developmental and environmental factors. While light's role in certain secondary metabolites is evident, its impact on sterol biosynthesis remains unclear. Previous studies indicate that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a bZIP transcription factor, is pivotal in skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis transition. Additionally, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), bHLH transcription factors, act as negative regulators. To unveil the light-dependent regulation of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, a precursor for sterol biosynthesis, mutants of light signaling components, specifically hy5–215 and the pifq quadruple mutant (pif 1,3,4, and 5), were analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene expression analysis in wild-type and mutants implicates HY5 and PIFs in regulating sterol biosynthesis genes. DNA-protein interaction analysis confirms their interaction with key genes like AtHMGR2 in the rate-limiting pathway. Results strongly suggest HY5 and PIFs' pivotal role in light-dependent MVA pathway regulation, including the sterol biosynthetic branch, in Arabidopsis, highlighting a diverse array of light signaling components finely tuning crucial growth pathways.

The Emergence and Development of Palestinian Arabic Lexicon and Morphosyntax From 18 to 36 Months: A Communicative Development Inventory Study.

This study presents a comprehensive exploration of lexical and grammatical development in Palestinian Arabic (PA). The study aims to test the validity of the Palestinian Arabic Communicative Development Inventory (PA-CDI) as well as generate growth curves for lexical and morphosyntactic development, examine the order of emergence of both lexical and morphosyntactic categories, and explore the contribution of demographic and developmental factors to language development. Data were collected from 1,399 parents of PA children aged 18-36 months using an online PA-CDI. The results show that as age increased, so did lexical and morphosyntactic production, along with considerable variability across individuals. While lexical development in PA resembles the order observed in other languages with nouns preceding verbs and adjectives, morphosyntactic development indicates early emergence of verbal inflectional morphology prior to noun pluralization or negation. Age of word combination and health problems are predictive of lexical and morphosyntactic development, and so are parental concerns. Our findings indicate the potential of the PA-CDI as an assessment tool for lexical and morphosyntactic development among PA-speaking children in Israel. Our developmental growth curves may also be used to identify children at risk for developmental language disorder, particularly those falling below the 10th percentile, thus allowing for early identification and early intervention. The use of background variables, specifically parental concerns, health issues, and word combinations, along with the PA-CDI, could potentially enhance the precision of language delay assessment. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26026777.

A MOZ-TIF2 leukemia mouse model displays KAT6-dependent H3K23 propionylation and overexpression of a set of active developmental genes

Aberrant regulation of chromatin modifiers is a common occurrence across many cancer types, and a key priority is to determine how specific alterations of these proteins, often enzymes, can be targeted therapeutically. MOZ, a histone acyltransferase, is recurrently fused to coactivators CBP, p300, and TIF2 in cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using either pharmacological inhibition or targeted protein degradation in a mouse model for MOZ-TIF2-driven leukemia, we show that KAT6 (MOZ/MORF) enzymatic activity and the MOZ-TIF2 protein are necessary for indefinite proliferation in cell culture. MOZ-TIF2 directly regulates a small subset of genes encoding developmental transcription factors, augmenting their high expression. Furthermore, transcription levels in MOZ-TIF2 cells positively correlate with enrichment of histone H3 propionylation at lysine 23 (H3K23pr), a recently appreciated histone acylation associated with gene activation. Unexpectedly, we also show that MOZ-TIF2 and MLL-AF9 regulate transcription of unique gene sets, and their cellular models exhibit distinct sensitivities to multiple small-molecule inhibitors directed against AML pathways. This is despite the shared genetic pathways of wild-type MOZ and MLL. Overall, our data provide insight into how aberrant regulation of MOZ contributes to leukemogenesis. We anticipate that these experiments will inform future work identifying targeted therapies in the treatment of AML and other diseases involving MOZ-induced transcriptional dysregulation.

DROSHA Regulates Mesenchymal Gene Expression in Wilms Tumor.

Wilms tumor, the most common pediatric kidney cancer, resembles embryonic renal progenitors. Currently, there are no ways to therapeutically target Wilms tumor driver mutations, such as in the microRNA processing gene DROSHA. In this study, we used a "multiomics" approach to define the effects of DROSHA mutation in Wilms tumor. We categorized Wilms tumor mutations into four mutational subclasses with unique transcriptional effects: microRNA processing, MYCN activation, chromatin remodeling, and kidney developmental factors. In particular, we find that DROSHA mutations are correlated with de-repressing microRNA target genes that regulate differentiation and proliferation and a self-renewing, mesenchymal state. We model these findings by inhibiting DROSHA expression in a Wilms tumor cell line, which led to upregulation of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D2 (CCND2). Furthermore, we observed that DROSHA mutations in Wilms tumor and DROSHA silencing in vitro were associated with a mesenchymal state with aberrations in redox metabolism. Accordingly, we demonstrate that Wilms tumor cells lacking microRNAs are sensitized to ferroptotic cell death through inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, the enzyme that detoxifies lipid peroxides. Implications: This study reveals genotype-transcriptome relationships in Wilms tumor and points to ferroptosis as a potentially therapeutic vulnerability in one subset of Wilms tumor.

Paeoniae Radix Alba and Network Pharmacology Approach for Osteoarthritis: A Review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis and affects more than 240 million people worldwide; the most frequently affected areas are the hips, knees, feet, and hands. OA pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, developmental, metabolic, traumatic, and inflammation factors. Therefore, treatments able to address several path mechanisms can help control OA. Network pharmacology is developing as a next-generation research strategy to shift the paradigm of drug discovery from “one drug, one target” to “multi-component, multi-target”. In this paper, network pharmacology is employed to investigate the potential role of Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) in the treatment of OA. PRA is a natural product known for its protective effects against OA, which has recently drawn attention because of its ability to provide physiological benefits with fewer toxic effects. This review highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of PRA in treating OA. PRA can be used alone or in combination with conventional therapies to enhance their effectiveness and reduce side effects. The study also demonstrates the use of network pharmacology as a cost-effective and time-saving method for predicting therapeutic targets of PRA in OA treatment.

Comparison of detailed brain volume measurements in schizophrenia with healthy individuals

Aims: This study aims to provide insights into the preliminary and definitive diagnosis, treatment modalities, and elucidation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia, alongside ongoing research efforts. Methods: This retrospective study examined a cohort of 31 patients (17 male, 14 female) diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the criteria specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V) at the Psychiatry Clinic of the University Hospital. The healthy control group, comprising 31 individuals (17 male, 14 female), was selected from archived records at the same hospital, with sociodemographic characteristics matching those of the patient group. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI images of the individuals were analyzed using the VolBrain AssemblyNet program. Results: It has been observed that the volumes of various brain structures, including white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), subcortical GM, cortical GM, WM+GM, IC, total cerebrum, right cerebrum, left cerebrum, cerebrum WM, cerebrum GM, are significantly reduced (p<0.05) in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Additionally, volumes of cerebellar WM, GM, vermis, brainstem, accumbens, hippocampus, thalamus, ventral diencephalon (DC), amygdala, and basal forebrain were found to be decreased in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls. Conversely, volumes of the pallidum, caudate, putamen, inferior lateral ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and CSF were observed to be increased. Conclusion: These findings underscore the widespread nature of neuroanatomical alterations in schizophrenia and highlight the importance of understanding these changes for elucidating the disorder's pathophysiology and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further research is warranted to explore the interplay of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors in schizophrenia.

Taking John Schulenberg's "long view" on successful transitions to adulthood: Associations with adult substance use.

Can positive transitions into young adulthood at age 25 prevent problematic substance use at age 31, even in the context of childhood adverse family environments, conduct problems, and adolescent substance use? We lean on John Schulenberg's developmental framework to examine this question, focusing on the potential young adult milestones of high school and college graduation, employment, residential independence, romantic partnership, and parenthood. Data came from a prospective-longitudinal multi-method study with N = 1199 participants who were first assessed at age 5 years old and followed to age 31. An accumulation of positive transitions in young adulthood (age 25) was associated with lower likelihood of age 31 problematic cannabis use. The protective effect for problematic cannabis use remained even when adjusting for childhood adverse family environments and was primarily driven by successful college graduation and/or home ownership. The accumulation of positive transitions protected individuals at modest to somewhat elevated risk due to childhood adverse family environments from experiencing age 31 cannabis use problems. However, for other individuals with very high numbers of conduct problems, or with high levels of adolescent substance use, the protective effects of accumulated positive transitions to young adulthood were less strong or nonexistent. Moreover, individuals who completed college or obtained full-time employment by 25 were more likely to report problematic age 31 alcohol use. These findings highlight the central tenets of John Schulenberg's developmental framework, including the examination of ontogenetic continuity and discontinuity, the interplay of developmentally distal and proximal effects, and the identification of developmental protective factors that may sway people toward or away from substance use.

Interconnected roles of fungal nuclear- and intron-encoded maturases: at the crossroads of mitochondrial intron splicing.

Group I and II introns are large catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) that are frequently encountered in fungal mitochondrial genomes. The discovery of respiratory mutants linked to intron splicing defects demonstrated that for the efficient removal of organellar introns there appears to be a requirement of protein splicing factors. These splicing factors can be intron-encoded proteins with maturase activities that usually promote the splicing of the introns that encode them (cis-acting) and/or nuclear-encoded factors that can promote the splicing of a range of different introns (trans-acting). Compared to plants organellar introns, fungal mitochondrial intron splicing is still poorly explored, especially in terms of the synergy of nuclear factors with intron-encoded maturases that has direct impact on splicing through their association with intron RNA. In addition, nuclear-encoded accessory factors might drive the splicing impetus through translational activation, mitoribosome assembly, and phosphorylation-mediated RNA turnover. This review explores protein-assisted splicing of introns by nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded maturases as a means of mitonuclear interplay that could respond to environmental and developmental factors promoting phenotypic adaptation and potentially speciation. It also highlights key evolutionary events that have led to changes in structure and ATP-dependence to accommodate the dual functionality of nuclear and organellar splicing factors.

Cancer-specific epigenome identifies oncogenic hijacking by nuclear factor I family proteins for medulloblastoma progression

Normal cells coordinate proliferation and differentiation by precise tuning of gene expression based on the dynamic shifts of the epigenome throughout the developmental timeline. Although non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of cancer, the epigenomic shifts that occur during the transition from normal to malignant cells remain elusive. Here, we capture the epigenomic changes that occur during tumorigenesis in a prototypic embryonal brain tumor, medulloblastoma. By comparing the epigenomes of the different stages of transforming cells in mice, we identify nuclear factor I family of transcription factors, known to be cell fate determinants in development, as oncogenic regulators in the epigenomes of precancerous and cancerous cells. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NFIB validated a crucial role of this transcription factor by disrupting the cancer epigenome in medulloblastoma. Thus, this study exemplifies how epigenomic changes contribute to tumorigenesis via non-mutational mechanisms involving developmental transcription factors.

The effect of maturation on children's experience of physical education: Lessons learned from academy sport

Students’ experiences of physical education (PE) are considered important for lifelong attitudes towards physical activity. Sex-related differences and the individualised tempo in anthropometric growth because of biological maturation lead to secondary school students within chronological age-ordered classes possessing vast differences in anthropometric and physical characteristics, which may negatively impact the PE experience for late- or early-maturing children. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to (i) critically discuss the influence of maturation on developmental factors related to PE and (ii) provide key stakeholders with guidance on how to manage this period of development more effectively and propose solutions to alleviate the confounding influence of biological maturity currently being implemented within sporting contexts. Secondary school children of different maturation status are often categorised using arbitrary, chronological age-ordered bandings, resulting in groups of children exhibiting large within-group variations in physical, behavioural, emotional, and educational development. This heterogeneity may lead to sub-optimal learning environments, which are confounded by complex and often negative developmental consequences for children who are at either extreme (late- or early-maturing) of the maturation continuum. This is particularly important within PE, where engagement, enjoyment, and resultant lifelong physical activity attitudes are influenced by perceived competence and relatedness, and where these needs may be thwarted because of considerable maturity-related variations. This paper posits that it is time for key stakeholders within child education to explore new ways to supplement current teaching practices and consider occasionally grouping children by maturation status (i.e. bio-banding) within secondary school PE to enhance students’ experiences.

Peak Performance: Characteristics and Key Factors in the Development of the World Top-8 Swimmers Based on Longitudinal Data.

This study aimed to investigate the peak performance characteristics of the world top-8 swimmers and the key factors involved in the journey toward achieving better peak performance. The results of the world top-8 swimmers from 2001 to 2022 were collected from the World Aquatics performance database. Progression to peak performance was tracked with individual quadratic trajectories (1191 cases). Utilizing k-means clustering to group competitive feature variables, this study investigated key developmental factors through a binary logistic regression model, using the odds ratio (OR) to represent whether a factor was favorable (OR > 1) or unfavorable (OR < 1). Significant differences (P < .001) in the peak age between men (23.54/3.80) and women (22.31/4.60) were noticed, while no significant differences (P > .05) in the peak-performance window for both sexes appeared. Peak performance occurred at later ages for the sprint for both sexes, and women had a longer duration in peak-performance window for sprint (P < .05). Peak-performance occurred at later ages for the breaststroke and butterfly for both sexes (P < .05). Binary logistic regression revealed that high first-participation performance (OR = 1.502), high major-competition performance (OR = 4.165), early first-major-competition age (OR = 1.441), participation frequency above 4 times/year in both phase 2 (4.3-8.0 times/y, OR = 3.940; 8.1-20.0 times/y, OR = 5.122) and phase 3 (4.1-7.5 times/y: OR = 5.548; 7.7-15.0 times/y: OR = 7.526), and a career length of 10years or more (10-15y, OR = 2.102; 16-31y, OR = 3.480) were favorable factors for achieving better peak performance. Peak performance characteristics varied across sex, swimming stroke, and race distance in the world top-8 swimmers. Meanwhile, the research indicated that certain specific developmental factors were key conditions for the world top-8 swimmers to achieve better peak performance in the future.

Factors associated with fertility status assessment among female survivors of childhood cancer.

10072 Background: Female survivors of childhood cancer with prior gonadotoxic treatment are at risk for infertility. As such, fertility status assessment (FSA) with ovarian reserve assessment and antral follicle count in consultation with a fertility specialist may be indicated to evaluate options for biological parenthood. FSA is underutilized in this population. This study explored psychosocial, developmental, and clinical factors associated with FSA. Methods: Female survivors (aged 18-29 years, diagnosis &lt; 21 years, &gt; 1 year from treatment completion, prior gonadotoxic treatment) were recruited from four cancer centers in the U.S. Participants reported sociodemographics (race, sexual orientation, gender identity, relationship status), developmental milestones (living and financial independence, full-time employment), reproductive concerns (modified Reproductive Concerns Scale), knowledge of reproductive health, decisional factors, and history of FSA. Clinical characteristics (cancer diagnosis, treatment-related risk for infertility, hormonal testing, clinical encounter with pediatric reproductive health subspecialist [gynecology, endocrinology]) were abstracted from the medical record. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for factors associated with FSA. Results: Of 325 participants, N = 260 completed all survey items of interest. Participants were an average of 23.7±3.1 years, 74% non-Hispanic white, 79% heterosexual and cisgender, and 48% in a committed relationship. Compared with those without FSA (N = 164), participants who completed an FSA (N = 96) reported greater attainment of developmental milestones (OR 2.20, 95%CI: 1.10-3.85, p = .027), greater desire for reproductive information (OR 1.86, 95%CI: 1.2-2.77, p = .001), greater knowledge regarding fertility-related procedures (OR 4.12, 95%CI: 2.36-7.57, p &lt; .001) and fertility preservation (OR 1.76, 95%CI: 1.31-2.44, p &lt; .001), having made an informed decision to pursue FSA (OR 1.82, 95%CI: 1.30-2.59, p = .001), clinical encounter with pediatric reproductive subspecialist (OR 3.37, 95%CI: 1.1-10.9, p = .032), and less knowledge regarding family building options (OR 0.47, 95%CI 0.27-0.79, p = .006). Diagnosis, infertility risk, and hormonal evaluation were not associated with FSA completion. Conclusions: Among emerging adult survivors, psychosocial factors associated with FSA completion include developmental milestones and knowledge of reproductive health. Clinical encounters with pediatric reproductive subspecialists may provide an opportunity for survivors to learn about and receive referrals to a fertility clinic. Psychoeducation is warranted to support survivors’ pursuit of FSA. Integration and consideration of survivor development and knowledge in these clinical encounters should potentiate optimal uptake of FSA.

Uncommon Bilateral Idiopathic Facial Nerve Palsy (Bell's Palsy) in an Infant: An Atypical Age and Clinical Challenges Explored: A Case Report.

Our case study explores Bell's palsy, a rare lower motor neuron facial nerve paralysis, particularly rare in newborns. While often idiopathic, it can stem from congenital or developmental factors. Unilateral facial paralysis is more prevalent, with Bell's palsy accounting for more than 50%, while bilateral facial paralysis is exceptionally rare. We present a distinctive case of idiopathic Bell palsy in a 3.5-month-old infant, initially affecting the right side and spontaneously resolved within 30 days, followed by involvement on the left side a month later. Despite comprehensive evaluations and treatment, persistent facial weakness was observed on the left side. The patient initially responded well but faced ongoing challenges during the second attack. Our findings underscore the need for further research to improve the understanding and management of these cases.

Is Seeing Believing? Hallmark Movie Viewership and Relationship Beliefs.

The Hallmark Channel, a highly watched cable network, is known for its consistently idealistic portrayals of romantic relationships. Despite its popularity, no research has examined whether increased viewership of Hallmark movies covaries with endorsement of relationship beliefs. According to cultivation theory, what we watch impacts our beliefs and perceptions of reality. Additionally, the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (DSMM) proposes that certain variables, such as developmental (i.e., age, relationship length) and dispositional factors (e.g., attachment style, gender), may make certain viewers more or less susceptible to the effects of media viewership. Based on this grounding, the main purpose of this study was to determine if watching more Hallmark movies is associated with endorsing certain beliefs about romantic relationships and opposite-sex friendships when controlling for several susceptibility factors. A nationwide sample of heterosexual, married participants (N = 279) completed measures of Romantic Beliefs, Implicit Theories of Relationships, and beliefs about opposite-sex friendships and reported on their media consumption. More frequent Hallmark movie viewership was associated with increased endorsement of several relationship beliefs, above and beyond susceptibility factors (e.g., attachment, relationship length) and daily television consumption. Specifically, greater Hallmark movie viewership was positively associated with greater endorsement of multiple unrealistic relationship beliefs, destiny beliefs, and believing that opposite-sex friendships are problematic. The findings of the current study provide further support for cultivation theory and DSMM.

Exploring the Multidimensional Characteristics of Selected and Non-Selected White British and British South Asian Youth Cricketers: An Exploratory Machine Learning Approach

Selection into a County Age Group (CAG; under 10–18) programme is the first step for young aspiring cricketers on their journey to achieving professional status. Recognising that the British South Asian (BSA) community represents 30% of those who play recreational cricket compared to less than 5% of those who are selected to play at the professional level in England and Wales, it is important to better understand the characteristics of selected and non-selected players based on ethnicity to identify potential sociocultural differences during selection. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the multidimensional factors that differentiated between selected and non-selected adolescent male cricketers as well as between White British (WB) and BSA selected players into a CAG programme. A total of 82 male participants aged between 14 and 17 years were included (mean = 15.3 ± 1.1 years: selected n = 33 and non-selected n = 49: WB n = 34, BSA n = 44, Other n = 4). In total, 104 characteristics were measured over nine tests, which were subsequently placed into five overarching factors: (a) physiological and anthropometrical, (b) perceptual–cognitive expertise, (c) psychological, (d) participation history, and (e) socio-cultural influences. A Bayesian binomial regression was performed in rSTAN using a weak normal prior to highlight differentiators in selection as well as differences between WB and BSA selected players. The results highlighted that athleticism, wellbeing and cohesion, the number of older brothers, and being born in birth quarters two and three were positively correlated with player selection into a CAG. Conversely, increases in psychological scores, a greater number of younger brothers and older sisters, as well as antisocial behaviour resulted in a reduced chance of player selection. Finally, several developmental factors (i.e., athleticism, wellbeing and cohesion, psychological distress, and levels of anti-social behaviour) differed based on ethnicity. These exploratory findings serve as a useful opening to highlight there are important differences to consider based on selection and ethnicity in CAG cricket.

Pudarnya Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesian Di Kalangan Remaja Akibat Pengaruh Bahasa Gaul

The use of language is essential to human survival in all aspects of daily life. Language allows us to share our thoughts, feelings, desires, opinions, and information, among other things. Adolescents' proficiency in using proper Indonesian has started to decrease. One of the reasons Indonesian proficiency is declining among adolescents is the influence of slang. When people use Indonesian in formal settings, slang can get in the way, leading to bad grammar and spelling. Using both primary and secondary sources, this study embraces qualitative research methods and journal articles. Methods such as recording, observation, and interviews were employed to gather data. All things considered, these results point to environmental, developmental, and technological factors as the primary causes of the widespread use of slang among adolescents.