Developed Pressure Research Articles

Performance evaluation of ALIP applying fully enclosed slot

ABSTRACT In nuclear energy systems, annular linear induction pump (ALIP) is regarded as an ideal device for transporting liquid metal. Developed pressure and efficiency are crucial indicators for evaluating performance of an ALIP, and enhancing these fac- tors is of utmost importance. This paper presents a 2D axisymmetric finite element method (FEM) model for efficiently predicting the performance of ALIP and a 3D FEM model to explore the implementation of a fully enclosed slot structure. The accuracy of the proposed models is validated by comparing the results with experimental data, complemented by empirical formulas in the post-processing phase. The continuous and discontinuous conditions of the pole pieces are analyzed using the 3D FEM, demonstrating that the fully enclosed slot structure can significantly enhance both developed pressure and efficiency, thereby improving the overall performance of the ALIP.

Analisis Yuridis terhadap Penegakan Hukum Alih Fungsi Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kawasan Perkotaan

This study examines the issue of law enforcement related to the conversion of Green Open Spaces (GOS) in urban areas. Using a normative juridical research method with legislative and conceptual approaches, this research analyzes the implementation of Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, which mandates the availability of GOS at a minimum of 30% of the total urban area. The findings indicate that law enforcement in GOS conversion faces multiple challenges, including inconsistent regulatory implementation, budget constraints, weak inter-agency coordination, and obstacles in monitoring and enforcement. The pressures of urban facility development and population growth due to urbanization further complicate efforts to preserve GOS. Optimizing the role of local governments in GOS protection and management is carried out through the implementation of the Spatial and Regional Planning involving various related agencies. The Ministry of Environment’s Adipura Program also plays a role in promoting enhanced environmental management performance by adhering to eight essential criteria within legal products related to environmental and ecosystem protection. This study recommends strengthening the GOS management system through improved inter-agency coordination, adequate budget provision, and the consistent application of firm sanctions.

A Well‐Advanced High‐Throughput Test System for Electrocatalytic Screening Applications Under Industrial Relevant Conditions – A Perspective to Accelerate Electrolysis Research and Development

ABSTRACTElectrolysis is a dynamic research area in which both mature and new promising processes, such as alkaline water electrolysis and electrochemical CO2 reduction, are under enormous development pressure due to their high relevance for the energy sector. High‐throughput (HT) technologies are efficient screening platforms that can accelerate research activities and significantly shorten development times. Over the past 25 years, various HT platforms have found their way into electrochemical research. These typically have one or more major disadvantages: they are characterized by abstract experimental conditions, designed for a specific application or process, or generate insufficiently comparable data. In this publication, we present a newly developed HT test system that enables the parallel operation of 16 electrochemical bench‐scale flow cells under industry‐relevant test conditions. The specially developed modular flow cell can be operated variably in the fully automated system and allows research into the most common applications in electrochemistry for many different processes with a focus on all relevant variants of water electrolysis and electrochemical CO2 reduction. Both the HT system and the developed flow cell are designed to accelerate the generation of reliably reproducible data with high comparability in order to strengthen scientific exchange. The fully automated process control, online analysis and programmable feedback loops of the HT test system provide great potential for the design of experiment strategies. The implementation of Design of Experiment strategies will maximize the testing efficiency of this innovative research system.

The LTAR Cropland Common Experiment at Lower Chesapeake Bay.

The Lower Chesapeake Bay (LCB) Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) Common Experiment (CE) located in Beltsville, MD, focuses on research of concern to producers of the major regional crops, which are corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and various forage species. Livestock production in the region includes broiler and laying chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) and dairy and beef cattle (Bos taurus L.). The LCB region is among the most heavily populated in the United States. Urban development pressure is high for both farms and natural areas. The need to restore Chesapeake Bay water quality is a major influence on regional agricultural practices. Conservation practices such as cover cropping, no-till agriculture, and nutrient management planning are more common in the region compared to nationally. However, farmers still face management challenges implementing practices that address water quality and the rise of herbicide-resistant weeds. Researchers at the LCB site recognize the need to protect the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and maintain farmer profitability. The LCB CE compares a 3-year crop rotation system featuring alternative crop management (cover crop intensification, crop rotation diversification, and integrated weed management [IWM]) with a prevailing 2-year system (no cover crops and no IWM), both under continuous no-tillage, to identify the optimal balance to promote the sustainability of regional cropping systems. The LTAR LCB site provides data-driven tools and solutions to support farmers in the mid-Atlantic region.

Simulation and validation of a Francis turbine load rejection procedure using OpenFOAM CFD code

Abstract The effect of off-design operation on the health of hydraulic turbines is known to be adverse, with substantial compromise in efficiency, due to evolvement of flow instability in the draft tube and consequent pressure fluctuation. The worst-case scenario may entail resonance between developed pressure fluctuation and system natural frequencies and therefore lead to power swings, possible mechanical vibrations and machine wear and tear. Present global energy ambition, however, necessitates frequent off-design operation and as such development of accurate numerical methods to determine the anomalous flow field in the turbomachine is mandated. To this end, a load rejecting transient operation of a model high head Francis turbine from design operating point to part load condition is simulated using a hybrid turbulence modelling approach. A detailed analysis of the draft tube velocity field is carried out after validation of the test case with experimental investigations that have discerned similar results. Spatio-temporal features, such as central flow stagnation, flow separation, central flow recirculation and development of a precessing vortex core, which are embodiments of the vortex breakdown phenomenon are thoroughly analysed and discussed. Finally, the draft tube flow is visualized using streamlines on the meridional plane and tracked as the turbine transitions from design to part load operating conditions.

VFDB 2025: an integrated resource for exploring anti-virulence compounds.

With the escalating crisis of bacterial multidrug resistance, anti-virulence therapeutic strategies have emerged as a highly promising alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments. Anti-virulence compounds are specifically designed to target virulence factors (VFs), disarming pathogens without affecting bacterial growth and thus reduce the selective pressure for resistance development. However, due to the complexity of bacterial pathogenesis, no anti-virulence small molecules have been approved for clinical use thus far, despite the documentation of hundreds of potential candidates. To provide valuable reference resources for drug design, repurposing, and target selection, the virulence factor database (VFDB, http://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/) has systematically collected public data on anti-virulence compounds through extensive literature mining, and further integrated this information with its existing knowledge of bacterial VFs. To date, the VFDB has curated a comprehensive dataset of 902 anti-virulence compounds across 17 superclasses reported by 262 studies worldwide. By cross-linking the current knowledge of bacterial VFs with information on relevant compounds (e.g. classification, chemical structure, molecular targets and mechanisms of action), the VFDB aims to bridge the gap between chemists and microbiologists, providing crucial insights for the development of innovative and effective antibacterial therapies to combat bacterial infections and address antibiotic resistance.

The cardioprotective potential of soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) in myocardial ischemia

Abstract Background and aims: Increased circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, however, any cardiovascular-related functions remain unknown. This study aimed to (i) document haemodynamic profiles in isolated rat hearts under the influence of suPAR, and to (ii) explore any mechanisms triggered by suPAR following myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion. Methods We undertook a 4-pronged approach (Figure 1). A Langendorff isolated rat heart model was used to perfuse all hearts with Krebs-Henseleit solution flowing retrogradely through the aorta at 37°C. A balloon inserted into the left ventricle allowed measurements of ventricular pressure, and a pressure transducer placed above the aorta recorded perfusion pressure for coronary flow rates. The experimental protocol consisted an initial 30-minute stabilisation period, followed by 40 minutes of ischemia via buffer flow cessation. Hearts were subsequently recovered during 90 minutes of reperfusion, receiving either suPAR treatment or perfusion buffer as controls. An inhibitor arm comprising co-infusion of suPAR and a monoclonal antibody capable of binding to suPAR was also assessed. Troponin T was measured in outflow perfusates collected at specific intervals. Proteins from hearts in treatment groups were separated using gel electrophoresis, with Western blotting to visualise the phosphorylation status of kinases (Akt, STAT). High-flow respirometry and fluorometry were investigated in cardiac mitochondria to determine respiration rates and ATP production in ischaemia reperfusion under the influence of suPAR. Statistical analysis was conducted with ANOVA using SPSS. Results Hearts receiving suPAR infusion at reperfusion (n = 16) showed a significant increase in developed pressure (p = .017) and lower perfusion pressure (p = .02) compared to controls (n = 16), revealing that suPAR-treated hearts recovered with better contractility and vasodilatory properties post-ischaemia. suPAR’s haemodynamic profiles in the antibody group were similar to controls, attenuating suPAR-induced effects (n = 8). Outflow effluents in suPAR-treated hearts obtained >3 fold lower serial Troponin T values than controls (p < .001). Heart tissues receiving suPAR treatment revealed a 1.7-fold increase in Akt (p = .001) and a 3.8-fold increase in STAT3 phosphorylation compared to controls (p < .001) and the inhibitor group (p = .04). Finally, suPAR increased mitochondrial ATP production by 28% (p = .013) compared to controls after ischaemia. Conclusion This is a world-first demonstration of suPAR’s cardioprotective influences in isolated rat hearts recovering from ischaemia. suPAR’s ability to promote cardiac contractility and vasodilation was associated with lesser injury as shown by Troponin T reduction. Mechanistically, suPAR infusion upregulated two key cardioprotective pathways, which may also function to protect cardiac mitochondria.Figure 1 - Schematic of Methods

The Impact of Occupational Pressure on Integrated Education among Kindergarten Teachers

Due to the complexity and specificity of the physical and mental development of special needs children, there are significant individual differences that require special school teachers to put in more effort in their work. However, due to the imbalance between the actual teaching effectiveness of teachers and their efforts, they are prone to negative psychological states such as occupational burnout and self-doubt. With the increasing professional pressure of kindergarten teachers, it affects the implementation of integrated education. Integrated education aims to promote mutual understanding and respect among children with different abilities and backgrounds. However, in reality, current preschool teachers are facing issues such as diverse needs of young children, insufficient teaching resources, and career development pressures, which affect teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes for young children. Therefore, it is necessary for the education department and all sectors of society to pay attention, solve problems, achieve the goal of integrated education, and enable children to grow up in a good environment.

Amazonian conservation across archipelagos of Indigenous territories.

Indigenous stewardship is essential to the conservation of biocultural diversity, yet conventional conservation models often treat Indigenous territories (ITs) as homogeneous or isolated units. We propose that archipelagos of Indigenous territories (AITs), clusters of ITs that span geographies but are connected through shared cultural or political ties maintained by Indigenous nations, are crucial for understanding and enhancing conservation strategies that recognize the complexity of Indigenous stewardship. We classified 3572 ITs in the Amazon into 4 categories-single or multiple nations with either singular IT or AIT-to assess their spatial heterogeneity, governance, and conservation potential. We then assessed species richness, carbon stocks, and pressures across these different categories. To examine how AITs can enhance biocultural conservation efforts, we conducted a case study of the Cofán Nation in Ecuador. AITs covered 45% of the Amazonian land area and had higher species richness and carbon stocks than single IT configurations. However, AITs faced greater pressures from development and extractive activities. In the case study, the Cofán AIT was shaped by colonization and land titling challenges, but their community-driven governance, cross-territorial collaboration, and adaptive responses-such as comanagement agreements and resisting extractive activities-enhanced their ecological and cultural resilience amid growing development pressures. Our findings suggest that AITs facilitate the exchange of resources, knowledge, and cultural practices, which strengthens social connectivity, reinforces governance structures, and enables adaptive management across ITs, thereby enhancing biocultural resilience across discontinuous spaces. This work advocates for a paradigm shift in conservation planning and practice that recognizes the vital role of AITs in sustaining Amazonian ecosystems and Indigenous lifeways, particularly in the face of increasing pressures.

Normothermic Ex Vivo Heart Perfusion With Exosomes From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Graft Function in Donation After Circulatory Death Hearts.

This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on donation after circulatory death (DCD) hearts preserved with normothermic ex vivo heart perfusion (EVHP) in a rat heart transplantation model. Thirty-two male Lewis rats were divided into 2 groups: the control group and the exosome group. The donor-heart rats were subjected to the DCD procedure by suffering a 15-min warm ischemia injury, subsequently preserved with EVHP for 90 min, and then transplanted into recipients via abdominal heterotopic heart transplantation. Vehicle or exosome was added into the perfusate of normothermic EVHP in the control or exosome group. We evaluated left ventricular graft function, myocardial inflammation, and myocardial apoptosis of the donor heart 1.5 h after heart transplantation. Furthermore, we investigate the alternation of myocardial gene expression in the donor hearts between both groups by transcriptome sequencing. The treatment with exosome significantly enhanced cardiac function through increasing left ventricular developed pressure, dp/dt max , and dp/dt min of DCD hearts at 90 min after heart transplantation compared with the control group. The myocardial cells in the exosome group exhibited an orderly arrangement without obvious edema. Furthermore, exosome added into perfusate in the exosome group significantly attenuated the level of inflammatory response and apoptosis. Transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR showed the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway was activated after exosome treatment. Normothermic EVHP combined with exosome can be a promising and novel DCD heart preservation strategy, alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the DCD heart.

High-Performance Flexible Pressure Sensor with Micropyramid Structure for Human Motion Signal Detection and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

Flexible pressure sensors have a wide range of applications in the field of human motion signal detection, but the electromagnetic radiation generated during the monitoring process has become an unavoidable problem. Nowadays, it is still a challenge to develop high-performance pressure sensors with excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. Herein, the Ti3C2TX MXene/carbon fiber/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane (MXene/CMP) films with a micropyramidal structure were developed by the technology of vacuum high-temperature hot pressing and spray deposition. Benefiting from the dielectric loss of the conductive fillers and the presence of the microstructure, the MXene/CMP film exhibits excellent EMI shielding performance, and the EMI shielding efficiency (SE) can reach 49.37 dB. Besides, the introduction of CF effectively improves the mechanical properties of the MXene/CMP films, and the MXene nanosheets deposited on the surface of the film can reduce stress concentration, which in turn delays the expansion of cracks. Furthermore, the MXene/CMP sensor exhibits high sensitivity (89.76 kPa-1) and fast response/recovery time (61/60 ms). The deformation of microstructure and the construction of conductive networks enable the sensor to realize the monitoring of human motion signals (such as finger bending, knee bending, wrist bending, etc.). Meanwhile, the sensor maintains sensing stability even after 2000 pressure cycles, which can be attributed to the improvement in mechanical properties. In summary, the developed high-performance flexible pressure sensor with micropyramid structure has great application prospects in wearable devices and healthcare.

Discussion about the Role of Ghrelin in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion and its Possible Mechanism

Background Ghrelin in the gastric mucosa of rats can improve myocardial cell apoptosis and cardiac remodeling during myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction, and it has a protective effect on the myocardium, but its mechanism is unclear. Objectives The rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model was established to investigate Ghrelin’s role in the disease’s pathogenesis. Materials and Methods The study subjects were 80 male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats: Sham operation group, I/R model control group, I/R + Ghrelin group, and I/R + Ghrelin + 5-hydroxydecanoic acid salt (5-HD) group. Before surgery, rats in the I/R + Ghrelin group were given Ghrelin 100 µg/kg intravenously, and those in the I/R + Ghrelin + 5-HD group were given 100 µg/kg and 5-HD 5 mg/kg. An I/R model was made, and a cardiac ultrasound index was detected after reperfusion. The venous blood of rats in each group was taken, with the values of the myocardial enzyme creatine kinase (CK), troponin I (cTnI), and so on. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured from the myocardial tissues of rats. Mitochondrial protein was extracted from the ischemic myocardium cells of rats in each group, and the content of Cx43 protein in the mitochondria was detected. Results After reperfusion, it was found that left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) in the echocardiogram of the I/R model control group were significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the sham operation group (p < .001). LVDP, LVEF, and LVFS in the I/R + Ghrelin group were significantly higher than those in the I/R model control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .001). At the end of reperfusion, myocardial troponin and other data, as well as MDA content in the peripheral blood of the control group, were different from those in the sham operation group (p < .05). The former ATP value was lower than the latter (p < .05). The CK, CK-myocardial band (CK-MB), and cTnI values in the I/R + Ghrelin group were lower than those in the good group (p < .05). Mitochondria were isolated from rat myocardial cells in each group. After reperfusion, Cx43 data in the control group were lower than those in other groups. After pretreatment with Ghrelin, related expressions were unchanged. After 5-HD was added, the expression of Cx43 decreased slightly, but it was not obvious. The content of MDA in the I/R + Ghrelin + GHRP-6 group was significantly increased, which was not significantly different from that in the I/R + Ghrelin + 5-HD group. Still, the expression was reversed considerably compared with that in the I/R + Ghrelin group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .001). After the intervention of GHRP-6, ATP content in the myocardial tissue of rats in the I/R + Ghrelin group was also reversed, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). By western blot detection, it was found that after the intervention of GHRP-6 in the rats pretreated with Ghrelin, the expression level of Cx43 in the myocardial mitochondria of the rats was significantly decreased. Still, the difference was insignificant compared to that in the I/R + Ghrelin + 5-HD group. Ghrelin protein reduces the mitochondrial ATP value, and reperfusion can maintain the stability of energy metabolism of myocardial cells and protect them. Ghrelin protein protects the myocardium by maintaining the expression of Cx43. Ghrelin protein can maintain the expression of Cx43 by increasing the activity of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel, thus playing a protective role in cardiomyocytes to a certain extent.

Adaptation strategies in wildlife hunting practices among the Tehit Knasaimos Ethnic Group, South Sorong, Southwest Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Maturbongs RA, Kapisa A, Worabai MS, Beljai M. 2024. Adaptation strategies in wildlife hunting practices among the Tehit Knasaimos Ethnic Group, South Sorong, Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3309-3319. This research investigates the adaptation strategies employed by the Tehit Knasaimos Ethnic Group in South Sorong District, Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia to sustain their wildlife hunting practices. Employing a descriptive methodology that integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study focuses on the villages of Manggroholo and Sira. It explores how the community reconciles traditional hunting and fishing practices with the pressures of modern development by incorporating modern tools and economic practices. This analysis examines how traditional practices are adapted to meet the dual demands of cultural preservation and economic necessity. Key findings indicate a significant shift from traditional barter systems to cash-based transactions, highlighting the impact of modern economic integration on traditional economies. Additionally, a noticeable adoption of more durable materials in hunting and fishing gear suggests a move towards more sustainable practices that could reduce environmental degradation. Notably, the research emphasizes the continued relevance of cultural practices such as totemism and the management of sacred forests (hutan pamali), which play a pivotal role in wildlife conservation. The study further underscores the critical role of indigenous leadership and community collaboration in maintaining the sustainability of these practices. By fostering a communal approach to resource management, the Tehit Knasaimos community can navigate the challenges of external economic and environmental pressures. These insights contribute significantly to a broader understanding of how indigenous communities adapt to external challenges while preserving their cultural heritage and promoting ecological sustainability. This study enriches the discourse on sustainable development and offers valuable lessons on the resilience of indigenous adaptation strategies in the face of global change.

Assessing the political vulnerability of National Parks in sub‐Saharan Africa using data on digital trends and engagement

Abstract National Parks (NPs) and other protected areas in sub‐Saharan Africa are crucial in attracting international tourists interested in wildlife tourism, contributing to national economies. Despite their cultural, economic, and conservation significance, these areas face diverse development threats, leading to pressures for protected area downgrading, downsizing, or degazettement (known as PADDD). We comprehensively analyse the geographical, historical, and structural aspects of 322 NPs in sub‐Saharan Africa and assess their political vulnerability by exploring the interplay of development pressures and public interest (as measured through Wikipedia page views). Fewer than 30% of these NPs possess or report information regarding management plans, even among the five most frequently viewed areas on Wikipedia. This is particularly concerning, since among those who underwent a PADDD event (51 NPs), almost 90% of them also had no information about the existence of management plans. Although we did not identify a statistically significant association between tourism and public interest online, tourism emerges as a potential mitigating factor against PADDD, along with high levels of peace. NPs that garner significant public interest online do not share the same socio‐geographic profile as parks that are most resilient to PADDD events. While digital metrics of public interest have potential as indicators of political resilience in NP, our research has shown that these metrics need refinement to fully understand which biophysical and cultural aspects of parks attract more public attention. Overall, effective conservation strategies in sub‐Saharan Africa require a more holistic understanding of historical, socio‐economic, and cultural factors. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing-Escherichia coli from Ruminants in Maiduguri, Nigeria: Public Health Implications

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) is resistant to many antibiotics, including cephalosporins and penicillin. The emergence of ESBL-E. coli poses a threat to the entire animal and human community, not just individuals with direct exposure to ruminants but also to the environment. The study evaluated the isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ESBL-producing E. coli from 128 ruminants in the University of Maiduguri campus. E. coli was isolated from 32 (25%) of the rectal swabs collected from cattle, goats, and sheep. ESBL-producing E. coli was more common in young animals 8(30.8%) than in adult animals 12 (11.8%). More than 80% of the isolates were resistant to all of the beta-lactam antibiotics used in the study. The study suggests that the high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in ruminants may be associated with the unregulated use of beta-lactam antibiotics in veterinary practice and animal husbandry. We recommend public health awareness about the dangers of antimicrobial resistance. Also, continued monitoring of BL-E. coli prevalence in both animals and humans is crucial to track trends and guide interventions. Promoting the judicious use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine is essential to reduce selective pressure for resistance development. Improved hygiene practices at farms, slaughterhouses, and food processing facilities can minimize contamination and human exposure.

Calculation Method for Bottomhole Flow Pressure in Co-layer Development of Multilayer Sandstone Reservoir

Abstract Accurately calculating the bottom hole flow pressure of a multi-layer stacked sandstone reservoir (hereinafter referred to as a multi-layer reservoir) is the basis for production splitting, oil well dynamic analysis, and reasonable work system determination in the development of multi-layer reservoirs. The bottomhole flow pressure model for single-layer oil reservoirs does not consider interlayer interference and the pressure drop caused by fluid flow in the wellbore, which doesn’t comply with the characteristics of multi-layer combined production, and the use of the maximum bottomhole flow pressure of the oil layer as the bottomhole flow pressure of each oil layer to adjust the production system of each oil layer doesn’t meet the requirements of other oil layer regulation. Firstly, starting from fluid mechanics, the frictional effect generated by fluid flow in the wellbore is systematically considered, and the relationship between wellbore frictional pressure drop and flow distance is established. The pressure drop formula generated by fluid flow in the wellbore is derived; Secondly, from the perspective of seepage mechanics, a formula for the bottom hole flow pressure of a single-layer reservoir was obtained. Combined with the expression for the difference in bottom hole flow pressure of each oil layer in the development of a multi-layer reservoir and the pressure drop expression for fluid flow in the wellbore, a bottom hole flow pressure model for each oil layer in the development of a multi-layer reservoir was established (hereinafter referred to as the multi-layer reservoir bottom hole flow pressure model). Substitute various parameters into the bottomhole flow pressure model of multi-layer oil reservoirs, and the error between the calculated values and the actual test values in the field is 0.10%~1.30%, with an average error of 0.82%, meeting the actual needs of the site. There is a significant difference in the bottom hole flow pressure values of each oil layer in the co production reservoir. The multi layer reservoir bottom hole flow pressure model can accurately calculate the bottom hole flow pressure of each oil layer, avoiding the inability to accurately adjust the production system of multiple oil layers for the same bottom hole flow pressure. It can provide technical support for the development of a reasonable drainage system for on-site co production oil wells and the realization of high and stable production.

The Development of a Comprehensive Dimensions Scale for Assessing Clinical Teachers' Occupational Well-Being.

In Taiwanese clinical and healthcare environments, there is a dearth of appropriate and effective tools to evaluate clinical teachers' occupational well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a culturally adapted scale, a Taiwanese version of the Clinical Teachers' Occupational Well-Being Dimensions Scale (CTOWDS), to accurately measure the occupational well-being of clinical teachers in Taiwan. Following a comprehensive literature review and expert panel discussions, the study developed the CTOWDS and conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with 346 participants using SPSS to identify its underlying dimensional structure and psychometric properties. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then performed with 255 participants using AMOS to validate the EFA results. The study also assessed internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validities, and goodness-of-fit indexes to ensure that the scale was valid and reliable in the Taiwanese cultural setting. The EFA refined the scale from 51 to 29 items across five dimensions: personal qualities (11 items), academic research and career development pressure (6 items), teaching experience (4 items), learning experience (4 items), and teaching and communication pressure (4 items). These five dimensions explained 65.279% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed the five dimensions and 29 items, with good convergent and discriminant validities, goodness-of-fit indexes, and Cronbach's alpha values exceeding 0.70. The findings affirm the utility of the developed CTOWDS as a reliable and culturally relevant instrument for assessing the occupational well-being of clinical teachers.

A Review: Progress in the Mitigation of Soil Continuous Cropping Obstacles by Biochar Application in Agricultural System

Under the dual pressure of agricultural economic development and limited land resources, the continuous cultivation in same area has been a mainstream pattern. The continuous cropping obstacle has seriously impaired the soil physicochemical properties and soil microflora, hindering the sustainable development of agriculture. Various strategies have been used to mitigate the negative effects caused by continuous cropping; however, they cannot be solved effectively. Recently, biochar, as a new type of soil conditioner, has been found to be able to utilize its special physicochemical properties and adsorption properties to improve soil quality conditions. Besides, biochar application is one of the effective methods to reduce the obstacles of soil continuous cropping. In this paper, we reviewed the causes of soil continuous cropping obstacles and their effects on soil and plant, and emphatically analyzed the regulatory role and potential limitations of biochar in alleviating soil continuous cropping obstacles. For example, the type of raw material, pyrolysis conditions of biochar and differences in soil types would yield different effects on the efficiency of biochar on soil continuous cropping obstacles mitigation, Furthermore, other influenced factors, such as the adsorption of biochar on root secretion, the interactions among plants, soils, and microorganisms, need to be investigated. This article provides theoretical support for the application of biochar in in alleviating soil continuous cropping obstacles.

Urban Water Crisis in Kabul City: Key Challenges and Solutions

Water is an essential human need for survival. However, billions globally wake up daily with accessible and affordable clean water. Rapid population growth, urbanization, climate change, precipitation regime changes, industrial development, and environmental degradation increase pressure on urban water resources. As a result, water demand is continuously rising, leading to prominent shortages in many cities in developing and developed countries, regardless of their developmental condition. One such city facing significant water scarcity is Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, where rapid urbanization has outpaced local water supply infrastructure, resulting in unsustainable exploitation of groundwater resources. This directly threatens the well-being of millions of residents in this city. In anticipation of the exhaustion of local water sources, Kabul will soon need to explore alternative water supply methods, such as inter-basin water transfers, to meet the growing demand. This paper aims to offer a broad overview of urban water crises, evaluating the key drivers of water shortages, exploring the specific water crisis facing Kabul, and analyzing previous research, reports, papers, flow data, groundwater data, maps/charts, field observations, surveys, GIS data, and statistical analysis as the methods for this work. So, to combat declining groundwater levels, a sustainable groundwater management approach is crucial. The approach includes water conservation methods, the implementation of efficient irrigation techniques, and the adoption of water pricing mechanisms.

Decent deepfakes? Professional deepfake developers’ ethical considerations and their governance potential

AbstractPolicymakers and societies are grappling with the question of how to respond to deepfakes, i.e., synthetic audio-visual media which is proliferating in all areas of digital life– from politics to pornography. However, debates and research on deepfakes’ impact and governance largely neglect the technology’s sources, namely the developers of the underlying artificial intelligence (AI), and those who provide code or deepfake creation services to others, making the technology widely accessible. These actors include open-source developers, professionals working in large technology companies and specialized start-ups, and for deepfake apps. They can profoundly impact which underlying AI technologies are developed, whether and how they are made public, and what kind of deepfakes can be created. Therefore, this paper explores which values guide professional deepfake development, how economic and academic pressures and incentives influence developers’ (perception of) agency and ethical views, and how these views do and could impact deepfake design, creation, and dissemination. Thereby, the paper focuses on values derived from debates on AI ethics and on deepfakes’ impact. It is based on ten qualitative in-depth expert interviews with academic and commercial deepfake developers and ethics representatives of synthetic media companies. The paper contributes to a more nuanced understanding of AI ethics in relation to audio-visual generative AI. Besides, it empirically informs and enriches the deepfake governance debate by incorporating developers’ voices and highlighting governance measures which directly address deepfake developers and providers and emphasize the potential of ethics to curb the dangers of deepfakes.