Phases Of Development Research Articles

Sedimentary and Tectonic, Implications on Late Cretaceous Reservoir Succession Along the Oil Fields, Mosul Block, Northwestern Iraq

This study focuses on Cretaceous reservoir succession development and evaluated in the Mosul Block NW Iraq. The oil fields are Sufayia, Ain Zalah, and Tel-Hajer (Sufayia-1, Ain Zalah-29, producing fields and Exploration well Tel-Hajar-1 South of Jabal Sinjar-non producing field). The Mosul Block in Northwestern Iraq has Cretaceous reservoirs, but less research has been done on the deeper plays of the Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic, and older reservoirs. Non-Tertiary reservoirs in this zone are unlike what exists in eastern Iraq. The reservoir facies and Stratigraphy evolution are influenced by three tectonic development phases: Phase I (Late Albian to Cenomanian): The Gir Bir Formation The main reservoir exhibits good hydrocarbon efficiency reservoir, characterized by Shoal Rudist and benthic foraminifers. Notably, this formation is absent in Tel-Hajar. Phase II (Turonian to Late Campanian, obduction phase): Tel-Hajar structure South Jabal Sinjar, as positive region (Austrian orogeny) which uplifts the Wajnah Formation Sub basinal, Facies overlying the Mushorah Formation in Ain Zalah and Sufayia fields. Phase III (Late Campanian to Maastrichtian), fractured basinal facies Shiranish Formation reservoir, located in the northern parts of Mosul Block Ain Zalah and Sufayia fields. However, no reservoir of cretaceous of Tel Hajar-1. The study concludes that the oil fields northwest of Mosul Blocks (Sufayia and Ain-Zalah fields) have good potential produced from the Cretaceous reservoir, while the south of Mosul Blocks well (Tel-Hajer -1) has weak potential as cut-out cretaceous stratigraphy (pale high) Cretaceous stage.

Navigating the Startup Innovation Ecosystem: Strategies for Effective External Resource Management

This research examines how innovation ecosystems facilitate startup innovation across the creation, development, and market phases. We analyze the roles of diverse ecosystem actors, emphasizing their contributions to resource dynamics using the case method approach. Semi-structured interview-based data was analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed the significance of the strategy of using external resources for the success of startups. During the creation phase, non-market-oriented entities like universities and incubators support startups with crucial early-stage R&D funding and business model formulation. In the development phase, startups refine their products with backing from accelerators, investors, and customers, utilizing innovation resources for prototyping and validation, and transitioning into the market phase, startups scale operations with market-oriented actors, focusing on organizational readiness and leveraging established business models for growth. Throughout these phases, startups balance exploration and exploitation strategies, enabling innovation ambidexterity. Our findings highlight how innovation ecosystem actors provide essential resources—physical, social, financial, and human—that foster startup resilience and maturity. Grounded in the Resource-Based View framework, this study offers empirical insights into strategic adaptations within innovation ecosystems, illustrating their transformative impact on startup success.<

Responses of Soil Enzymes Activities to Sprinkler Irrigation and Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilization in Barley Cultivation

Our study aimed to assess the impact of sprinkler irrigation on the activity of selected soil enzymes in terms of nitrogen metabolism and oxidation–reduction processes in soil with different doses of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. An Alfisol was sampled from an experimental field of spring barley within the University Research Center in the central part of Poland, namely the village of Mochełek with a moderate transitory climate, during the growing seasons of 2015–2017. The soil resistance (RS) was derived to recognize the resistance enzymes during drought. In the maturity phase, nitrate reductase activity was 18% higher in irrigated soil and the activities of other enzymes were higher than in the non-irrigated plots by 25% for dehydrogenase, 22% for peroxidase, 33% for catalase, and 17% for urease. The development phase in the barley influenced nitrate reductase activity. Enzymatic activities changed throughout the research years. During the maturity stage, a lower ammonium nitrogen content in the soil resulted from a higher spring barley uptake due to drought stress. Irrigation probably contributed to increased leaching of nitrate in the soil. The highest index of resilience was found in the soil catalase activity.

Analysis of asymmetric VR games – Steam platform case study

The paper presents research on the topic of asymmetric virtual reality (VR) games. These types of applications are in the development phase when it comes to their presence on the market, range, amount, and popularity. This research discusses the original topic, as it is still a niche compared to video games and even to VR applications on the market. The article presents a quantitative analysis of asymmetric VR applications available in the international market. One of the popular gaming platforms, Steam, was chosen as a subject for the case study in this investigation. The objectives of the conducted research include, first, a quantitative analysis and presentation of up-to-date data on asymmetric VR games available on Steam; then, providing and systematizing new knowledge about the asymmetric VR term, identifying the nature of asymmetric VR games, and finally, recognition of the current situation and the latest trends within the concept of asymmetric VR. Based on the results, it was concluded that the dominating genre of asymmetric VR was action (49.4 %), indie (46.0 %) and casual (45.4 %), followed by simulation (37.4 %). Most of the games were available in English (96.6 %), and far behind English, there were French and German languages (30.5 %), and then Spanish – Spain (28.2 %), Russian (27 %), Japanese (25.9 %), simplified Chinese (25.3 %) and others. The analysis of user re-views on Steam that asymmetric VR receive favorable feedback, with ‘very positive’ as the most prevalent label, representing 35.0 % of analyzed games. Notably, only four games achieved the ‘overwhelmingly positive’ label, including ‘Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes’ in the basic version and in the version with soundtrack (97 % positive reviews), ‘Rock Life: The Rock Simulator’ (95 % positive reviews), and ‘IronWolf VR’ (95 % positive reviews). Last but not least, the paper describes the features of the analyzed asymmetric VR application. The results of the research make a contribution to the field and provide new knowledge on the following: the new subarea of VR, the nature of asymmetric VR (author's concept), human behavior and interaction in asymmetric virtual gameplay, and communication in asymmetric VR.

A Study of Components of a Development of Emerging New Businesses Along with Start-up Ecosystem & Different Challenges Faced by Startup during the Development Process

Abstract India has gained global attention as a leading country that has seen significant development in the establishment of new businesses, positioning itself as a prominent center for start-ups. The birth and growth of a new businesses are impacted by several components, such as the demand for a new firm, the fundamental concept, location & events, finance sources, education & skills, employees & others. The Indian economy is widely recognized as the fifth biggest in the world when measured by gross domestic product, or the third largest when measured by purchasing power parity. The significance of start-ups in fostering this economy cannot be neglected since they contribute to the upward path of the nation’s economy. This study paper explores the various components involved in the creation of new businesses & their requirement in the process of the development of a start-up ecosystem. It also focus on the many obstacles & challenges that start-ups encounter throughout the development phase.

Artistic Practices in the Context of the Evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0

This article examines the evolution of artists’ interaction with the audience in the context of media culture, linked to the updates of communication mechanisms on the Internet, from the static Web 1.0 to the interactive Web 3.0. The aim of the article is to show the connections between the changes in authorship models and mechanisms of interaction with the audience in artistic practice and the evolutionary development of web technologies. The transformation of contemporary artistic forms is the result of the active influence of digital technologies and the associated collapse of the existing hierarchy between author, performer and audience. The study discusses the strengthening of the interactive component in artistic practices, parallel to the development of Internet technologies from Web 1.0 to the semantic Web 3.0 and analyzes the overlapping of these processes and their mutual influence in the context of post humanist perspectives. It was found that artistic collaborations through collective authorship are a characteristic model of authorship for this phase of Internet development. It was noted that the evolution from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 opens new possibilities for the creation of multisensory experiences, thanks to the use of VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) technologies, which are actively used by artists in artistic practices and works, for example in operas or concerts. In addition, the active development and integration of artificial intelligence technologies in artistic practices has been identified. By analyzing musical projects of different genres and forms, the transformative influence of web culture on contemporary artistic practices becomes clear. Keywords: artistic practices, music, internet, technologies, interactivity, communicative models’ development

Ontogenetic differences in sun and shade galls of Clinodiplosis profusa on Eugenia uniflora leaves and the cytological antioxidant mechanisms in gall cells.

The gall-host Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) is adaptable to different light conditions, enabling leaf production and survival in both sun and shade. Leaves of E. uniflora in shaded environments have more mesophyll layers, and galls of Clinodiplosis profusa (Cecidomyiidae) are larger and wider. Based on these previous observations, this study investigated the morphogenesis of galls induced by C. profusa on leaves of E. uniflora in different light conditions, revealing if the galls have a potential for acclimation, as observed with leaves. For this purpose, we compared the anatomical, histometric, and histochemical development of leaves and galls at different stages of development in sun and shade environments. Additionally, we analyzed the cytological features of the tissues composing the mature gall walls. Cells of shade galls expanded more toward the end of the developmental phase, which may explain the larger volume found for shade galls in a previous study. However, during the mature phase, these galls showed no significant differences in tissue thickness and final cell elongation in the contrasting light conditions. In the ultrastructural analyses, mature galls showed a gradient distinguishing the outer and inner parenchyma cells. The inner parenchyma had nutritive cells, with dense cytoplasm and abundant organelles. A higher accumulation of starch grains in nutritive cells, with evidence of hydrolysis of starch grains detected in the innermost layers leads to the accumulation of reducing sugars, which, with the presence of plastoglobules and protein bodies, are important mechanisms of oxidative stress dissipation in the cells in contact with the gall inducer.

Design and Development of Cybersecurity Suite

Protecting personal, corporate and government data in the digital age requires cybersecurity. Traditional cybersecurity methods sometimes lack comprehensive and dynamic protection mechanisms as cyber-attacks change and become more sophisticated. A new cybersecurity suite is proposed in this study. It integrates various advanced security technologies into a single user-friendly platform interaction. This paper specifically combines techniques for real-time phishing detection, strong password management, safe encryption and decryption services and an interactive module to promote user awareness and behaviours to improve digital security for individuals and organization. Rapid prototyping is used in iterative and incremental development phases to adapt to changing security needs and user input. This method allows the platform to be constantly improved to satisfy the current cybersecurity standards and react to new threats. The prototyped developed provides proactive digital defence, a complete cybersecurity platform that equips users to defend their digital presence. With the intuitive design and advanced feature set, the prototype aspires to democratize cybersecurity. Empirical testing of the prototype revealed that makes an effective protection of a wider audience without the complexities of security software. This paper contributes in the advances cybersecurity technology and shaping the digital protection measures.

Developing environmental, social and governance (ESG) strategies on evaluation of municipal waste disposal centers: A case of Mexico

Waste disposal systems are crucial components of environmental management, and focusing on this sector can contribute to the development of various other sectors and improve social welfare. Urban waste is no longer solely an environmental issue; it now plays a significant role in the economy, energy, and value creation, with waste disposal centers (WDCs) being a key manifestation. The purpose of this study is to measure the performance of WDCs in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico, with the aim of developing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies to strengthen and prepare the WDCs for the industrial developments in this state. By identifying environmental variables and undesirable factors, the efficiency and managerial capacity of 32 WDCs were assessed. The analysis revealed that 9 out of the 32 WDCs are technically efficient, while the remaining 23 require significant improvements. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, an average efficiency score of 0.91 was found, with a standard deviation of 0.08. The managerial capacity analysis indicated that the highest-ranked WDC achieved an efficiency score of 1, whereas the lowest-ranked WDC scored 0.67. Finally, an operational map of development strategies was developed using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Matrix Impact Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) approach. The results indicate that four phases of development should be followed for real development and maturity of development in these WDCs, including Groundwork, Structuring, Development and Growth, and Smart Maturity.

Policy responses to the rise of global OTT platforms in Korea

Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing measures sparked a surge in demand and unprecedented growth opportunities for OTT (over-the-top) services. Despite the need to foster Korea’s domestic media and cultural industry, the Korean government has almost failed to properly operate OTT policies and the opportunity went to global operators. Although Korea’s content competitiveness has advanced to a global level, local OTTs continue to lag Netflix. This is not a concern confined to Korea. This paper identifies the focal actors of Korea’s local OTT platforms, analyzes the developmental phases of the Korean OTT market, and draws policy-related and industrial implications by ascertaining, which factors hinder local OTT services from achieving their desired development, within the context of the actor-network theory. This paper offers a fresh perspective on the policy responses to the rise of global OTT platforms and the downturn of local OTT platforms in Korea.

Computer simulation and modeling of glow discharge optical emission coded aperture elemental mapping

BackgroundElemental mapping (EM) yields necessary insights into mechanisms of interest in solid samples across multiple disciplines. There are several EM techniques available but long acquisition time is a common limitation. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) allows direct quantitative multi-EM at very high throughput (∼10 s s) when coupled to traditional hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques. However, GDOES consumes the sample via sputtering, such that traditional HSI sequential scanning requirements lead to loss of information/resolution, which is compounded for multi-EM and limits nanomaterials analysis. Thus, there is a need for faster HSI to enable GDOES multi-EM of nanoscale materials. ResultsHere, a new technique is described, Glow discharge Optical emission Coded Aperture elemental Mapping (GOCAM), that takes advantage of compressive coded aperture spectral imaging to enable multi-EM in a single camera exposure. In this first phase of development, computer model simulations were implemented to study the effects of coded aperture parameters on data fidelity, which showed the best fidelity is achieved at smaller mask element sizes and transmittance of 60 %. In addition, SeSCIGPU demonstrated the best fidelity performance compared to several compressed sensing reconstruction algorithms, including TwIST, GAP-TV, SeSCICPU, and ADMM-TV, as evaluated by studying the effects of varying the corresponding hyperparameters. SignificanceThis study shows GOCAM's feasibility and provides a starting point for the second phase hardware development currently underway. GOCAM's potential to allow multi-EM from solid surfaces in a fraction of a second will be particularly enabling for nanostructured materials characterization.

Proteomic Profiling Reveals Age-Related Changes in Transporter Proteins in the Human Blood-Brain Barrier.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a crucial, selective barrier that regulates the entry of molecules including nutrients, environmental toxins, and therapeutic medications into the brain. This function relies heavily on brain endothelial cell proteins, particularly transporters and tight junction proteins. The BBB continues to develop postnatally, adapting its selective barrier function across different developmental phases, and alters with aging and disease. Here we present a global proteomics analysis focused on the ontogeny and aging of proteins in human brain microvessels (BMVs), predominantly composed of brain endothelial cells. Our proteomic profiling quantified 6,223 proteins and revealed possible age-related alteration in BBB permeability due to basement membrane component changes through the early developmental stage and age-dependent changes in transporter expression. Notable changes in expression levels were observed with development and age in nutrient transporters and transporters that play critical roles in drug disposition. This research 1) provides important information on the mechanisms that drive changes in the metabolic content of the brain with age and 2) enables the creation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for CNS drug distribution across different life stages.

Deciphering the gut microbiota of zebrafish, the most used fish as a biological model: A meta-analytic approach

A meta-analytic approach deciphered the taxonomic profile of the zebrafish gut microbiota at different developmental stages. Data (16S rDNA) were systematically searched in databases, selecting those with intestine samples of fish not exposed to a particular treatment or challenge (e.g., pathogens, dietetic tests, xenobiotics, etc.) and obtaining 340 samples to be processed. Results revealed marked differences between the developmental phases. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the larval phase, with a relative abundance of 90%, while the rest of the phyla did not exceed 2%. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, and Acinetobacter were the dominant genera in this phase. Transitional changes were observed after the larvae stage. Proteobacteria still registered high abundance (48%) in the juvenile phase, but Fusobacteria (40%) and Bacteriodota (5.9%) registered considerable increases. Genera, including Cetobacterium, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Flavobacterium, dominated this stage. The phyla Proteobacteria (48%) and Fusobacteria (35%) were strongly established in the adult phase. Cetobacterium was registered as the most abundant genus, followed by Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Plesiomonas, Vibrio, and ZOR0006 (Firmicutes; 6%). In conclusion, the composition of the intestinal microbiota of zebrafish is consistently determined by two primary phyla, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria; however, this composition varies depending on the developmental stage. Cetobacterium and Aeromonas are the most relevant genera in juveniles and adults. Finally, these results reveal a consistent pattern of certain bacterial groups in the zebrafish microbiota that could help shape gnotobiotic models (colonized with a specific known bacterial community) or synthetic microbiota (in vitro assembly of microbes), among other approaches.

The life of the Sun

Understanding the development and evolution of the Sun is critical for understanding the origins of our solar system and the circumstances for life on Earth. We can learn about our suns dynamics, energy output, and magnetic activity by analysing its evolution, and we can even forecast solar events that affect our world. Extensive study has indicated that the Sun is now in its main sequence stage, but research on its future development, such as becoming a red giant or crashing into a white dwarf, is still underway. Solar evolution research also sheds light on the inner workings of other stars and fundamental processes in the cosmos. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram aids in the classification and understanding of stars by providing essential information about their life cycle and attributes. The pre-main sequence, main sequence, and post-main sequence stages of the Suns origin and development are discussed in this article. It examines the origin of the Sun from interstellar materials as well as the probable impact of core-collapse supernovae. It also delves into the main sequence period, where stars masses and ages play important roles in shaping their properties. The main sequences existence is linked to hydrostatic equilibrium and the balance of energy production and gas weight. The scattering of stars that depart from the main sequence, such as red giants and white dwarfs, is also discussed in the article. Finally, it dives into post-main sequence development, in which the Sun switches from hydrogen fusion to helium fusion, causing the star to expand and cool. Finally, the Suns ultimate phase of development involves the burning of hydrogen and helium, which results in the expulsion of outer layers and the creation of a planetary nebula. The remaining core cools and transforms into a black dwarf, bereft of nuclear and gravitational energy sources.

A Development of Flipped Classroom Based an Electronic Module on Circulation System Material to Increase Student’ Learning Motivation

The using of teaching materials has an important role to increase student learning motivation. This research and development aims to produce the Flipped Classroom based E-module that is appropriate, practical, and effective to increase students learning motivation on eleventh grade at senior high school. The research used a research and development methodology (R & D) with ADDIE development model through the phase of Analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The data resources are material scholar, biology teacher, and the eleventh grade student at senior high school. The research instrument used a questionnaire. The data analysis used likert scale then the result of the research indicated that the product is appropriate based on the material scholar’s assessment is 97,91%, (very appropriate), and the media scholar’ assessment is 91,25% (very appropriate) the product is practically used based on biology teacher is 100% (very practical) and the result of small scale test obtained 89,66% (very practical). An E-module is effective to increase students motivation learning based N-gain score result 0,49

A Strategic Guide to Improve and De-risk Vaccine Development: CEPI's CMC Framework.

The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) has developed a robust CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls) Framework to enhance the likelihood of successful vaccine development. This Framework serves as a comprehensive guide, aiding developers in building effective strategies to overcome the challenges posed by the different phases of vaccine development, including the ones often referred to as the "valleys of death". The Framework lists stage-appropriate deliverables, categorized and refined, spanning five key areas: manufacturing process, formulation and stability, analytics, supply chain, and compliance. By emphasizing the critical aspects of CMC development, CEPI's objective is to expedite the progression of vaccine candidates from research to deployment, reducing delays, mitigating risks, and optimizing the overall development process, all while upholding uncompromising quality standards, ultimately increasing the probability of success.

Clinical Implications of Co-administering Apixaban with Key Interacting Medications.

With many available data sources, clinicians need to consider the benefit-risk profile of individual anticoagulants when balancing the need for anticoagulation, including evaluating the risks in patients with comorbidities and potential drug-drug interactions. This narrative review presents clinical data across multiple phases of drug development for the use of apixaban, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, when taken concomitantly with other agents, and evaluates the benefit-risk profile of apixaban with these interacting medications. Key subgroup analyses from the phase 3 ARISTOTLE trial (NCT00412984) are presented using data from patients who received either concomitant inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 and/or P‑glycoprotein. We also review the available evidence for the use of apixaban in patients with cancer-associated thromboembolism, as well as the use of apixaban in patients with COVID-19.

Mycotoxins in vegetating corn plants from experimental mono-sowing

The aim of present study was to reveal the mycotoxin contamination of vegetative maize (Zea mays L.) plants during the periods of leaf formation and panicle emergence. Early maturing hybrids of the varieties Krasnodarsky 194 MV, Ladozhsky 175 MV and Competence®, resistant to fungal diseases, were grown in the spring-summer period of 2023 on the experimental field of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy (Moscow) with sod-podzolic soil and the application of NPK fertilizers 16:16:16. For mycotoxicological analysis, aerial parts of plants were collected weekly from the phase of formation of the 3rd leaf (18 days after sowing. Samples of seedlings, leaves and stems (total number – 172), after drying, were ground in a laboratory mill and extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and water in a volumetric ratio of 84:16 with a consumption of 10 ml per 1 g of sample. Mycotoxin content was determined in extracts after 10-fold dilution with phosphate-salt buffer solution pH 7.5 by indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay. T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxiscirpenol, roridin A, sterigmatocystin and PR toxin were absent in the samples. Corn seedlings and leaves contained cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), emodin (EMO), mycophenolic acid (MPA), alternariol (AOL), ergot alkaloids (EA), aflatoxin B1 (AB1) and single samples – zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OA) and citrinin (CIT) in concentrations from 16 up to 35 μg/kg. Fumonisins of group B are found only in early seedlings. The permanent contaminant of the stems was MPA, whereas EA and CIT were absent. In the seedlings and leaves of all hybrids, the detection of AOL and EA remained stable during the change of development phases, as did the average concentrations of CPA (about 100 μg/kg), AOL (from 17 to 27 μg/kg), EMO (35–58 μg/kg), MPA (28–41 μg/kg), EA (6–18 μg/kg) and AB1 (2 μg/kg). In the stems of plants in phases 7–9 of leaf and sweeping, variation in cases of detection of CPA, EMO, AOL, AB1 and OA was noted by varieties.

A fine-grained investigation on the predictors of urban green space growth in Nanjing

ABSTRACT Existing studies have primarily examined urban green space (UGS) evolution in isolation from the urban development context, neglecting the dynamicity of the factors affecting UGS growth in different spatiotemporal conditions and urban development levels. Taking Nanjing as the study site, we constructed spatial lag models using multi-source data and investigated the patterns and predictors of UGS growth across diverse spatiotemporal conditions in high-density environments. The model results show that: (1) although good natural conditions can support UGS development, this effect is greatly weakened in fast urban expansion as other land uses show higher priority in land occupation; (2) industrial and public service lands and commercial lands show a negative effect on UGS growth in the early and late urbanization, respectively, while residential lands demonstrated sustained negative effect in all the urbanization phases; (3) the effect of the total population and population structure varies in different urban development phases; (4) at an advanced urban development level, the areas close to city centre have better opportunities to install new UGSs. These findings offer useful references to the decision makers and planners, especially for their work on the UGS layout optimization within the high-density areas.

Development of an Achievement Test for the 6th Grade Sound and its Properties Unit

In this study, it was aimed to develop an achievement test taking into account the subject acquisitions of the sound and properties unit in the sixth-grade science course. In the test development phase, firstly, literature review for the study was conducted. Then, 30 multiple choice questions in align with the subject acquisition in the 2018 science curriculum. This 30-question test was presented to opinion of three academicians and a science teacher for the validity of the test. Necessary adjustments were made in line with the opinions of the experts. Subsequently, the draft test, modified according to the experts’ feedback, was applied to a total of 300 seventh-grade students. After the analysis, the number of questions in the test was reduced to 27. As a result of item analysis, mean difficulty index value of the test was 0.41, and item discrimination indexwas 0.49. The reliability analysis for the developed test was found 0.92 by calculating the KR-20 reliability coefficient value. By considering, the validity and reliability analysis results, it was concluded that the final version of the developed test, grounded in Bloom’s Taxonomy, is a valid and reliable test with different difficulty levels.