Development Of Wind Power Industry Research Articles

Suppression of Negative Sequence Current on HVDC Modular Multilevel Converters in Offshore Wind Power

The High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission technology employing modular multilevel converters (MMCs) can effectively enhance the transmission efficiency and stability of offshore wind farms, thereby aiding the promotion of large−scale utilization of new energy. This holds significant importance for achieving the dual carbon goals. Aiming at the problem of negative sequence current circulation in MMC−HVDC transmission systems, a circulation suppression strategy based on augmented order decoupling linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is proposed in this paper. By introducing new state variables into the traditional ADRC structure, the actual output deviation signal and observation gain signal from the disturbance observation value of the system are used. It can not only realize the decoupling control of disturbance and tracking terms but also enhance the disturbance immunity, robustness and rapidity of the controller. Finally, an 18−level MMC system model is built based on Matlab (9.12.0.1884302 (R2022a)) & Simulink (R2022a), and the circulation suppression effects of stable operation and voltage sudden change are simulated and compared, which verifies the suppression effect of the improved control strategy on negative sequence current circulation, which lays a theoretical and application foundation for the sustainable development of the offshore wind power industry.

Research on Collaborative Evaluation of Offshore Wind Power Value Chain in Guangxi-Based on BWM-FVIKOR Model

With the dynamic development of the offshore wind power industry and the global value chain, the traditional wind power industry is gradually turning to the offshore wind power value chain system that focuses on the value effect of the value chain, and it is of great significance to carry out value chain collaborative evaluation research. This paper puts forward the evaluation index system of Guangxi offshore wind power value chain from the comprehensive system dimension, key node dimension, subject contribution dimension and resource endowment dimension, builds the BWM-FVIKOR evaluation model, and proves the validity of the evaluation index and the feasibility of the evaluation model through example analysis, and this paper provides scientific and effective decision-making basis for the coordination of Guangxi offshore wind power value chain.

Interference effects on the upstream wave generated by the catamaran moving across a depth change

With the development of the offshore wind power industry, there is an urgent need to improve the energy efficiency of the operation and maintenance(O&M) catamaran. When the catamaran accesses the offshore wind farm, the vessel could sail on an uneven bottom. Based on our previous study, the effect of the step bottom on the wave-making resistance and upstream wave had been quantified. However, wave interference plays a major role in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the catamaran hull, thus we extended our programme to calculate the hydrodynamic performance of the demi-hulls at the variable water depth. An upstream tsunami could be initiated by the hydrodynamic interaction between the catamaran and the uneven bottom shown from the simulation results, there is an abrupt change in the unsteady hydrodynamic forces as well. The oscillating amplitude and period of the unsteady forces acting on the catamaran are highly dependent on the separation distance between the demi-hulls and speed. The maximum amplitude of the upstream wave and hydrodynamic forces forecast are implemented after the main dimension parameters of the catamaran are determined in the preliminary design. The present simulation programme can supply the reference for the design evaluation of the O&M catamaran in the future.

EMD-based gray combined forecasting model - Application to long-term forecasting of wind power generation

Wind power is the most promising renewable energy source after hydropower because of its mature technology and low price, and has great potential for carbon emission reduction. Long-term forecasts of its power generation can help power companies to develop operational plans, grid configuration and power dispatch, and can also provide a basis for the government to formulate energy and environmental policies. However, due to the characteristics of China's monsoon climate and wind power industry development, wind power generation data are characterized by nonlinear cycles and small data volume, which makes accurate prediction more difficult. To this end, this paper develops a new prediction model and applies it to the long-term prediction of wind power generation in China, and proposes some targeted policy recommendations based on the prediction results to promote the development of China's wind power industry.

Optimizing China's onshore wind farm layout crucial for carbon neutrality

China is taking renewable energy seriously for meeting ambitious carbon neutrality goal, and eagerly filling available space to harness the wind power. It is therefore crucial to rethink the unintended consequences. Herein, we employ the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to assess the onshore wind farm from the perspective of aligning carbon neutrality goal in China. We find that the total carbon emissions of onshore wind farm in China in 2018 was ca. 11 Mt. CO2e, or 24.9 gCO2e per kWh on average, which indeed mitigated ca. 290 Mt. CO2e for replacing conventional coal power. Moreover, province-level carbon emissions and emission intensity outputs have been quantified. It shows that China's coastal provinces are preferred regions for the development of wind power industry after evaluating of China's onshore wind farms layout under multiple indicators. However, if existed wind farm layout mode which presents a significant conflict between resource potentials and demand market can be optimized, a scenarios-based analysis shows that 2.4 to 6.2 billion metric tons CO2e can be probably avoided every year between 2023 and 2060. This amount probably equals over half of the carbon emissions from fuel combustion in China.

Technopark formation with reagrd to wind power industry

The article describes the formation of technology parks with regard to the wind power industry in the Rostov region. The main aspects of urban planning and functional planning are formulated for technoparks, the production component of wind power systems with consideration of existing settlements, logistics ties, production needs, and economic efficiency.Purpose: To formulate the main aspects of promotion and organization of technology parks focused on the development of the wind power systems in the Rostov region.Research findings: The analysis is given to the scientific and production components of the wind power industry, the main functional and planning aspects of the IT sphere, and the production component focused on the alternative wind power. In this regard, the possibility of creating scientific clusters contributing to the quality of life and attracting leading specialists to the region is identified.Novelty: Consideration and further development of the functional and planning structure of technoparks focused on the promotion and development of the regional wind power industry.

Life cycle assessment of carbon reduction potential of EoL wind turbine blades disposal scenarios in China

It is estimated that there will be 85,000 tons of End-of-Life (EoL) wind turbine blades in China by 2050. How to disposing discarded blades has become a significant problem restricting the development of wind power industry in China. To this end, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to measure the carbon reduction (CR) potential of four disposal scenarios of EoL LM 37.3 P2 blades. The contribution of each scenario to reduce the carbon emission intensity of a specific wind farm is further evaluated. At the same time, the critical transportation distance to maintain the CR potential of each scenario is estimated. The results show that: firstly, the disposal scenarios with the greatest and smallest CR potential are producing concrete by EoL blades instead of cements and producing concrete by EoL blades instead of aggregates, respectively. The former one is determined as the baseline scenario, which can reduce 4516 kg CO2-eq carbon emissions per functional unit. Secondly, the critical transportation distances for incineration for electricity, co-processing and producing concrete by EoL blades instead of cements are 895 km, 3309 km and 9716 km. Finally, a reasonable recycling strategy can reduce the life-cycle carbon emission intensity of Datang Zhaluteqi 49.5 MW Wind Farm from 12.51 g CO2-eq/kWh to 9.22 g CO2-eq/kWh. This study not only quantifies the CR potential of different scenarios, but also offers important implications to promote blade disposal technology and improve the wind turbine blade recycling management.

Unveiling characteristics and determinants of China’s wind power geographies towards low-carbon transition

The temporal and spatial patterns of wind power installation and the evaluation of carbon emission reduction potentials are of great significance to promoting China's wind power development planning and dual carbon targets achievement. This study analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics, identifies main driving factors, and measures carbon emission reduction potentials of China's wind power installation by province based on spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial econometric model. Overall, China's wind power installed capacity increased rapidly from 346 MW in 2000 to 279,550 MW in 2020, basically showing a significant positive spatial correlation during 2000 and 2020. Regarding driving factors of wind power installation, the technological factors and environmental factors were the main positive factors for wind power installation, and the economic factors and resource endowments showed positive spatial spillover effects. Regarding carbon emission reduction potentials, the carbon emission reduction potentials of China's wind power installation increased by year, among which Northwest China gradually accelerated Northeast China after 2015. Based on China's wind power evolution characteristics and carbon emission reduction potentials, this study attempts to provide quantitative supports and policy implications to promote sustainable development of wind power industry and the achievement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality within China.

Research on Slot-pole Combination in High-power Direct-drive PM Vernier Generator for Fractional Frequency Transmission System

Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy, and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The combination of the fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) and the direct-drive wind turbine generator will be beneficial to the development of the offshore wind power industry. The use of fractional frequency in FFTS is beneficial to the transmission of electrical energy, but it will also lead to an increase in the volume and weight of the generator, which is unfavorable for wind power generation. Improving the torque density of the generator can effectively reduce the volume of the generators. The vernier permanent magnet machine (VPM) operates on the magnetic flux modulation principle and has the merits of high torque density. In the field of electric machines, the vernier machine based on the principle of magnetic flux modulation has been proved its feasibility to reduce the volume and weight. However, in the field of low-speed direct-drive machines for high-power fractional frequency power generation, there are still few related researches. Therefore, this paper studies the application of magnetic flux modulation in fractional frequency and high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators, mainly analyzes the influence of different pole ratios and different pole pairs on the generator, and draws some conclusions to provide reference for the design of wind turbine generators.

Simulating the effects of offshore wind energy policy on decarbonization and industrial growth in Taiwan: A system dynamics approach

Significant growth of offshore wind sector is creating key projects, opportunities, and challenges that are currently shaping industry trends in Taiwan. Although the current Feed-in-tariff (FIT) subsidy policy in Taiwan is 2–3 times the global average, the CO2 emission in Taiwan is still very high (288 Megatons in 2021) and the renewable energy share in the overall energy mix remained low. This study aims to evaluate the impact of government subsidy policy and the efficiency of power generation by offshore wind power on decarbonization, emission reduction costs, and the development of offshore wind power industry in Taiwan. A behavior model based on the system dynamics approach is proposed to assess the effectiveness of various policy scenarios. The results from simulations show that decarbonization and development of offshore wind power industry from 2022 to 2025 are impacted significantly by the subsidy policy and the system capacity. Under the coordinated development mode of energy and environment, a comprehensive policy scenario can revitalize the development of the offshore wind power industry and better off environmental protections to a large extent. The results indicate that the best strategy will be to combine a capacity factor of 0.53 with a FIT price of 4.6749 TWD/kWh.

Simulated Influence of Mountainous Wind Farms Operations on Local Climate

Renewable energy sources, especially wind power, were believed to be able to slow down global warming; however, evidence in recent years shows that wind farms may also induce climate change. With the rapid development of wind power industry, the number of wind farms installed in mountains has gradually increased. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of wind farms in mountainous areas on local climate. The Suizhou and Dawu wind farms in northern Hubei Province were chosen for the present study on the impact of wind farm operations on the local climate in mountainous areas. The mesoscale meteorological numerical model Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and the Fitch model, together with turbulence correction factor, were used to simulate wind farm operations and study their effects on local climate. The results showed the characteristics of wind speed attenuation in mountainous wind farms: the amplitude and range of wind speed attenuation were stronger in the nighttime than in the daytime, and stronger in summer than in winter. The surface temperature increased and became more significant in summer. However, a cooling variation was observed above the surface warming center. The height of this center was higher in the daytime than it was in the nighttime. The latent heat flux in the wind farms decreased at night, accompanied by an increase in sensible heat flux. However, these changes were not significant. Some differences were observed between the impact of wind farms on the climate in the plains and the mountains. Such differences are more likely to be related to complex terrain conditions, climate conditions, and the density of wind turbines. The present study may provide support for the development and construction of wind farms in mountainous areas.

Policy mix or policy mess? Impacts of policies on the productive efficiency of the Chinese wind power industry

Grand societal challenges call for a sustainability transition away from a fossil-based society toward a low-carbon society. Wind power is highly valued in China, owing to its strong environmental benefits and abundant reserves. Although accelerating the development of wind power industry is near the top of the agenda of the Chinese government, the impact of policies and their mixes on the productive efficiency of the wind power industry is still unclear. In this study, the productive efficiency of the Chinese wind power industry is systematically evaluated using microdata of 119 listed enterprises from 2006 to 2019. The effects of wind power policies and their mixes on the productive efficiency are then elucidated. The empirical results imply that the overall productive efficiency of the Chinese wind power industry is relatively high but that it fluctuated greatly between 2006 and 2019. Moreover, the effects of Chinese wind power policies and their mixes on productive efficiency are ambiguous. Both economic policy (EP) and regulatory policy (RP) hinder productive efficiency; only soft policy (SP) has a significant positive effect. Furthermore, the policy mixes of EP and RP, EP and SP, and RP and SP have no significant impact, but the policy mix of EP, RP, and SP significantly inhibits the productive efficiency of the Chinese wind power industry, indicating conflictive effects and confusion in the policy mix.

Implications of the development and evolution of global wind power industry for China—An empirical analysis is based on public policy

This paper probes into the different stages of development of public policies of the global wind power industry since the beginning of the 21st century and the impetus of such development. The Danish government introduced two energy plans which made it become a world leader in wind power; the German government launched public policies to buy-back and support the development of offshore wind power to boost the growth of its wind power industry, the booming of the wind power industry in the United States cannot be separated from its tax model and policy promotion. After a rapid development from 2000 to 2021, China’s wind power industry is stepping into the “parity era”. Combining with its national conditions, it has deployed “carbon neutral” and “carbon peaking” and other strategies. However, through analysis, this paper finds that wind energy in China has not been utilized well. For example, in 2020, China’s annual wind curtailment rate reached 16.61 billion kWh, which is equivalent to the total energy production of some countries a year. In the northwestern region of China, where this phenomenon is the most serious, the total curtailment reaches 1.95 billion kWh. Shannxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang are four provinces in the region. The amount of curtailment of these places account for 30,100 kW, 32,100 kW, 20,100 kW, 35,100 kW respectively, accounting for 10.4%, 8,6%, 3.8%, and 11.2% respectively in northwest China. At the same time, in the first half of 2021, the bidding volume of wind power in the national open market reached 32.92 GW, which equals the annual bidding volume in 2020, leading to a surge in the volume and a severe shortfall in energy subsidies. Currently, the subsidies have decreased from 0.25 yuan per kWh at the peak to 0.06 yuan per kWh, making wind power companies cash-strapped. In summary, the current Chinese wind power industry has problems such as the serious “wind curtailment” phenomenon and imperfect policies related to subsidies for renewable energy. This paper aims to provide suggestions for the development of China’s wind power industry from three aspects, namely learning policies and innovating public policies, learning technologies and suggestions to policies, under the complex context at home, and abroad and the development process of leading countries in the wind power industry.

Machine learning methods to assist structure design and optimization of Dual Darrieus Wind Turbines

An optimal structure of wind turbines, especially the Dual Darrieus Wind Turbines (DDWTs), conduces to the development and promotion of wind power industry. However, the conventional structure optimization in the previous researches is basically relied on the numerical or experimental methods. In view of the balance between solution accuracy and computational cost, this study develops a bi-level structure design and optimization model based on the algorithms of machine learning. The first hierarchy is the prediction model, including the non-parameters algorithms such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to play a role as the objective function in the overall model. The second hierarchy, as the optimization model, is composed of the metaheuristic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing method (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Furthermore, the dataset used to train this hybrid model is generated by Orthogonal Test (OT) method and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CDF) simulation to produce the representative sample. Results reveal that the Hybrid Structure Design and Optimization Model (HSDOM) can reach to the optimal combination of chord ratio, radius difference and offset angle, with an identical accuracy compared with the outcome of OT-CFD model.

Evaluation of China’s policy for wind power development from the new structural economics perspective

The Chinese energy transition, as a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, involves the dynamic growth of wind power’s importance in a national energy mix. The development of the wind power industry in this country is intertwined with the implemented policies that translated to the significant increase in energy generation from this power source and the growth of trade volumes of wind power products. This research aims to review and analyse the China's policy that impacted wind power development in 2000-2019. The author aims to evaluate the efficiency of implemented policies and strategies from the perspective of the new structural economics assumptions and the revealed comparative advantage of the Chinese wind energy products. In addition to the review of scientific literature and policy documents, as well as analysis of the relevant trade and energy indicators, the method applied in this research is a calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index. The results provide pieces of evidence that despite the substantial development of the Chinese wind power industry on a national scale, this country still has not revealed a comparative advantage globally. However, the results also suggest that the Chinese wind power industry is on the right track to achieve export specialisation soon. Furthermore, the China's policy for wind power development matches the new structural economics assumptions. The presented insight into studied industry blazes the trail for other countries, which consider following the Chinese development path by shaping the growth of leading-edge industries and the energy transition process throughout various state interventions.

Energy System Sustainability

This issue presents some of the latest findings within energy planning research and form a special issue from the 2021 5th Annual Conference of the Portuguese Association of Energy Economics as well as for the 2020 Sustainable Development of Energy, Waste and Environmental Systems conference series. The work presented probes into the effects of the European emissions’ trading system on innovation, and the development of the Chinese wind power industry. Notable is also an analysis of people at Portuguese universities revealing lesser knowledge of renewable energy technologies but a more positive attitude towards this among women – and vice versa among men. EnergyPLAN-based energy systems analyses with cases from Iran and Serbia are presented, and different indicators for energy systems analyses are deliberated in a Mexican context. Marine energy developments in Columbia, the United Kingdom, Canada and Denmark are discussed with a focus on siting and barriers. Also, barriers against solar energy exploitation in Indonesia are explored as are barriers against energy savings in Nigeria.

The SWOT Analysis and Countermeasure Research on the Development of Wind Power Industry in China

Under the dual pressures of conventional energy emergency and deterioration of the ecological environment, wind energy as a renewable clean energy is valued. Wind power has developed rapidly, and economic advantages have gradually become prominent. This paper analyses the development status of wind power industry in China, and the internal and external factors that affect the development of wind power industry are analyzed by using SWOT model. Research shows that the development of wind power industry is facing the bottleneck of independent research and development, technical barriers, benchmarking difficulties. This paper puts forward four strategies to get rid of the current dilemma and promote the healthy development of this industry, which is SO strategy— intensify the development, ST strategy— optimize the adjustment, WO strategy— handle the solutions to the toughest problems, WT strategy— strengthen the industrial development.

Analysis on Profitability Prospects of Wind Power Projects in China

With the continuous development of China's market economy, the market competition of wind power industry is becoming more and more fierce, which not only provides many opportunities for the development of wind power, but also brings many challenges. In order to cope with global warming, China's energy use has gradually changed from non-renewable energy to renewable energy and clean energy. Therefore, the importance of wind power generation is self-evident. Wind energy is a typical representative of clean energy, and it is widely used in power generation. This paper analyzes the profit opportunities and risks of wind power generation, so as to explore the healthy development of wind power industry.

How Policies Guide and Promoted Wind Power to Market Transactions in China during the 2010s

Chinese wind power policies have productively promoted the development of wind power and also promoted the process of wind power participation in electricity market transactions. However, with policy emphasis on investment and neglect of utilization, there have been some difficulties in the development of Chinese wind power. To highlight the guiding role of policy and improve the wind power policy system, an analysis of Chinese wind power policies is conducted in this paper. First, aiming at the main components of wind power chain, including wind power construction, grid connection, transmission, and sales, a comprehensive and systematic frame of Chinese wind power policy system is proposed from the three aspects of development planning, administrative management and market transactions. Second, the indicator system of Chinese wind power development effectiveness is extracted, including installed capacity, power generation, power utilization hours, carbon emission reduction, investment, on-grid power price, wind curtailment rate, etc., and the effectiveness of policy implementation is verified. Third, new policy recommendations are proposed from parts of transmission, consumption, and market, for the development of Chinese wind power industry in the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the goal to reach the crest value of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. In this paper, advice to supplement and improve the Chinese wind power policy system is provided, which may it promote better development of Chinese wind power in the following decade from the policy point of view.

Assessing the value-added efficiency of wind power industry value chain using DEA-Malmquist models

After the rapid development of China's wind power industry, the lack of core technology and the mismatch between the expansion and development speed have become increasingly prominent. In order to correctly understand the current situation and problems, the whole research process is divided into the following four steps. The first step takes the profit rate of main business from 2017 to 2019 as sample variable to study the smile pattern of the wind power industry value chain. The second step takes the Principal Component Analysis as the research method, and the evaluation index system is constructed, so as to further analyze the value-added driving factors. The third step uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist model as evaluation methods, and the static and dynamic efficiencies of each value chain link are evaluated, respectively. In step four, the selected companies are effectively clustered with the Cluster Analysis. The results show that the value chain shows a gradual deepening smile, the overall value-added efficiency is not ideal, and there are specific problems in each link. This paper aims to provide reference for enterprises to make targeted improvement on the basis of analyzing the current situation. It also provides reference for the comparison and promotion of other countries.