Development In Third World Countries Research Articles

Militarism, militarization, health and the Third World

This paper examines the relationship between militarism, militarization, health and development. It draws attention to the fact that world military expenditure has continued to soar since the Second World War. Wars increasingly exact a heavy civilian toll. Third World countries are consuming, producing, and exporting more armaments than ever before. The rate of growth of military expenditure in developing countries has been far greater than their rate of growth in gross national product or in foreign economic aid. Countries under military control tend to be more repressive and to have suffered more years at war than those under civilian rule. Widespread availability of arms makes the settlement of disputes through violence more likely. Internal wars and violence are stimulated by a range of factors including inequalities in political and economic power, uneven development, and lack of popular participation in policy decisions by the majority of the population. The support of the industrialized countries for armament sales should be monitored, challenged and made politically unpalatable. Local development and regional cooperation should be stimulated. Health workers, as witnesses to the destruction to public health caused by war and violence, should play a part in advocating a reduction in the arms trade and the promotion of development in Third World countries.

Urban and rural development in Third World countries: problems of population in developing nations

Urban and rural development in Third World countries: problems of population in developing nations

Japanese Educational Assistance to Developing Countries

For the last 3 decades, both the positive and negative effects of foreign aid on national development in Third World countries have been hotly debated. Foreign aid has frequently been criticized as the bane, rather than the boon, of developing countries. The key argument is that aid actually perpetuates the dominance of industrialized countries over developing ones.' Despite this criticism, often labeled dependency theory or neocolonialist theory, many developed countries are expanding their aid activities.2 Since there are still tremendous shortages in financial support and human resources for developmental projects in Third World countries, aid is very important for developing countries as well as for donor countries. Today, Japan is the largest donor country in the world.3 Its foreign aid is more important than ever for many developing countries. Whether Japan uses aid as political and economic leverage over developing countries or as genuine humanitarian support for national development and economic independence in Third World countries will be an extremely sensitive issue for international cooperation and development in the next century. Japanese foreign aid has been historically criticized as self-serving.4 To change this negative image, Japan has recently tried to improve the quality of its aid activities. As a major reform, it has developed new educational and technical assistance. In particular, Japan now supports foreign students from developing countries and is creating an extensive training program in Osaka. However, it is possible that Japan may use new educational assistance programs for its own benefit, rather than to

The Need for Education and Training in Geosciences for the Development of Third World Countries

(1991). The Need for Education and Training in Geosciences for the Development of Third World Countries. Water International: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 59-63.

Third-World Development: Aspects of Political Legitimacy and Viability, by Tri Q. Nguyen

Analysis and case studies illustrate the theme that polity legitimacy and viability are primary requisites for sustained development in third-world countries. A strategy for development and new directions for foreign assistance are proposed.

The irrelevance of economic liberalization in the Third World

This essay argues that policies of economic liberalization may inhibit growth and development in Third World countries. The idea that government intervention stifles entrepreneurial initiative and leads to misallocation of resources is often inappropriate to the institutional conditions and economic structures of Third World countries. In these countries, the adversarial relationship between private business and government is foreign. Consequently, the impact of interventionist policies — as well as their form — differs from that alleged for the West.

The impact of oil-export dependency on a developing country: The case of Algeria

What is the effect of reliance on oil exports on development in Third World countries? A large oil export sector is often considered to be a potential spur to diversification and full modernization, especially when a central government controls and plans the use of oil revenues with such goals in mind. We evaluate this proposition by developing a 12-equation Keynesian econometric model of the Algerian economy. The model's equations, estimated using ordinary least squares, are robust with strong R-squares, significant t-tests for the independent variables, and reasonable Durbin-Watson statistics. Historical simulations track the true variables rather closely. Our RMSEs (percentage) are in general better than those in most studies of less-developed countries, ranging from 7 to 21%. Our results indicate that there has been a growing dependency of most major economic sectors on oil revenues, both before and after nationalization. Improvements in oil exports will, ceteris paribus, lead to elastic increases in luxury imports and domestic consumption, and inelastic increases in domestic investment. Thus, the goals of diversification, modernization and industrialization will not be met under the current set of policies in Algeria.

Fundamentals of Tourism Development: a Third World Perspective

This article examines the various factors affecting tourism development in Third World countries, and identifies hypotheses to stimulate tourism in such young economies.

Crisis in International Economic Cooperation and the Economic Development of Third World Countries

Crisis in International Economic Cooperation and the Economic Development of Third World Countries

Instructional systems development in third world countries

Robert M. Morgan is with the Learning Systems Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306. 0 One motive which seems to be common to all societies is the desire to provide more and better education for their children. In the years following World War II, there has been extraordinary expansion of educational opportunity in both industrialized and developing nations. In the industrialized states, this has resulted in near universal enrollment of

Power for development. Electricity in the Third World

Electricity is a fundamental requirement for the development of Third World countries—but what are the requirements for developing electricity in these countries?

Peripheral Capitalist Development Revisited

The effect of imperialism on the economic development of Third World countries has long been a subject of interest to Marxist scholars. The international expansion of capitalist states, which led to the creation of a world market and the integration of pre-capitalist countries into this market, heralded a new phase of capitalism the implications of which are still being debated.

Communication, development, and the Third World: the global politics of information

The first book to address two of foremost issues in international communication: UNESCO debate over the New World of Information Order (NWIO) which attempted to reach a global consensus on purpose of journalism; and secondly, place of mass media and telecommunication in development of third world countries. It traces growth of these issues from their beginnings in sixties through UNESCO declaration on mass media in 1978 into present decade. Key features of this text are examination of role communication plays in countries with differing systems of government and an explanation of issues that brought UNESCO into limelight in eighties and its importance to future. Originally published in 1988 by Longman.

La transnationalisation, la crise du développement et la fin du Tiers Monde

This work argues that transnational corporations, by their internal dynamics, disturb the pace of development in Third World countries. There is little consensus on what should constitute a national economy, despite the fact that the idea of economic nationalism has a long history. The concept that a geographic area should show a minimal degree of economic vitality as a condition for emergence into a nation state is largely foreign to political scientists and politicians. Similarly, economists do not base their analyses on nations. The developed western countries between about 1950-80 to some extent became models of national economies. Their economic complexity, strong interdependence between economic sectors, and developed industrial infrastructures were seen as the necessary complements of national sovereignty. But the most important factor in economic growth and development, capital, by its very nature is not tied to any country. The dynamics of capital of transnational firms, and more generally the movement of modern economy and society, tend to destroy the sense of economic nationality. The deterritorialization of the economy is not limited to growth of transnational firms. Such arrangements as joint ventures, licensing contracts, and agreements to share production blur the lines between nation states. Deterritorialization affects culture and power relations as well as economics. The Third World as a conceptual entity is destined to come to an end not only because of the transnationalization of productive processes and financial circuits but because of internal cleavages. The factors originally believed to be common to Third World countries have not proven to be as enduring as once thought. The ideology of a unified Third World has crumbled in the face of internal conflicts, the powerlessness of the Organization of African Unity, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, and other forces. The great division between countries is not fundamentally into 3 but into 2: the developed and the underdeveloped. The impact of multinationals on development in the Third World is likely to include both increasing homogenization due to the weakening of state borders and increasing differentiation, which is the traditional consequence of capital accumulation. The growth in importance of services and the development of the informal sector are 2 exceptions that may avoid the impact of transnational firms.

Employment in small‐scale manufacturing in Cairo: a socio‐economic survey

One of the major problems in the economic development of Third World countries is the low growth rate of the secondary sector. Since the number of jobs created in industry is insufficient to absorb the increasing urban labour force, the service sector is rapidly expanding, particularly in the large metropolitan areas. This general rule, however, cannot be applied to the Greater Cairo Region. Here the service sector lost almost 4 per cent of the share of total employment between 1960 and 1976. During the same period industry and construction were able to increase their share of the labour force from 25 to 34 per cent, with manufacturing alone accounting for 26 per cent of total employment in the Greater Cairo Region. The majority of these jobs in manufacturing (55%) were supplied by private sector firms with an average work force of around five (GOPP, 1983: 1.15-16). Compared with the national total, Cairo accommodated 50 per cent of private manufacturing employment and about 61 per cent of the nation's artisans (PADCO, 1981: 156). Thus, small private manufacturing is not only centred in Cairo, but within the city it is the largest source of industrial employment. Since the late 1970s the rate of increase in the number of small-scale manufacturing establishments has accelerated in an unprecedented manner. The economic liberalization under the Open Door Policy (infitdh) and the general rise in demand, due to the massive influx of remittances from Egyptians working abroad, presented quite favourable sales conditions for small enterprises. In the lower-class quarters of Cairo, in particular, the number of workshops producing basic consumer goods for the local population has risen dramatically. So far, however, neither the extent of this development, nor the socio-economic situation of the labour force employed in this expanding sector of the metropolitan economy is known. What is the structure of the small-scale manufacturing enterprises? How is their labour force composed as regards social relations, age, origin, and place of residence? To what degree do the workers participate in international labour migration and what is its impact on the development of small-scale manufacturing? In order to find answers to these questions a socio-economic survey of small-scale manufacturing enterprises in Cairo was carried out by the author.

Rural development in Third World countries, by W J O Jeppe, Department of Development Administration, University of Stellenbosch, 1986, 93pp.

(1987). Rural development in Third World countries, by W J O Jeppe, Department of Development Administration, University of Stellenbosch, 1986, 93pp. Development Southern Africa: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 737-738.

Canadian Regional Development at Home and Abroad A Comparative Perspective

ABSTRACT Canada launched new and ambitious regional development policies both domestically and internationally in the late 1960s. At home, the federal government established a new department with a specific mandate to promote regional development programming. At the same time, it invested a major shift in its approach to development in Third World countries. A more generous budget was struck for foreign aid and Canada declared that it would now concentrate its assistance to each country in certain sectors or regions where Canada had a comparative advantage in aid-giving. Thus Canada's “big push” in regional development came simultaneously at home and abroad. This paper looks at similarities and differences in the two experiences, and concludes that Canada's regional development efforts abroad were more effective than at home. It also considers lessons that can be learned from both experiences.

CONCEPT OF POWER AND SYSTEMS MODELS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Some of the limitations on current systems models for analysis, design, planning, and development of Third World countries are addressed. Questions asked are whether or not development is always “good”in a cost-benefit economic sense; what do traditional approaches to the means and ends of development tell us about power and the relationship between developer and the developed; and, finally, what should a systems model for developing countries look like?

Third World Development and Trade: Discussion

The primary focus of the papers presented at this session is the empirical question of whether agricultural development in third world countries contributes to increased or reduced agricultural exports from the United States. The studies cited by the authors and the papers by Kellogg, Kodl, and Garcia and by de Janvry and Sadoulet reflect a consensus among agricultural economists that agricultural productivity gains in developing countries generally do not harm U.S. farm interests and may even be necessary for increased U.S. agricultural exports. A second theme of the session, addressed by Paarlberg, concerns the reasons farm organizations continue to oppose development assistance despite evidence that their fears are unfounded. In fact, the evidence is somewhat mixed, as Paarlberg notes. Kellogg, Kodl, and Garcia estimate the relationship between all agricultural imports and income, concessionary food sales, and an index of agricultural production. Their results indicate that production increases are much less important in determining the level of imports than income. The correlation between income and agricultural growth may render the significance tests somewhat unreliable. In addition, the concessionary food sales variable may be incorrectly measured since it includes only U.S. food aid. Between the early 1970s and the early 1980s, U.S. concessional sales increased more

The economic, social and political prerequisites of development

Whether development aid promises to be successful depends not least on the conditions prevalling in the developing countries themselves. A study commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation has examined whether it is possible to identify universal requirements for successful development in Third World countries. Its main findings are presented below.