Development Of Sunflower Hybrids Research Articles

Peculiarities of growth and development of sunflower hybrids when using LCS in the conditions of forest-steppe of Russia

Individual features of growth, development and dry matter accumulation by sunflower hybrids of one maturity group on typical, medium-humus, medium-loamy chernozem were studied. The research was carried out in a link of grain-plowing crop rotation on the lands of farm S.E. Nekipelov Pristensky district of Kursk region in different hydrothermal conditions in 2020–2022. The object of the study were sunflower hybrids (Sumico-Syngenta, P63LE10-Pioneer and Elion-Galaktika), sown to a depth of 4–5 cm when the soil was heated to 10 °C in the amount of 60 thousand pcs/ha of germinating seeds. The work was carried out in the technology of yield planning 40 c/ha, with the introduction of liquid complex fertilizers (HCS NР 11:37) before sowing in the amount of 50, 100 and 150 l/ha per depth 5, 10 and 15 cm. In the experiment, the traditional technology of preparing the soil for salting with the regulation of the number of the weed component by Express Sun technology was used. Due to the increased growth energy of the hybrids under consideration, the height of plants varies according to the phases of development and maturation in the studied variants reached 177–191 cm, which is 4.7–6.5% higher than the control values. The mass of plants in the sunflower agrocenosis increased in the Sumiko hybrid by 13.2%, P63LE10 by 11.1%, Elion by 12.5%. The plants of the hybrid Elion accumulate more dry matter in the aboveground mass. The use of HCS at a maximum dose of 150 l/ha when applied to a depth of 15 cm contributed to an increase in the accumulation of dry matter by the maturation phase in the plant biomass of the Sumiko hybrid by 304.3 g/m², the P63LE10 hybrid by 177.7 g/m², the Elion hybrid by 354.0 g/m², or, respectively, by 34.7%, 17.2% and 33.7% relative to the control.

Competitive ability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding material under Cyperus rotundus infestation

Abstract Weed infestation induces intense competition with the sunflower crop for soil nutrients, space and light causing significant yield losses of the sunflower. Therefore, study was undertaken during the year 2013–15 at College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to determine the effect of Cyperus rotundus infestation on various morphological and biochemical traits. Initially a screening experiment was carried out to screen against C. rotundus infestation. Later on, cross combinations of selected cytoplasmic male sterile and restorer lines were attempted to develop F1 progenies which were compared with commercial hybrids along with parents. There were 6 parental lines (3 A and 3 R lines) along with 9 single cross combinations obtained from these parents. Experiment was carried out in complete randomized design having factorial arrangement with three replications. Weed in one of regime latter called as control were completely absent, while in weed infestation regimes 5 and 10 plants of C. rotundus were maintained. Results showed that C. rotundus infestation causes significant damage to the sunflower plants. Generally cross combination showed a decrease of leaf area by 440% and 264%, 61% and 49% for chlorophyll contents, 133% and 191% for head weight under low and high weed infestation regime respectively. However, antioxidant activity increased by 44% and 49% under low and high infestation regime induced by C. rotundus. Sunflower genotypes also showed variability in competitive ability against C. rotundus weed. Cross combinations coded as (A10, A7 and A2) showed lower comparative decrease for seed yield and oil contents when compared with standard hybrids under the presence of C. rotundus. Development of sunflower hybrids with better competitive ability under the presence of weeds such as C. rotundus may able to enhance plant development and lower yield losses in sunflower field with minimum the use of herbicide.

Registration of HA‐R14, HA‐R15, HA‐R16, and HA‐R17 oilseed sunflower germplasm with broad resistance to rust and downy mildew

AbstractRust and downy mildew (DM) are two of the most important sunflower diseases in the world. The development of sunflower hybrids with enhanced levels of genetic resistance to both diseases is a goal for sunflower breeding. Four oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) germplasm lines, HA‐R14 (Reg. no. GP‐371, PI 698193), HA‐R15 (Reg. no. GP‐372, PI 698194), HA‐R16 (Reg. no. GP‐373, PI 698195), and HA‐R17 (Reg. no. GP‐374, PI 698196) are multiple rust‐ and DM‐resistant lines that were developed and released by the USDA‐ARS Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit in collaboration with the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in January 2020. Three lines, HA‐R14 (R4R4/R12R12/PlArgPlArg), HA‐R15 (R5R5/R12R12/PlArgPlArg), and HA‐R16 (R13bR13b/R12R12/PlArgPlArg), stack two different rust genes with a common DM gene PlArg, and HA‐R17 (R13bR13b/R15R15) possesses two rust genes, R13b and R15. These germplasm lines will provide a broad spectrum of useful sources of resistance to all known races of rust and DM.

Морфологические признаки новых линий подсолнечника, устойчивых к расе G заразихи

The work was conducted in the laboratory of immunity of the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops during 2016–2020. Twelve homozygous lines resistant to broomrape races A–G were developed from the sources of different origin. A line RG and other five: RGL1, RGL2, RGР1, RGР2, and RGВ, were described in the previous articles (Antonova et al., 2016, Araslanova et al., 2020) [1; 2]. Further new lines we named as 2RGB, 2RGN, 2RGL, 2RGS, 2RGNV, and 2RGA. We tested these lines for distinguishability, homogeneity and stability according to a technique “Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)” stated in a publication RTG/01/3 “Common introduction into testing of distinguishability, homogeneity and stability and compilation of description” of 22.07.2002 No 12-06/52 (Official bulletin of the State Commission No 6, 2002) [3]. The new lines also as the previous ones are differed from each other by their morphological traits, such as duration of a period from emergence to plants flowering, plants height, shape and color of a leaf and ray flower, etc. This description of the lines resistant to broomrape race G can be used in breeding practice at development of sunflower hybrids.

Evaluation of horizontal resistance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii)

Downy mildew is one of the most important diseases of sunflower crop around the world caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl.et de Toni. The aim of our study was to evaluate the horizontal resistance of elite and prospective lines to downy mildew in field conditions. Experiments were conducted at All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) in 2016–2020. Released and prospective sunflower lines bred at VNIIMK were studied, divided into four groups on the base of their race-specific resistance in laboratory tests. Experimental design was randomized blocks with two replications. Evaluation was made by recording all the recognizable symptoms of downy mildew from emergence till flowering. The results obtained allowed us to identify the lines with the highest race non-specific resistance to downy mildew: VK 678 (5.3%), VK 653 (7.3%), VA 760 (3.3%), VA 93 (2.0%) and VK 732 (6.3%). The final aim is the development of sunflower hybrids with the most durable resistance to downy mildew, combining one parental line with the major gene (Pl15) most effective for the specific location and the second parental line with a high level of horizontal resistance to downy mildew.

Mode of inheritance and combining ability for plant height and head diameter in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The development of sunflower hybrids with high genetic potential for seed and oil yields requires information on the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for plant height and head diameter in the F1 generation. Used in this study were thirteen new divergent cms inbred lines (A), three Rf restorers utilized as testers, and their F1 hybrids. The inbred A-lines, Rf-testers and F1 hybrids differed significantly in the mean values for plant height and head diameter. The mode of inheritance for plant height was superdominance of the better parent and for head diameter it was dominance and superdominance of the better parent. Highly significant positive values of GCA for both traits were found in cms inbred line NS-G-7 and restorer line RHA-N-49. Based on the GCA values chosen were lines with the best GCA for plant height (NS-G-9, NS-G-7) originating from PRA-RUN and head diameter (NS-G-13, NS-G-12) originating from DES. The greatest highly significant positive SCA value was found in NS-G-1xRHA-N-49 for plant height and in NS-G-8xRUS-RF-OL-168 for head diameter. Non-additive genetic variance played the main role in the inheritance of both traits as confirmed by the GCA/SCA ratios in the F1 generation, which were invariably smaller than unit. The female A lines had the highest contribution to the expression of head diameter and plant height.

Development of sunflower hybrids tolerant to tribenuron methyl

Discovery of tribenuron-methyl resistant wild Helianthus annuus L. population (ANN-KAN) created an opportunity for expansion of sunflower herbicide resistance breeding program. The aim of this study was development of sunflower hybrids resistant to tribenuron-methyl. Creation of tribenuron-methyl resistant hybrids would enable the use of a wider palette of herbicides for sunflower, more efficient chemical control of Cirsium arvense and more economically profitable post-emergence control of some annual broad-leaves weeds in sunflower. Original populations SURES-1 and SURES-2 are homozygous for resistance to tribenuron-methyl. F1 generations produced from the crossings are completely resistant to tribenuron-methyl, pointing out to dominant way of inheritance of this trait. Studies on the exact number of genes controlling the resistance are in progress. Tribenuron-methyl resistance was transferred from original populations into a number of female and male inbred lines of cultivated sunflower. These inbred lines could enable creation of a number of hybrids resistant to tribenuron-methyl. Hybrids SUMO-1-PR, SUMO-2- OR and SUMO-3 are resistant to doubled application dose of tribenuron-methyl. Agronomical characteristics of these hybrids are on the level with the leading conventional sunflower hybrids.

Effect of morphological and physiological traits on seed yield and oil content in sunflower

Path coefficient analysis was used to separate direct and indirect effects of studied traits on seed oil content and seed yield, and to identify traits that could be used as selection criteria in sunflower breeding. Significant and highly significant correlations were found between most of the examined traits. Highly significant negative correlations have been established between stem diameter, total leaf area per plant, head diameter and 1,000-seed weight on one side and seed oil content on the other. Highly significant positive correlations have been established between seed yield on one side and stem diameter, total leaf area per plant, head diameter, total number of seeds per head, and the 1,000-seed weight on the other. The weight of 1,000 seeds had a highly significant direct negative effect on seed oil content and a highly significant direct positive effect on seed yield. The total number of seeds per head has demonstrated a highly significant direct positive effect on seed yield and oil content. The total leaf number per plant has demonstrated a significant direct positive effect on seed yield. A path coefficient analysis of seed yield at phenotypic level indicated that maximum direct effects were shownby the weight of 1,000 seeds, total number of seeds per head and total leaf number per plant. The total number of seeds per head was the most important trait that determined seed yield and oil content. The obtained results can be used in sunflower breeding programs aimed at the development of sunflower hybrids that combine high genetic potentials for seed yield and seed oil content.

Development of sunflower hybrids with different oil quality

SUMMARY The cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is one of most important oil crops of the world. Although sunflower is primarily grown for extraction of its seed oil there is a limited production of non-oilseed sunflower types which are used in confections industry or as bird feed. The objective of this research was development of hybrids with high and stable oleic acid content and modified tocopherol composition, with high values for the two most important agronomic characters (seed yield and oil yield) and high tolerance to Phomopsis. The incorporation of the gene Ol + tph 1 into these genotypes has led to the development of high-oleic hybrids with altered tocopherol profiles. Oil of these hybrids has a much longer shelf-life than standard sunflower oil. The process of incorporating the genes Ol + tph 2 and Ol + tph 1 tph 2 into highly productive sunflower genotypes is under way. The most important results of this line of research are the newly developed female lines with the oleic acid content in oil over 90% and the male lines (restorers) with an oleic acid content in the 89-93% range. Using these lines, hybrids will be developed whose oleic acid content in oil will exceed 90%. RESUMEN El girasol cultivado ( Helianthus annuus L .) es uno de los cultivos oleaginosos más importantes del mundo. Aunque el girasol se cultiva antes de todo para la producción de aceite, los tipos de girasol no oleaginosos, se cultivan en menor rango para la industria confitera y alimentos para pájaros. El objetivo de esta investigación fue creación del híbrido con el contenido alto y estable de ácido oleico y contenido modificado de tocoferol, altos valores de dos características agronómicas más importantes (rendimiento de semilla y rendimiento de aceite) y alta tolerancia hacia Phomopsis. La introducción de los genes Ol + tph 1 en esos genotipos, llevó hasta la creación de los híbridos altamente oleicos con diferentes contenidos de tocoferol. El aceite de esos híbridos se conserva mucho más tiempo que el aceite estándar de girasol. El proceso de introducción de los genes Ol + tph 2 y Ol + tph 1 tph 2 en los genotipos de girasol altamente productivos, está en curso. Los resultados más importantes de estas investigaciones son líneas maternas nuevas creadas con el contenido del ácido oleico por encima de 90% y líneas paternas (restauradores) con el contenido del ácido oleico en el rango entre 89 y 93%. Utilizando estas líneas, pueden crearse híbridos con el contenido del ácido oleico en el aceite, por encima de 90%. RÉSUMÉ Le tournesol de culture ( Helianthus annuus L.) est l’une des cultures oléagineuses les plus importantes du monde. Bien que le tournesol soit cultivé tout d’abord pour la production d’huile, des types de tournesol non oléagineux sont cultivés en plus petite quantité pour l’industrie de la confiserie et pour la nourriture des oiseaux. Le but de cette recherche était de créer un hybride ayant un contenu élevé et stable d’acide oléique et une composition modifiée du contenu de tocophérols, avec des valeurs importantes pour les deux caractéristiques agronomiques les plus importantes (rendement en graines et rendement en huile et avec une grande tolérance au Phomopsis. L’incorporation du gène Ol + tph 1 dans ces génotypes a mené au développement d’hybrides à haute teneur oléique avec différents contenus de tocophérols. L’huile de ces hybrides se conserve beaucoup plus longtemps que les huiles de tournesol standard. Le procédé d’incorporation de gènes Ol + tph 2 et de Ol + thp 1 tph 2 dans les génotypes de tournesol très productifs est en cours. Les résultats les plus importants de cette recherche sont les lignées femelles nouvellement créées ayant un contenu d’acide oléique dans l’huile de plus de 90% et les lignées mâles de restauration ayant un contenu d’acide oléique sur une portée de 89 et 93%. L’utilisation de ces lignées peut permettre la création d’hybrides ayant un contenu d’acide oléique dans l’huile de plus de 90%.

Heredity of Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Measured by Artificial Infections

This study was made to determine the reactions of sunflower genotypes to artificial infections of Botrytis cinerea under netting tunnels with irrigation. The genotypes were the parents and F1 hybrids of a factorial cross between 5 female (male sterile) and 5 restorer lines. Their resistance levels were measured by the mean delay between infection and symptom appearance on the capitulum. Significant genotypic differences in reaction to B. cinerea were shown. The ratio of general combining ability to specific combining ability was 2.9, indicating that additive effects are important. However, there were some significant interactions between male and female parents. The mean parent-hybrid and parent-progeny regressions were both significant with correlation coefficients of r = 0.57 and r = 0.66 respectively. It is concluded that breeding programmes with tests for B. cinerea resistance in early generations should be effective in the development of sunflower hybrids with improved B. cinerea resistance.