Development Of Scientific Theories Research Articles

Students Perception of Science and Technology in Science Learning: A Gender Comparative Study

Teachers face a dilemma. On the one hand, science and technology significantly benefit students, providing greater opportunities for future generations. On the other hand, students' interest in science and technology continues to decrease. The rapid advance of science and technology also widens inequities and enhances gender differences. Understanding students' perceptions of technology in learning, especially science, and their daily lives is necessary. The research employs both descriptive and comparative methods as its primary methodologies. The descriptive method provides an overview of students' perceptions of science and technology. The comparative method helps uncover differences in students' perceptions based on gender. The study encompasses 200 participants from a junior high school in Kerinci. This research utilized the "My Opinions about Science and Technology" questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated into Indonesian and formatted into an online survey using Google Forms. It comprises 16 research statements about science and technology designed to collect essential data, employing a 4-point scale response. The Independent Samples T-test, facilitated by SPSS, compared male and female perceptions of science and technology. The descriptive statistics reveal that the average student perception is 3.06. Based on the level of each student, no students are categorized as having a low level of perception of science and technology. Based on gender, female students exhibit an average perception of 3.02, and males display an average of 3.11. Based on the mean or average values, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average perception between female and male students, with male students showing a higher perception of science and technology than female students. The independent samples t-test results confirm that the average perception of females regarding science and technology is lower than that of males, with a mean difference of -0.093 on a 4-point scale. The disparity in perception based on gender was found to be statistically significant. Male students have a higher percentage of high-level perception compared to female students. Males exhibit high perceptions regarding the development of scientific theories, the impact of science and technology on environmental problems, and the potential for science and technology to improve life, create more interesting jobs and help eradicate poverty and famine. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Common Content, Philosophy, and Programming Support Thriving Collaborations Between Cognitive Science Labs and Museums

AbstractUniversity research labs focusing on education, psychology, and cognitive development have been collaborating with museums more and more over the past decade. Nevertheless, cognitive science labs that primarily engage in basic as opposed to applied research may find it difficult to entice museums to collaborate, and existing collaborations may fall short of their full potential to garner benefits to labs and museums alike. Here, we focus on a kind of lab and museum collaboration that has common content, philosophy, and programming and impacts both scientific theory development and museum practice. By illustrating one example of a collaboration between the Lab for the Developing Mind at New York University and the National Museum of Mathematics in New York City, we offer practical tips and suggestions for other cognitive science labs aiming to achieve strong lab‐museum synergy.

From Pre-Science to Paradigm Shift: A Kuhnian Analysis of 100 Years of Public Relations Scholarship

This article reviews the evolution of public relations from its pre-science period to the present-day using Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific development. The review discusses how public relations scholarship has grown and reached scientific maturity, in parallel with the institutionalization of public relations’ professional practice and higher education. This article highlights the evolving nature of the discipline, including the paradigmatic shift toward a multifunctional definition of public relations and focus on relationship theories, ethics, public behavior, and technology.

Dark Skies and Light Pollution: An Art-Historical Approach

The sight of vast numbers of stars is becoming increasingly obstructed from view for most of humanity by increasing light pollution in the ‘civilised’ world. From the ancient Greeks and medieval Europe to the industrial age and our own times, the sight and contemplation of stars, planets and galaxies have inspired religions and philosophies, as well as traditional myths and stories. Understanding the complexities of the universe led to the development of scientific theories, yet it is science and its effects on pollution and climate change that now seem to be removing from sight the astronomical phenomena that surround us. Consideration of visual images of the dark sky over time is an essential backstory to the movement to protect the Dark Sky from obliteration. Ancient and traditional depictions of heaven and the night sky (particularly of the Milky Way) will be examined to provide a context for the fascination with the night sky in relation to problems of ever-increasing light pollution.1

Interdisciplinary Approach to Research in Didactics: Possibilities, Assumptions, and Challenges of Realization

The results of the analyses show that in addition to the differences that exist between different disciplines, there is generally a trend of an increase in the number of researches conducted as a team and a decrease in the number of individually conducted research. Therefore, the paper aimed to look at the possibilities, assumptions, and challenges of achieving an interdisciplinary approach to basic, developmental, and applied research in didactics using the method of theoretical analysis and synthesis. Basic research is applied not only in didactics, but also in disciplines closely related to didactics (psychology, sociology, philosophy, cybernetics...) and forms the basis for establishing didactic regularities, and has the task of determining didactic knowledge of capital value and significantly influences the development of didactic theories, educational and teaching practices in all types and levels of schools and other educational institutions and forms of organized learning and teaching. An interdisciplinary approach to developmental research, which refers to the investigation of the regularities of the application of research results obtained through basic research, can directly contribute to the improvement of didactic theory and practice. Through applied didactic research of an interdisciplinary character, researchers find solutions for specific practical questions and problems of educational and teaching practice in certain conditions based on known didactic knowledge. Certain assumptions and challenges in the realization of interdisciplinary research in didactics aim to ensure methodological competence, scientific objectivity, and the integration of several disciplines. In the concluding remarks, it was emphasized that research methodology in didactics that has an interdisciplinary approach is not realized in isolation, but in dynamic and creative cooperation with other disciplines. With integrated basic, developmental, and applied didactic research of an interdisciplinary character, we contribute to the development of scientific theory and progressive changes in teaching practice and the educational process in general.

Pengaruh Perkembangan Filsafat Ilmu terhadap Ilmu Pengetahuan Kontemporer

Abstract
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak yang signifikan dari This research aims to analyze the significant impact of the development of the philosophy of science on contemporary science. Philosophy of science has long been a conceptual basis for understanding scientific epistemology, methodology and ethics. In this context, this research traces the evolution of the philosophy of science from classical thought to the modern era and how these views shape and influence the science we have today. The research method used involves analysis of historical and philosophical literature, highlighting the thoughts of influential philosophers of science such as Plato, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, and other important figures. This research also considers developments in the philosophy of science, such as positivism, postmodernism, and feminist thought, as well as the ways in which these views have influenced research methodology, epistemological understanding, and contemporary scientific practice. The results of this research reveal that the philosophy of science has played an important role in the formation of scientific paradigms, the development of scientific theories, as well as in the development of more reflective and ethical research practices. The impact of the philosophy of science is also reflected in the research ethics controversies and fundamental questions about the nature of science that continue to be debated in scientific society today. This research provides a deeper understanding of the close relationship between philosophy of science and contemporary science, and underlines the importance of philosophical awareness in developing better and more responsible knowledge. These findings may provide a foundation for further developments in deep philosophical thinking about science and future scientific research.
 Keywords: philosophy of science, science, contemporary

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ ШКОЛЫ ДЕПАРТАМЕНТА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РИСКАМИ ФИНАНСОВОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ПРИ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Using the example of the analysis of the scientific school (SS) of the Financial University, it is shown that the formation of scientific schools is a systematically observed phenomenon in research practice, it contributes to the creation, accumulation and dissemination of new knowledge, contributes to in-depth knowledge of the surrounding world, the development of scientific research in economic practice, responding to its urgent requests. The objectives of the analysis were, firstly, to determine the place and role of NS in the development of scientific theory and practice, and secondly, to assess the state of research of the Department of EB and SD as a basis for the formation of an appropriate scientific school of Economic security and risk management of organizations.

The Locating Chromatic Number for Certain Operation of Origami Graphs

The locating chromatic number introduced by Chartrand et al. in 2002 is the marriage of the partition dimension and graph coloring. The locating chromatic number depends on the minimum number of colors used in the locating coloring and the different color codes in vertices on the graph. There is no algorithm or theorem to determine the locating chromatic number of any graph carried out for each graph class or the resulting graph operation. This research is the development of scientific theory with a focus of the study on developing new ideas to determine the extent to which the locating chromatic number of a graph increases when applied to other operations. The locating chromatic number of the origami graph was obtained. The next exciting thing to know is locating chromatic number for certain operation of origami graphs. This paper discusses locating chromatic number for specific operation of origami graphs. The method used in this study is to determine the upper and lower bound of the locating chromatic number for certain operation of origami graphs. The result obtained is an increase of one color in the locating chromatic number of origami graphs.

Roughness Prediction and Performance Analysis of Data-Driven Superalloy Belt Grinding

Abrasive belt grinding has unique advantages in avoiding machining defects and improving surface integrity while grinding hard materials such as superalloys. However, the random distribution of abrasive particles on the abrasive belt surface is uncontrollable, and chatter and machining errors accompany the machining process, leading to unclear mapping relationship between process parameters and surface roughness, which brings great challenges to the prediction of surface roughness of superalloy. Traditional empirical equations are highly dependent on empirical knowledge and the development of scientific theories and can only solve problems with relatively simple and clear mechanisms, but cannot effectively solve complex and mutually coupled problems. The method based on data-driven patterns has a better idea for mining the implicit mapping relationship and eliminating the uncertainty of complex problems. This study presents a data-driven roughness prediction method for GH4169 superalloy. First, a superalloy grinding platform is built. According to the grinding empirical equation, the mapping relationship between process parameters and surface roughness is analyzed, and a prediction model is established based on the error back propagation (BP) algorithm. Second, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the neural network, and the global optimal solution is obtained. Finally, the prediction performance of different algorithms is compared. The results show that the non-uniform absolute errors of the BP algorithm, GA-BP algorithm, and PSO-BP algorithm are 0.12, 0.085, and 0.078, respectively. The results show that the roughness prediction algorithm based on PSO-BP is more suitable for GH4169 superalloy.

Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia

The report on the international conference “Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia”, held at Petrozavodsk State University on June 3–4, 2021, is presented. It is noted that the name of F. F. Fortunatov is a significant phenomenon in the history of world linguistics for understanding the development of scientific theory and methodology in linguistics. The scientist laid the foundations of modern grammatical theory, assessed controversial processes in the field of the history and accentology of Slavic and Baltic languages, and contributed to the formation of new linguistic trends. The Fortunatov School at the end of the 19th century went beyond the geographical borders of Russia and became known abroad as one of the most advanced academic schools. A brief description of the program and the reports presented, covering the problems of historical and diachronic linguistics in the context of comparative and typological linguistics, language teaching methods, syntax, dialectology, communication theory, culture of language and poetics, is given. Special attention is paid to the relevance in modern linguistics of F. F. Fortunatov’s ideas. Parallels are drawn with related humanities disciplines.

Exploring advocacy coalitions for energy efficiency: Policy change through internal shock and learning in the European Union

This empirical study analyses policy change in the area of European Union energy efficiency policy by applying the advocacy coalition framework (ACF). The energy efficiency directive (EED) and its provisions on individual metering and billing (IMB) is used as a case study. IMB provisions have rendered substantial debate for almost a decade and the provisions were amended following successful advocacy work of the coalition opposing IMB. The study confirms recent developments of the ACF theory that internal shocks are important for policy change. Policy change followed other pathways too, particularly policy-oriented learning. As for policy-oriented learning, it was manifested in different ways, e.g. the acceptance of the core beliefs and proposals for amending the IMB provisions put forward by the coalition opposing IMB by a majority of Member States in the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament and the proponents of IMB. Besides contributing to development of scientific theory, the knowledge provided in the paper can inform various stakeholders to better shape their future strategies in advocacy work in European Union policy making and national policy implementation.

Individuals, Communities, and Groups in Thomas Kuhn’s Model of Scientific Development

In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn resorts to concepts from several disciplines in order to describe the general patterns of scientific development. This blend of disciplines can be explained in part by Kuhn's intellectual path, from physics to history and then to philosophy of science; but it also points to a deeper methodological problem, which is the question of what is the real unity of analysis in his model of science. The primary intention of this article is, thus, to give a solution to this difficulty. The answer, I believe, rests on identifying three fundamental units present in Kuhn's theory of scientific development. They are, respectively, the individual, responsible for producing evidence, spreading information, and choosing theories; the community, a set of scientists investigating a series of phenomena; and the groups, individuals with similar behavior but with looser institutional or social ties — a usually neglected category in Kuhnian literature, but equally fundamental for the final outcome of scientific debates. After investigating these categories in detail, I propose a way of integrating them into a general model for explaining the resolution of scientific controversies. Finally, I try to resolve the apparent conflict among disciplinary vocabularies by offering an account of the function of sociological, psychological, and epistemological concepts for describing controversies, and some of the methodologies appropriate for each of these tasks.

Bibliometric Analysis of Trends in Theory-related Policy Publications

This study's bibliometric analysis evaluates the scope and trends of theory-related policy publications in various international journals. The method used the Scopus search engine on random journals in identifying policy-related publications. The study also used a data visualization software called VOSviewer to analyze the results, underlying network linkages, and information production trends in policy analysis. The findings shows that only a few proportions of policy-related researches apply theories in their study. Field-specialized journals were having practitioners publish less research as compared to interdisciplinary science and technology journals. This article calls for greater engagements among scholars, and for policy researchers to more explicitly consider how their work might contribute to the understanding of the policy challenges. The findings also shows that it is important to recognize the approach and theory behind policy development to determine the incremental nature of aspects involved in policy development. It is extremely valuable to be clear that if one deals only with conceptual level of policy research without testing those ideas against independent empirical information, then scientific theory development is not possible. Thus, failure to consistently and clearly make theory connection towards policy research is a lost opportunity for scholars to influence policy thinking and public argument. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01261 Full Text: PDF

Priority domains, aims, and testable hypotheses for implementation research: Protocol for a scoping review and evidence map

BackgroundThe challenge of implementing evidence-based innovations within practice settings is a significant public health issue that the field of implementation research (IR) is focused on addressing. Significant amounts of funding, time, and effort have been invested in IR to date, yet there remains significant room for advancement, especially regarding IR’s development of scientific theories as defined by the National Academy of Sciences (i.e., a comprehensive explanation of the relationship between variables that is supported by a vast body of evidence). Research priority setting (i.e., promoting consensus about areas where research effort will have wide benefits to society) is a key approach to helping accelerate research advancements. Thus, building upon existing IR, general principles of data reduction, and a general framework for moderated mediation, this article identifies four priority domains, three priority aims, and four testable hypotheses for IR, which we organize in the priority aims and testable hypotheses (PATH) diagram.MethodsThe objective of this scoping review is to map the extent to which IR has examined the identified PATH priorities to date. Our sample will include IR published in leading implementation-focused journals (i.e., Implementation Science, Implementation Science Communications, and Implementation Research and Practice) between their inception and December 2020. The protocol for the current scoping review and evidence map has been developed in accordance with the approach developed by Arksey and O’Malley and advanced by Levac, Colquhoun, and O’Brien. Because scoping reviews seek to provide an overview of the identified evidence base rather than synthesize findings from across studies, we plan to use our data-charting form to provide a descriptive overview of implementation research to date and summarize the research via one or more summary tables. We will use the PATH diagram to organize a map of the evidence to date.DiscussionThis scoping review and evidence map is intended to help accelerate IR focused on suggested priority aims and testable hypotheses, which in turn will accelerate IR’s development of National Academy of Sciences-defined scientific theories and, subsequently, improvements in public health.Systematic review registrationOpen Science Framework https://osf.io/3vhuj/

Metodologia nauk – dzisiaj i jutro

The Methodology of Sciences publication (2019) is dedicated to logical, humanistic and philosophical research focusing on the creation of science and on the construction and development of scientific theories. It consists of two parts: What is science ? and Types of sciences . In the first, systematic part, the authors present the genesis of modern science and the philosophy of science, emphasizing especially contemporary changes in the understanding of what we call science. In the second part they show the methodological and objective separateness of individual types of sciences (formal, natural, social, cognitive, humanistic as cultural and theological sciences). After a fragmentary presentation of the mentioned parts, I will discuss a contemporary topic that was not included in the publication in question, but which may serve as its supplement. It is about understanding scientific progress in the era of rapidly developing applications of artificial intelligence (AI).

Explanatory Power and Nursing Theory.

A theme of this article is the theory-research link and its essential role in advancing nursing science and practice. Concern is expressed over the current status of nursing theory relative to the advances in research and practice. Soon-to-be and current theoreticians and scientists are encouraged to champion not just nursing theory proper but scientific nursing theories that have explanatory power. The role of the precision health movement in facilitating development of scientific theory is explored.

Contextual complexity in business relationships within the input-output model – evidence of misbehaviour in grocery stores in Poland

PurposeThe emerging disintegrative processes of transitional economies are influencing companies’ business models in terms of consumer behaviour, especially food markets, which offer usual, common and traditional consumer products. Beyond investigating potential consumer misbehaviour, a further aim of this study is the building of a theoretical-descriptive model for consumer misbehaviour in food markets, which could influence the contextual complexity in business relationships, as well as the management of raw materials, services acquisition and final product sales. The research applies the “input-output” model (Ferrero, 1968) to some specific marketing theories, adopting an interdisciplinary approach for understanding the relationships between consumer behaviour and a company’s business model.Design/methodology/approachThe research is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. In the first phase, the research was conducted among representatives of grocery stores using an exploratory approach; thus, an in-depth interview method was used. In the second phase, direct research among consumers was conducted using an online survey. After the verification of correctness, validity and reliability, a final 1,200-questionnaire dataset was analysedFindingsThe most common consumer misbehaviour in food markets concerns the theft of foodstuff or the adoption of bad behaviour towards grocery stores employees. Market and store representatives have highlighted a large scale of pathological consumer misbehaviour, mostly due to psychological conditions at the individual (habits, lifestyle or personality) and collective (family or other social groups) levels. According to previous studies, consumer misbehaviour in food markets seems to be substantially affected by three factors: motivation, capacity and opportunity. These factors strongly impact the input-output model through which the company interacts with the context.Originality/valueThe three-factor model reveals advantages and applications, allowing for a simple explanation of consumer misbehaviour in food markets and stores. It can contribute to scientific theory development (especially theories related to consumer behaviour, customer relationship management, partnership marketing and supply chain management) and generate support for understanding complex relations among consumers, food producers, factories and food stores. In this direction, the management of knowledge about consumers and their behaviour is indispensable.

Domestic schools of architectural restoration in the XX century

One of the aspects of the development of Russian architectural restoration in the twentieth century was the selection and formation of regional architectural restoration schools. The purpose of the study: to identify the features of the leading schools of Russian architectural restoration in the twentieth century. Methods: a comprehensive study, comparative analysis of architectural and restoration practices of Moscow, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Leningrad, Pskov restoration schools based on the generalization of bibliographic material. Results: the role of architectural and restoration schools in the development of scientific theory and practice of restoration in the twentieth century is Revealed.the features of restoration techniques and methodological approaches of Moscow, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Leningrad, Pskov restoration schools are Analyzed. The influence of the typological and architectural and artistic context, the degree of its preservation, on the specifics of architectural and restoration activities of individual schools is revealed. The prevailing types of restoration (integral, fragmentary, compromise, synthetic) at the main stages of formation of domestic restoration schools are determined.

Organizational foundations of modern quality management systems in industrial enterprises.

Given the fact that Ukraine is heading for the EU, then all regulatory documents related to certification, especially in industrial enterprises, must comply with standards and international norms. Therefore, improving the quality of products in Ukraine and this period is an important issue. The growth of competitiveness not only in the domestic market but also in the global one stimulates industrial enterprises to revise the quality standards of products. Improving the quality of products in Ukraine is dictated not only by high competitiveness in the domestic market, the quality of life of workers also directly depends on the quality of products, since quality products are sold at a higher price, and this is the salary of industrial workers and their social well-being. Also, the high quality of products of industrial enterprises and manufacturing according to modern technologies indicates the country's level in the competitive list of countries, and this is the image of the state as an exporter on the international market. The guarantor of product quality of industrial enterprises in the international market are the ISO 9000 series standards. Due to the fact that the scientific and economic achievements of new markets in competitiveness, the implementation of innovative solutions and inventions, lead to the formation at industrial enterprises of a unified system of actions to improve the quality and level of knowledge, which become one of the main conditions for the development and growth of competitiveness of the economy enterprises, industries but also the state. A study of the development of scientific theories of quality management at industrial enterprises and their approaches to practical implementation revealed a number of methodological foundations and principles aimed at improving product quality management at industrial enterprises. Scientific research in this area has gone from theory based on the principles of marriage and theories of production process control. The topic is relevant especially at a time when the country is moving to international standards and entering the international market for products. The study and implementation of international standards is relevant in this period at industrial enterprises.

Evidential Statistics in Model and Theory Development

Evidential statistics is an important advance in model and theory testing, and scientific reasoning in general, combining and extending key insights from other philosophies of statistics. A key desiderata in evidential statistics is the rigorous and objective comparison of alternative models against data. Scientific theories help to define the range of models which are brought to bear in any such assessment, including both tried and trusted models and risky novel models; such theories emerge from a kind of evolutionary process of repeated model assessment, where model selection is akin to natural selection acting both on the standing crop of genetic variation, and on novel mutations. The careful use of evidential statistics could play an important and as yet to be fulfilled role in the future development of scientific theories. We illustrate these ideas using examples from ecology and evolutionary biology.