Development Of Production Technology Research Articles

Sensory analysis of the flavor profile of full immersion hot, room temperature, and cold brewed coffee over time

With the growing popularity of cold brewed coffee comes a need for brewing efficiency while preserving the desirable flavor profile. Despite the wide use of full immersion brewing techniques, the effect of brew time on the dynamic sensory profiles of full immersion brewed coffee remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the relationship between coffee sensory quality and extraction dynamics, measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Extraction (E) of full immersion brewed coffee at various roast levels, and brewing temperatures (4 °C, 22 °C and 92 °C), over brew time using a generic descriptive analysis method. Specifically, different brew time points were selected for different temperatures based on five targeted coffee extraction stages. Furthermore, the unique experimental design also explored a sensory-driven engineering research process. Roast level had the greatest impact on the sensory profile of the coffees, followed by brewing temperature, but brew time, especially the longer brew times as TDS plateaued, had subtler impacts than expected. Twenty-five of 28 sensory attributes were significantly different among the 30 coffee samples, indicating a single source green coffee blend can produce a wide range of complex sensory profiles using different combinations of roast level, temperature, and brew time. Specifically, the intensity of sweetness was negatively correlated with TDS, and 19 other attribute intensities were positively correlated with TDS. Interestingly, we found that certain long time cold brews had similar sensory profiles to those of some short time hot brews, suggesting the sensory profiles of certain hot brews and cold brews could possibly be matched through controlled preparation. Overall, our study demonstrated an approach of integrating food engineering and sensory analysis for product development, and our findings provide valuable insights into the extraction dynamics and sensory quality of full immersion brewed coffee and opens new brewing avenues for the coffee industry.

A new insight into the synthesis mechanism of ScF3 by the NH4HF2 solid-phase fluorination method

As the important precursor to produce Sc, ScF3 is mainly produced by the NH4HF2 solid-phase fluorination method. However, the fluorination mechanism has not yet been sufficiently described, which severely hinders the development of the ScF3 synthesis technology. This work comprehensively investigated the reaction mechanisms of NH4HF2 and Sc2O3 with different molar ratios of raw materials (at both room temperature and high temperature) and the generation conditions of ScOF. The results show that at room temperature (NH4)3ScF6 were generated firstly, then it reacted with Sc2O3 to produce (NH4)5Sc3F14 after full consumption of NH4HF2. A new ScF3 synthesis mechanism, including three stages and a first discovered intermediate compound NH4Sc3F10, was put forward. The crystal structure of NH4Sc3F10 was analyzed by Rietveld analysis. Based on the analysis of ScOF formation conditions, some strategies on regulation of raw material molar ratio, heating rate, heating temperature, and holding time were proposed to avoid ScOF formation. The results will be beneficial to the solid-phase fluorination technology development for high purity ScF3 production.

Analysis of hydrogen supply and demand in China's energy transition towards carbon neutrality

The role of hydrogen in the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems will be influenced by key factors such as carbon neutrality pathways, hydrogen production technology costs, and hydrogen transportation costs. Existing studies have not comprehensively analyzed and compared the impact of these key factors on the development of hydrogen supply and demand under China's carbon neutrality pathways. This study uses the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) with an upgraded hydrogen module to evaluate the development potential of China's hydrogen industry, considering various carbon neutrality pathways as well as hydrogen production and transportation costs. The findings indicate that, by 2050, hydrogen could account for 8%–14% of final energy, averting 1.0–1.7 Bt of carbon emissions annually at an average mitigation cost of 85–183 USD t−1CO2. The total hydrogen production is projected to reach 75–135 Mt, with 34%–56% from renewable energy electrolysis and about 15%–29% from fossil fuel-based CCS. On a sectoral level, by 2050, the hydrogen demand in the industrial and transportation sectors is expected to reach 37–63 Mt and 30–42 Mt, with a potential reduction of about 0.6–0.9 BtCO2 and 0.5–0.6 BtCO2. The share of hydrogen in the final energy of the steel and chemical sectors is estimated to be 9%–19% and 17%–25%, collectively accounting for 36%–42% of total hydrogen demand and 46%–50% of total emission reduction potential. Realizing hydrogen's emission reduction potential relies on the rapid development of hydrogen production, transportation, and utilization technologies. Firstly, the development of on-site electrolysis for hydrogen production and early deployment of industrial hydrogen applications should be prioritized to stimulate overall growth of hydrogen industry and cost reduction. Secondly, vigorous development of renewable energy electrolysis and hydrogen end-use technologies like fuel cells should be pursued, along with the demonstration and promotion of hydrogen transportation technologies. Lastly, further advancement of carbon market mechanisms is essential to support the widespread adoption of hydrogen technologies.

Production Pathways of Television Programs Based on New Media Technology

In the context of the new media era, new media technology has become a key technology in the production of television programs. This technology transforms traditional television production methods and channels, making television programs more impactful, with superior picture quality, thereby truly achieving innovation in program production and increasing their attractiveness. This paper analyzes and studies the production pathways of television programs using new media technology. It first examines the advantages of new media technology in television program production and then explores its specific application pathways in television program production through a case study of a particular program. Additionally, it provides a forecast for the development of new media and television program production technology, aiming to promote the development of television program production.

MARKET SEEKING OF AMERICA IN MERSIN IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD

The capitalist economy and industrial revolution developments, dominated the world conjuncture in the 19th century, formed the political infrastructure of European states. The gradual development of production technologies with the industrial revolution caused western countries to search for markets to sell manufactured goods and raw materials to put production Technologies into practice. Commercial firms were marketing their products through intermediary firms or individuals by determining the target market they identified. They run a series of promotional campaigns to make the products or services of companies preferred by people. How these marketing techniques were used by American companies in Mersin, which was a quite new and open port to growth and demand in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, can be found in the letters of American Consulate. The knowledge about the marketing techniques applied by American companies, has been obtained from the letters of the American Consulate. The aim of the study is to reveal how the search for the market in Mersin, port city, which was open to growth in the late 19th century and early 20th century, was carried out by these numerous American companies.

Effects of Using Laser Technology for Cutting Polymer Films.

In connection with the need to obtain a properly made and cut material and the appearance of the surface layer, new manufacturing technologies were used for tests, namely the laser cutting technology. This article describes the laboratory stand built for the purpose of research, as well as the possibility of using laser cutting on several sample materials (polymer films), together with an indication of the results obtained. The idea was to elaborate on the cutting technology that will be proper for manufacturing the desired type of spacers for ion-exchange membranes separating while maintaining the required level of product quality and chemical purity. The latter criterion was the basic one, due to the scope of use of the manufactured elements. This article also describes the problem encountered during the construction of the stand or during the research. The last part of this article describes the further steps of the research that will be carried out in the future along with a discussion and summary of the research performed. It is important from the point of view of the development of production technology, but also because of the characteristics of materials for the production of surface layers and coatings resistant to mechanical or thermal wear used in industry. The introduction of innovative solutions is also aimed at studying the improvement of the economics of the production of materials that are significant, in particular, for small- and medium-sized enterprises.

Concurrent Engineering and Quality Management Integration Methodology for Product Development

Concurrent Engineering and Quality Management Integration Methodology for Product Development

WITHDRAWN: Prospects of graphene quantum dots preparation using lignocellulosic wastes for application in photofermentative hydrogen production

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a novel carbon nanomaterial from the graphene family due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse range of applications. However, in terms of the sustainable utility of GQDs, their synthesis methods are the main roadblock because of their high production costs and the release of toxic byproducts during the production processes. Thus, the search for sustainable and economical fabrication methods for preparing GQDs is one of the most essential areas of research for their practical applications. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) wastes are a prime choice for the fabrication of GQDs due to their high carbon and cellulose content, which are favorable for being employed as precursors and reducing agents Additionally, LCBs are a prime source of potential bioenergy production, which is currently a key research hotspot to combat environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crises. Therefore, the present review provides feasibility for sustainable and environmentally friendly fabrication of GQDs using LCB wastes for their possible utility in cellulosic biofuel production technology improvement. Furthermore, the prospective of using these GQDs as catalysts in bioenergy production for the development of low-cost biomass-based biofuel production technology has been discussed along with the existing limitations and their sustainable recommendation.

Single Atom Ag Bonding Between PF3T Nanocluster and TiO2 Leads the Ultra-Stable Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic H2 Production.

Atomic Ag cluster bonding is employed to reinforce the interface between PF3T nano-cluster and TiO2 nanoparticle. With an optimized Ag loading (Ag/TiO2=0.5wt%), the Ag atoms will uniformly disperse on TiO2 thus generating a high density of intermediate states in the band gap to form the electron channel between the terthiophene group of PF3T and the TiO2 in the hybrid composite (denoted as T@Ag05-P). The former expands the photon absorption band width and the latter facilitates the core-hole splitting by injecting the photon excited electron (from the excitons in PF3T) into the conduction band (CB) of TiO2. These characteristics enable the high efficiency of H2 production to 16580µmolh-1g-1 and photocatalysis stability without degradation under visible light exposure for 96h. Compared to that of hybrid material without Ag bonding (TiO2@PF3T), the H2 production yield and stability are improved by 4.1 and 18.2-fold which shows the best performance among existing materials in similar component combination and interfacial reinforcement. The unique bonding method offers a new prospect to accelerate the development of photocatalytic hydrogen production technologies.

Advances in Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Construction of Under-Coordinated Active Sites.

Renewable energy-driven proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) attracts widespread attention as a zero-emission and sustainable technology. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with sluggish OER kinetics and rapid deactivation are major obstacles to the widespread commercialization of PEMWE. To date, although various advanced electrocatalysts have been reported to enhance acidic OER performance, Ru/Ir-based nanomaterials remain the most promising catalysts for PEMWE applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, stable, and cost-effective Ru/Ir catalysts. Since the structure-performance relationship is one of the most important tools for studying the reaction mechanism and constructing the optimal catalytic system. In this review, the recent research progress from the construction of unsaturated sites to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction and deactivation mechanism of catalysts is summarized. First, a general understanding of OER reaction mechanism, catalyst dissolution mechanism, and active site structure is provided. Then, advances in the design and synthesis of advanced acidic OER catalysts are reviewed in terms of the classification of unsaturated active site design, i.e., alloy, core-shell, single-atom, and framework structures. Finally, challenges and perspectives are presented for the future development of OER catalysts and renewable energy technologies for hydrogen production.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Engineering Project Management and Engineering Product Development: A Review

This study explores the two distinct parts of engineering management: engineering product management and engineering project management. A qualitative systematic review method was employed, using purposively sampled literature and a desk-based research approach. Using thematic analysis, the researchers produced significant data findings. The findings suggest that Engineering Project Management and Engineering Product Development play a vital role in achieving success in engineering projects. While they possess distinct principles, practices, and concepts, they share important management techniques in the business realm. The findings also indicate significant disparities in methods, utility and resource allocation, and quality assurance while highlighting the absence of administrative functions in Engineering Product Development compared to Engineering Project Management. Furthermore, the study notes that greater creativity and efficiency in both management practices are enabled by current technology and methodology. The study's limitations include an extensive use of literature review data and a focus on a broad target area. Consequently, this suggests a need for empirical data to enhance experience-based research and focus on a specific industry for more precise outcomes.

Advanced testing methods for proton exchange membrane electrolysis stacks

Research on proton exchange membrane water electrolysis for renewable hydrogen production is rapidly advancing worldwide, driven by the imperative to reduce costs and enhance efficiency through development of novel materials. However, to effectively evaluate and validate these advancements, standardized testing methods are essential, extending beyond single-cell analysis to encompass stack-level characterization.This paper proposes comprehensive characterization methods tailored for analysis of electrolysis stacks and their performance characteristics. Each method is introduced with a focus on its practical applicability, accompanied by detailed procedural guidelines for implementation. Furthermore, variations within each method are discussed, offering possibilities for gathering additional insights.Presenting a portfolio of different methods, ranging from standard to advanced techniques applicable at the stack level, the paper showcases results obtained through their application. These results, normalized to cell area, demonstrate the significance of each method in obtaining stack characteristics crucial for informed design decisions on material selection and subsequent integration into electrolysis systems.By illustrating results derived from various stacks, this study contributes valuable insights for evaluating design, material suitability, and operational performance, thereby advancing the development and deployment of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production.

Hydrogen storage ability of hexagonal boron nitride

The development of hydrogen energy is capable of solving a number of important issues that modern society is facing, including global warming and various environmental impacts. Currently, there is an intensive search for natural sources of hydrogen as well as low-carbon techniques for mass production of hydrogen from natural gas, associated petroleum gas, and water. In parallel, efforts to develop technologies for the subsequent management of hydrogen are underway, and the creation of its safe and efficient storage is one of the highest priority goals. For the transportation and storage of hydrogen today, a number of solutions are offered, each of which has both positive and negative aspects. The boron nitride family of materials with high thermal and chemical stability, variability of morphologies, and flexibility of structure has been considered as a candidate for efficient hydrogen storage. This review offers to familiarize readers with the progress in the research and application of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as well as BN-based materials in comparison with other materials, as promising hydrogen storage. Experimental and theoretical data obtained for different morphologies and internal structures were reviewed in relevance to the material`s sorption capacity with respect to hydrogen. Various approaches to improve the efficiency of hydrogen storage were analyzed, and the highest storage capabilities published were mentioned. Thus, BN-based materials are very promising as hydrogen storage, even for an automotive application, but the development of new mass production technologies should be carried out.

The effect of using jug-type water filters on selected metals concentration in tap water – a case study

ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of the filtration process on Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn concentration in water, using filters from one of the leading European manufacturers, was investigated. The increase in Na (up to 300%) and K concentration (up to 320%) at the beginning of jug filter usage was reported. A decrease in Ca, Fe and Zn concentration was observed. Standard filters remove 80–90% of Mg from tap water at the beginning of the usage, while magnesium-enriching ones slightly increase its concentration – from around 8 to 12–25 mg/L. Significant changes in the filter's operating characteristics were also observed for other studied elements as they wore out. Using Mg-enriching filters can increase magnesium intake from 4–5 to 6–15% of the recommended daily dose from water consumption. The results were also discussed regarding the amounts of macroelements found in commercially available bottled water. The magnesium concentration in tap water after filtration through magnesium-enriching filters was lower compared to bottled mineral waters. The authors note a scope for the development of water filter production technology, in particular, the need to develop filters that more efficiently enrich water with magnesium and do not increase sodium concentration.

Edukasi, Pelatihan Teknologi Pengolahan, dan Pengembangan Produk Olahan Purun di Desa Mekar Jaya, Kecamatan Wampu, Kabupaten Langkat

Mekar Jaya Village is one of the villages in Wampu District, Langkat Regency, with high purun potential and many purun artisans in the community. However, until now the purun processed by the community is only mat products. The purpose of the training activities carried out is to educate and train the community about processing technology and purun product development. The activity method is in the form of discussions about educating the management and processing of purun processed products and training in making purun crafts guided by purun artisans trainers. The activity results showed that the community's knowledge about purun management and how to use it increased. After the training, especially in dyeing technology, increased the public's knowledge about purun coloring and encouraged the community to innovate in terms of coloring and processed purun-based products.

Efficient fabrication of high-quality graphene via alternating-current co-intercalation and microwave-assisted expansion

To facilitate the transformation of inexpensive and abundant graphite resources into two-dimensional graphene materials with promising applications, the development of efficient, cost-effective, and scalable technologies for large-scale production of high-quality graphene is crucial. Here, we propose an effective electrochemical dual-electrode co-intercalation exfoliation strategy. During the process, precise control of the electrochemical intercalation is achieved by adjusting the working bias and alternating current (AC) cycle, while ensuring the ion insertion rate through gradual voltage escalation. Repeated insertion of cations and anions under AC accelerates the graphite exfoliation. Following complete ion inserting, suitable microwave processing was employed to achieve rapid graphite expansion. Ultimately, ultra-sonication in NMP is employed to achieve final exfoliation between graphite layers. The resulting few-layer graphene (2–3 layers) exhibited minimal defects (ID/IG = 0.0405), low oxygen content (C/O = 44.62), high yield (95.3 %), and excellent conductivity (625 S/cm), enabling its potential commercialization and large-scale application. This outcome also serves as a significant reference for the commercial production of environmentally friendly and cost-effective graphene.

Selective conversion of ethylene to propylene over rhenium-containing heterogeneous catalysts

The development of new technologies for effective propylene production is a highly important scientific and industrial task nowadays. In this study, the conversion of ethylene to propylene (ETP reaction) was explored over rhenium-containing catalysts supported on a ZrO2 carrier at temperatures 100°C–200°C and atmospheric pressure using a flow catalytic reactor with a fixed catalyst bed without the use of any other hydrocarbons or dilutants. The effect of rhenium presence in the catalysts on the activity and propylene selectivity was examined.

ХІМІЧНА СТІЙКІСТЬ І СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЯ НІТРАТУ КРОХМАЛЮ

It was studied the Processes of ensuring chemical stability (stabilization) of starch nitrate obtained by nitration of starch by two ways: nitric acid and nitric-sulfuric acid mixture. It has been confirmed that, in the first case, starch nitrate has much higher stability due to the absence of low-stable sulfuric acid esters. It is shown that to ensure it in this case, 10 minutes of washing of starch nitrate in 0.19 m3/kg of hot water (95 °С) is sufficient. It was established that in the case of nitration with nitric acid, an increase in the nitrogen content in starch nitrate, which characterizes the amount of nitroester bonds in it, leads to a decrease of the temperature atthe beginning of active decomposition, whichapproaches 168 °C for the maximum nitrogen content (14.14 %). This temperature is proposed as an indicator for evaluation of starch nitrate chemical resistance.The obtained data are necessary for the development of starch nitrate production technology.

Mechanisms for the integration of scientific and technological policy in the interests of the development of advanced production technologies

Mechanisms for the integration of scientific and technological policy in the interests of the development of advanced production technologies

Biological fermentation pilot-scale systems and evaluation for commercial viability towards sustainable biohydrogen production

Featuring high caloric value, clean-burning, and renewability, hydrogen is a fuel believed to be able to change energy structure worldwide. Biohydrogen production technologies effectively utilize waste biomass resources and produce high-purity hydrogen. Improvements have been made in the biohydrogen production process in recent years. However, there is a lack of operational data and sustainability analysis from pilot plants to provide a reference for commercial operations. In this report, based on spectrum coupling, thermal effect, and multiphase flow properties of hydrogen production, continuous pilot-scale biohydrogen production systems (dark and photo-fermentation) are established as a research subject. Then, pilot-scale hydrogen production systems are assessed in terms of sustainability. The system being evaluated, consumes 171,530 MJ of energy and emits 9.37 t of CO2 eq when producing 1 t H2, and has a payback period of 6.86 years. Our analysis also suggests future pathways towards effective biohydrogen production technology development and real-world implementation.