Development Of New Infrastructure Research Articles

Direct Load Control Scheme for Flexible Loads under Automated Demand Response Program for Peak Demand Management, Loss Minimization, Asset Management, and Sustainable Development

Background: Nowadays implementation of Demand Response (DR) programs in the distribution grid is a necessary planning criterion for distribution utility. Implemented DR programs should be automated, intelligent, well-educated, and more competent than the conventional augmentation techniques to resolve Distribution Network (DN) constraints. Peak demand causes DN to approach its maximum capacities. Peak demand also exceeds the sustainable limit of the DN resulting disruption in electric supply, failures of various assets like transformers, feeders, etc. Objective: In this paper, a Direct Load Control (DLC) scheme for Flexible Loads (FLs) is modeled & implemented under Automated Demand Response (ADR) program and tested on real 54-bus DN. Methods: This ADR program is implemented through Demand Response Aggregator (DRA) and ADR Technology Solution Enablers (ADRTSE) to curtail the peak demand on the DN ADR is a recent technology that may put off new generation (conventional- and non-conventional both). Results: It also enables the distribution utility to curtail the peak demand & its period ensuring reliability of supply without restructuring, augmentation of existing infrastructure, and development of new infrastructure. Conclusion: The result validates the effectiveness of ADR program for peak demand curtailment, asset management, distribution network losses minimization, and for sustainable development of environment.

Does New Infrastructure Affect Regional Carbon Intensity? Empirical Evidence from China

After the proposal of the carbon neutrality target, the reduction carbon emissions in China has become increasingly critical. The rapid advancement of new infrastructures, such as 5G infrastructure, artificial intelligence, and the industrial Internet, is a key factor influencing the change in carbon intensity through complex mechanisms, which necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their impact on regional carbon emission intensity. We employ the “structure-technology” effect as the transmission pathway and construct a model based on the STIRPAT model to compare and analyze the disparities in the influence of new infrastructures on the entire country and various regions. Moreover, spatial effects are also taken into consideration to investigate the pivotal areas for carbon emission reduction. The main results are as follows: (1) The carbon emission intensity in China demonstrates a consistent annual decline from 2011 to 2020. Regional disparities exist in both carbon emission intensity and the development of new infrastructure, with the western region exhibiting higher carbon emission intensity and lower investment in new infrastructure. (2) New infrastructure has the potential to positively impact the reduction of regional carbon intensity. However, the presence of an inverted U-shaped relationship suggests that China should avoid the indiscriminate expansion of new infrastructure. Instead, such projects can facilitate industrial structure optimization and technological advancements. (3) When considering regional nuances, the effect of industrial optimization is partially mediating in eastern and central China but obscuring in the western region. On the other hand, technological progress exhibits complete mediation in the central region. In conclusion, this study recommends specific measures for carbon emission reduction at both national and regional levels, accounting for the unique circumstances surrounding China’s ongoing development of new infrastructure.

Echocardiographic image collection and evaluation in infants with CHD: lessons learned from the imaging core lab for the Residual Lesion Score study.

Many factors affect patient outcome after congenital heart surgery, including the complexity of the heart disease, pre-operative status, patient specific factors (prematurity, nutritional status and/or presence of comorbid conditions or genetic syndromes), and post-operative residual lesions. The Residual Lesion Score is a novel tool for assessing whether specific residual cardiac lesions after surgery have a measurable impact on outcome. The goal is to understand which residual lesions can be tolerated and which should be addressed prior to leaving the operating room. The Residual Lesion Score study is a large multicentre prospective study designed to evaluate the association of Residual Lesion Score to outcomes in infants undergoing surgery for CHD. This Pediatric Heart Network and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded study prospectively enrolled 1,149 infants undergoing 5 different congenital cardiac surgical repairs at 17 surgical centres. Given the contribution of echocardiographic measurements in assigning the Residual Lesion Score, the Residual Lesion Score study made use of a centralised core lab in addition to site review of all data. The data collection plan was designed with the added goal of collecting image quality information in a way that would permit us to improve our understanding of the reproducibility, variability, and feasibility of the echocardiographic measurements being made. There were significant challenges along the way, including the coordination, de-identification, storage, and interpretation of very large quantities of imaging data. This necessitated the development of new infrastructure and technology, as well as use of novel statistical methods. The study was successfully completed, but the size and complexity of the population being studied and the data being extracted required more technologic and human resources than expected which impacted the length and cost of conducting the study. This paper outlines the process of designing and executing this complex protocol, some of the barriers to implementation and lessons to be considered in the design of future studies.

Experimental study on the influence of embankment slope direction on near-surface thermal conditions in permafrost region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Heterogeneous ground thermal conditions caused by slope orientation are significant in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau because of the high altitude and strong solar radiation. Variation in solar radiation may result in contrasting thermal and upper boundary conditions, causing engineering problems at infrastructure with sloped embankments. Quantitative research on conditions on different man-made slopes is insufficient in permafrost regions, and consequently, planning for long-term effects on linear infrastructure is challenging. Net radiation, heat flux, near-surface temperature, soil moisture content, were recorded for one whole year (2021) at a field platform with eight slopes. Slope orientation affected net radiation (Rn) and ground heat flux (G), resulting in different energy balances between slopes. The north facing slope had a lowest Rn (174 W m-2), while the south slope had a maximum (239.8 W m-2). The north slope had a negative annual heat flux (-0.7 W m-2), while a maximum positive flux (1.5 W m-2) was recorded on the southeast slope. The annual mean surface temperature (Ts) was highest on the south slope and lowest on the north slope. The maximum difference of ground temperatures (within 30 cm depth) (Tg), was close to differences in Ts of over 4 °C. The maximum difference in soil moisture content during the thawing season (May–October) was 11% between the W and E slopes. Due to the different ground temperatures and soil moisture conditions, the annual number of freeze-thaw cycles was variable, and the maximum freeze-thaw cycles were 106 times in south slope and the minimum were 18 times in west slope. Those different thermal conditions between different slope orientations were significant, and pertinent to planning and maintenance of infrastructure. The results provide accurate boundary conditions for modeling to support development of new infrastructure that have embankment slopes in any direction, and for ensuring the stability of existing structures on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Spatio-temporal evolution of coupling coordination between new infrastructure and regional sustainability in China.

To achieve high-quality development, it is crucial to encourage the coordinated development of new infrastructure (NI) and regional sustainability (RS). Based on the coupling mechanism of NI and RS, this study develops a comprehensive evaluation index system, coupling coordination degree model (CCDM), spatial autocorrelation model, and standard deviation ellipse model used to estimate the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of NI-RS in China mainland between 2013 and 2020 and analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristic. The results showed the following: (1) The NI index fluctuated and increased, while the RS index increased year by year, showing a gradient-decreasing distribution pattern from east to west; (2) CCD increases year by year, but the spatial distribution is unbalanced, and CCD in eastern coastal areas is significantly higher than that in western areas. (3) The CCD of NI and RS showed a significant spatial positive correlation, showing that the high-value cluster in the east and the low-value cluster in the west. (4) The standard deviation ellipse of the national CCD showed a northeast-southwest distribution, the center of gravity migrated to the southwest, and the spatial clustering characteristics were significant. (5) Finally, the GM (1,1) model indicates a steady increase in CCD from 2021 to 2025. Based on the location distribution and evolution of the CCD between NI and RS in China, corresponding policy suggestions are put forward.

Simulating Operating Performance of Alternative Configurations of LNG Bunkering Stations

Recently, due to the great need to promote environmentally sustainable maritime transport, alternative energy sources to traditional fossil fuels have been proposed to reduce ship emissions. Among few alternative scenarios, most experts recognize Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as the most promising solution in the short to medium term. However, there are still some critical issues related to the future expansion of bunkering stations and the LNG-fuelled fleet. Firstly, there is the need for a sufficiently extensive international network of bunkering facilities. Secondly, the layout and location of bunkering stations impact the efficiency of ship bunkering operations, cost reduction and the safety of the surrounding areas. Last, the in-progress Russian-Ukrainian conflict is causing serious unbalances in gas supply and prices, especially for Europe. Specifically, in the case of Italy, gas imports represent the seventh most imported commodity. Due to the changed geopolitical scenarios, interest has arisen in investigating the technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations and comparing different configurations with a view to increasing Italy’s independence from other foreign countries, focusing on degasifies that could promote new infrastructures that make available LNG in ports. In this paper we highlight the importance of reducing ship emissions and investigate some technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations. We present a simulation study to analyse quantitatively the operating performance of different LNG bunkering technologies in a port terminal and their impact on the efficiency and overall cost within the whole goods’ supply chain. In particular, we evaluate and compare bunkering time, throughput and refuelling costs in alternative layouts, referring to marine terminals located near urban areas. The aim of this research is to verify whether ports with infrastructure embedded in metropolitan areas could provide, safely, a valuable contribution to the green transition by efficiently handling an adequate level of LNG supply, especially referring to the present Italian interest in increasing independence from foreign countries. For this purpose, we present four dynamic discrete event simulations of all the main LNG bunkering configurations and present their dynamic performance sampled over two consecutive years after a warmup period of 6 months. The simulation conceptual models have been created by the authors based on analyses of those configurations and then processed and implemented within the simulation software Witness Horizon 23®, used for experimentation. This is the first time that a simulation study is presented for comparing different configuration of LNG bunkering stations. The results presented here confirm that simulation is a key science to address these complex problems and it represents a major added value for the development of new infrastructures embedded in supply chains and able to favour green transition. Concerning the present study, the simulation output reveals that, although the increase in the price of LNG over the past year has had a strong negative impact on the propensity to activate LNG refuelling stations at maritime terminals, Truck-To-Ship, or Ship-to-Ship with small feeder ships, and Port-To-Ship configurations appear to be flexible and particularly suitable for port terminals located near urban areas. However, the final the choice of the most suitable LNG bunkering station requires further and specific inside investigation as well as considerations on the Decision Maker Strategies and Attitudes.

Input Efficiency Measurement and Improvement Strategies of New Infrastructure under High-Quality Development

As a result of implementing new development concepts and absorbing new technical revolutions in the Intelligent Economy Age, new infrastructure is defined as a new driving force for high-quality development. However, as new infrastructure is constructed, there are problems such as the small scale of high-tech industries, weak economic support and human capital, and difficulty in carrying out new infrastructure construction projects, so it has become crucial to find solutions to these problems. Using the slacks-based measure model and Moran index, this study compares and analyzes the input efficiency of new infrastructure in 30 provinces of China from 2011 to 2020, alongside the analysis of temporal and spatial differences. China’s new infrastructure input generally shows a stable development trend in terms of efficiency, while the regional coordination still needs to be strengthened. Eastern China maintains a leading trend, Central China is developing rapidly, and the western region and Northeastern China do not form high-value agglomeration areas. This study puts forward relevant policy recommendations from four dimensions—optimizing the industrial structure, giving scope to government function, focusing on key areas, and compensating for weak links—to supply a powerful impetus for the development of new infrastructure.

Artificial intelligence for cybersecurity: Literature review and future research directions

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful technology that helps cybersecurity teams automate repetitive tasks, accelerate threat detection and response, and improve the accuracy of their actions to strengthen the security posture against various security issues and cyberattacks. This article presents a systematic literature review and a detailed analysis of AI use cases for cybersecurity provisioning. The review resulted in 2395 studies, of which 236 were identified as primary. This article classifies the identified AI use cases based on a NIST cybersecurity framework using a thematic analysis approach. This classification framework will provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the potential of AI to improve cybersecurity in different contexts. The review also identifies future research opportunities in emerging cybersecurity application areas, advanced AI methods, data representation, and the development of new infrastructures for the successful adoption of AI-based cybersecurity in today's era of digital transformation and polycrisis.

Pengaruh Fasilitas Infrastruktur Jalan Raya Di Desa Sumber Rejeki Terhadap Pertumbuhan Perekonomian Masyarakat

Infrastructure development is a government program in an effort to improve facilities and infrastructure. Where infrastructure development often raises pros and cons, as is the case with infrastructure development that occurs in villages of sources of fortune which give rise to many positive and negative sides. This study aims to determine the effect of infrastructure development on the people's economy in the Islamic economy. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The object of this research is the community around the construction project or the highway in Sumber Fortune village. The data sources used are primary data in the form of questionnaire results, observations and secondary data including documents from the village of the source of fortune which can be obtained through the official website belonging to the source of fortune. The analytical method used is simple linear regression analysis in the form of validity test, reliability test, t test, and coefficient of determination test. The results of the study show that infrastructure development has a significant impact on the community's economy. The development of new infrastructure is only limited to the form of government programs for the community, while the values of justice and responsibility in its implementation still need to be increased so that the infrastructure development program can be carried out effectively. Keywords: Infrastructure Development, Community Economic Condition

Calculation of the Rate of Reaching the Standard of Beijing Citizens' Scientific Quality During the 14th Five Year Plan Period——Based on the L-Q GM(1,1)

As one of the four centers, Beijing is an important part of the national innovation system and an important driving force of social development. The scientific quality of Beijing citizens has become an important yardstick of contemporary society. By interpolating the discontinuous sample data of Beijing citizens' scientific quality compliance rate from 2015 to 2020 and using the grey system GM (1,1) model improved by the L-Q method to calculate, the Beijing citizens' scientific quality compliance rate from 2021 to 2025 is obtained. The results show that the Beijing citizens' scientific quality compliance rate is steadily rising, and will exceed 30% from 2024 and reach 35.26% by 2025, This is far beyond the target that the proportion of Chinese citizens with scientific quality should exceed 15% by 2025 and the long-term goal of 2035 in the outline of the action plan for the scientific quality of the whole people (2021-2035). At the same time, this paper gives suggestions to improve Beijing's science popularization work: measure the development trend of the compliance rate with the small sample method to guide the work, promote the coordinated development of new infrastructure and traditional infrastructure in the field of science popularization, strengthen the systematic promotion of science popularization, and pay attention to the accurate supply of science popularization services.

INDONESIA’S NEW CAPITAL NUSANTARA: CONTEMPLATING IKN STRATEGIC DEFENCE AND INDONESIA – MALAYSIA BORDER DIPLOMACY

The strategic benefits related to the newly selected capital city location are also dreaded by added challenges. On one hand, IKN is comparatively safer from natural disasters like being away from fault lines, earthquakes, storms, and floods; at the same time shifting the leadership of the country will also shift the centre of gravity to the new city exposing it to enhanced Mil and non-Mil threats. Therefore, this shifting of capital is also associated with the country’s Defence Forces’ development of new infrastructure and laying down renewed policies ensuring the defence of the newly built IKN and the government therein. While referring to the IKN as a new COG its security becomes an s national interest, which can be exploited by both Mil and non-Mil, actual and potential threats.

Infrastructure REITs Empower “New Infrastructure” during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Chinese Case Study

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of new infrastructure in China. Thus, the term “new infrastructure” appeared for the first time and frequently in official documents at the national level, having become a kind of prescription for China’s move away from policies focused on controlling the disease towards those that promote the resumption of economic growth. The financing of this new infrastructure depends on innovative financial instruments, namely real estate investment trusts (REITs). The focus in this article is on the ways in which REITs make new infrastructure possible using as a case study the country’s first domestic REIT designed for the purpose, the China United Fund-Zheshang Asset Management, Shanghai-Hangzhou, Huizhou- Hangzhou Expressway Asset Support Special Plan, which was successfully issued on the Shanghai Stock Exchange on September 24, 2019. The analysis presented here indicates that infrastructure REITs have laid much of the foundation for economic growth in China and provides a basis for some suggestions for making the most of this financial instrument.

Generation and Storage of Hydrogen Gas from Non-metal and Metal Hydrides Using Metal Complex Catalysts: A Review

Sustainable renewable and environmentally friendly sources of fuel are in high demand. Hydrogen fuel appears to be the best energy source that is sustainable, renewable and environmentally friendly. In order to change the fossil fuel driven world economy to climate friendly hydrogen fuel driven economy, there is an urgent need for large scale development of new infrastructures and technologies to generate and store hydrogen. Pollution free hydrogen gas is the energy of the future. The application of hydrogen fuel in mobile machineries requires that hydrogen is stored in compact and lightweight systems. The storage of hydrogen in solid state has many advantages compared to compressed gas or cryogenic liquid in volumetric terms. The difficult with solid state hydrogen storage is that metal hydrides tend to release hydrogen at or above 90°C. The most critical component to the development of a hydrogen driven economy is elucidation of materials with efficient hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kinetics at a reduced operational temperature. This is possible with improvements in development of alloys and catalysts. By using advanced computer modelling for possible hydrogen storage complex metals, it is possible to develop a special type of a hydride metal complex that allows absorption and desorption of hydrogen at a much lower temperature for mobile application. Such a metal complex can allow development of hydrogen fueled automobiles and cheap large-scale application of hydrogen in generation of electricity for sustainable development worldwide, quickly replacing nuclear energy and fossil fuels. This paper identifies current difficulties that need to be overcome for hydrogen driven economy to be realized and proposes practical solutions.

Analysis of Satellite Images Using Deep Learning Techniques and Remotely Piloted Aircraft for a Detailed Description of Tertiary Roads

This document presents the results of a proof of concept for describing with more detail the social and complementary infrastructure around the tertiary roads of the Taminango region in the department of Nariño, Colombia. A dataset with samples of free satellite images from Google Maps and OpenStreetMaps was obtained. Then, a supervised deep learning algorithm with FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) topology is applied for the points of interest labeling process and the identification of the state of the roads using Keras and TensorFlow. Subsequently, a system consisting of a desktop application and a mobile application that integrates the functionalities of the trained algorithm through an intuitive interface and simple logic that stimulates interaction with the consultant is proposed. The desktop application includes a GUI designed in Python for tagging points of interest. The mobile application was developed with Flutter and comprises a database with documentation of the routes and road network in the region. It includes an augmented reality system in Vuforia Engine and Unity with virtual content developed in Blender and SolidWorks; A 3D model of the map of the region has been recreated for easier interaction and visualization of the points of interest and the status of the studied roads. In addition, complementary information was collected through remotely piloted aircraft for data acquisition in environments difficult to access, and through the community participation for the description and identification of areas not visible on official maps or statistics. This study addresses a method for the classification and identification of state of tertiary road network of the studied region, as well as labeling points of interest for the efficient management of resources for the development of new infrastructure there.

TRANSPORT TOURISM: ESSENCE, CLASSIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN UKRAINE

The purpose. Research of theoretical aspects of the organization, systematization, and addition of classification of types, and also the consideration of tendencies and prospects of development in Ukraine in modern conditions of the dynamic environment. Methods. The article uses methods of theoretical generalization using elements of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and systematization. The method of logical generalization and complex approach was used to form conclusions and recommendations. The results. Based on the analysis of scientific sources on the subject of the article, the theoretical aspects of the interpretation of the concept of transport tourism are investigated. The article presents a systematized and supplemented by the author classification of types according to the following classification features: depending on the route; depending on the means of transportation (a type of vehicle); by seasonality; for the construction of the route; by the duration of the route; depending on the level of mobility; by the number of participants; depending on the presence of the subject of the travel organization; on a territorial basis; by the intensity of the tourist flow; by the degree of training; for travel. The study of current trends in development, as well as the state of passenger and the level of development of infrastructure, allowed the author to determine the basis of promising areas of in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The author's improved approach to the classification of types of according to different classification features is given; the main tendencies and prospects of development in Ukraine are analyzed taking into account the modern conditions of a dynamic environment. The practical significance. The author substantiates the prospects for the development of in Ukraine, in particular such types as road, rail, sea, and river, parachute, bicycle tourism, etc. The author concludes that it is possible for both the state and society, in particular, to obtain additional benefits and effects from the organization of in Ukraine, the characteristics of which are presented in the article. All this is possible in the case of a clear understanding of the role and place of in the system of tourist services, the practical implementation of state programs to stimulate development, as well as the restoration of existing and development of new infrastructure in Ukraine.

Build security system to escort the development of new infrastructure for artificial intelligence

Build security system to escort the development of new infrastructure for artificial intelligence

Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

Emergency Identification of Supply Chain Security Risk Aggregation for New Infrastructure Projects

With the rapid development of new infrastructures, the supply chain of new infrastructure projects is characterized by networked operations, high density, technical complexity, strong coupling and environmental impact, and its safety status is influenced by an increasing number of factors. However, the current construction and operation of new infrastructure is in the early stage of exploration, and the safety of risk and emergency management has become an urgent issue to be addressed. This section of the paper mainly introduces the research related to the safety risk of new infrastructure engineering supply chain, mainly from three aspects, firstly, defining the safety risk characteristics of new infrastructure engineering supply chain, secondly, explaining the construction method of risk aggregation, and finally, dealing with the risk of new infrastructure engineering supply chain through risk lasso, this research has enriched the risk management of new infrastructure engineering supply chain in a certain sense and has important Theoretical significance and practical significance.

An Overview of Healthcare Information Technologies Used to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic in China

This article describes the rapid development and deployment of healthcare information technologies (HIT) in response to COVID-19 from late January through March 2020 in China. It outlines the broad scope and in-depth penetration of various products and services, as well as the impacts that these products/services had in reaching the mass population for effective information dissemination, contact tracing, early diagnosis, virtual care, teleconsultation, social distancing and community outreach and support. The article also describes the rapid development of new infrastructures and the exponential growth of usage in the various technologies. Combined with other measures, HIT have played a crucial role in China through galvanizing public response in solidarity and achieving a massive scale of contact-tracing and interventions in a personalized manner.

Historical landslide events in Malaysia 1993-2019

Background: To review historical landslide events in Malaysia. The increasing number of landslides in Malaysia is closely linked to the development of new infrastructures of economic and social progress. Methods: The research was a review study utilizing secondary data as the primary source from National Slope Master Plan 2009-2023 and some additional study by the researchers. This study thoroughly examined landslide in Malaysia and found many landslides that occurred in the area of Selangor due to increased development. There are several historical landslide events in Malaysia that have been extensively reviewed from the year 1993 to the year 2019. Findings: This disaster has resulted in substantial numbers of casualties, destruction of property losses, and direct and indirect economic implications. The summary of this study found that the number of landslides and injuries were reported to increase between 1993 and 2019. Some major landslides also occurred along the main highway without fatalities but serious traffic congestion occurred. Novelty of the study: This paper focus on clarify the historical events that had an impact on the physical and socio-economic conditions in Malaysia. In summary, this study has highlighted the summary of major landslide events in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, and generally, this tragedy occurred causes of slope instability and human error. Recommendations: It is suggested to further restrict any development on a high land area to limit environmental impact. In addition, awareness and knowledge about the dangers of landslides should be communicated to the public during the planning and management process. Susceptibility analyses may also provide important input during overall design, analysis, and planning of development in hilly terrain. Keywords: Landslide; historical; Malayasia; hazard