Development Of Metropolitan Regions Research Articles

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS – A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION THROUGH IBWT

Rapid urban growth threatens sustainable development when the basic pre-requisites such as sustainable and efficient domestic water supply in urban areas are not ensured. Rapid urbanization demands for a sustainable and efficient Water Resources Management for the urban areas. The availability of water is scarce with steady increase in demand of water owing to increasing population, rapid urbanization, etc. and hence there is an immense necessity to augment water availability for domestic utilization. The National Water Policy of Government of India (GOI) revised in 2012 accords over-riding priority to drinking water over other uses. National Water Policy also emphasizes the need for Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) while assigning highest priority for drinking water supply needs followed by other uses. As per the census of India – 2011, the Greater Mumbai with a population of 184.14 lakhs continues to be India’s biggest city. The initial estimates of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) indicate a gross shortage of about 1053 Mm 3 of water for the domestic requirements of Mumbai. Preliminary water balance studies carried out by National Water Development Agency (NWDA) revealed that surplus waters are available in the Damanganga basin which can be transferred for supplementing the domestic water requirements of Greater Mumbai. Detailed Project Report of D-P link project prepared by NWDA envisages construction of two dams viz., one across river Damanganga near Bhugad village and another at Khargihill across river Vagh (a tributary of Damanganga) along with two tunnels connecting Bhugad, Khargihill & Pinjal reservoirs. Based on studies it has been ascertained that about 210Mm 3 water from Bhugad reservoir and about 369 Mm 3 of water from Khargihill reservoir (total 579 Mm 3 from Damanganga basin), can be transferred to Pinjal reservoir. Thus the combined surplus waters of Bhugad and Khargihill reservoirs of Damanganga basin to the extent of 579 Mm 3 along with surplus waters available at Pinjal reservoir of Vaitarna basin (316 Mm 3 ) totalling to about 895 Mm 3 can be transferred through D-P link to Mumbai city for augmenting its domestic needs. The combined surplus waters of Damanganga and Pinjal rivers will be taken further to Mumbai city as per the planning of MCGM and Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA). In view of the acute scarcity & stressed water conditions prevalent owing to rapid increase in population and depletion of natural water resources in urban areas, the augmentation of domestic water needs in urban areas can be tackled effectively through IBWT.

The Potential of Periurban Areas for the Resilience of Metropolitan Region.

The paper aims to present as an organic structure the outcomes from various pieces of research and consulting activities developed over the last few years (2011-2015). Shared topics are: urban-rural partnerships, food planning, metropolitan polices and the territorial resilience of periurban areas. In the first part (the core of the paper) the paper underlines critical questions and establishes needs so as to move towards a new approach to development processes in periurban areas. The paper uses some key concepts to present the main outcomes: 1. Understanding complexity (multiscales in space) and dynamics (multiscales in time); 2. Identifying all the resources and opportunities; 3. Crosscutting and multi-issues. In the second part (in the final part) the paper proposes the “Ecotone” metaphor to support innovation in the approach to periurban areas. It is a “zone of transition between adjacent ecological systems, having a set of characteristics uniquely defined by space and time scales and by the strength of the interactions between adjacent ecological systems” (Hansen et al, 1992). In these terms, periurban areas may be assumed to be ecotonal zones of transition between urban and rural or natural systems. Using the concept of “ecotonal buffer of transition” to approach the periurban systems it is possible to connect main needs and critical questions underlined to a homogeneous framework and to emphasise on the strategic role that the peri-urban systems play for the future development of metropolitan regions oriented to a improvement of resilience of socio-ecosystems. In the final part the paper focuses on the governace of urban rural partnerships and research perspectives.

The pitfalls of regional delineations in land use modeling: Implications for Mumbai region and its planners

In this article we use the SLEUTH model and publicly available datasets to develop a stylized planning application for Mumbai, India. We use two sets of model specifications that reflect the two regional extents at which Mumbai region is planned: (1) the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), which is responsible for the central city and surrounding suburbs, and (2) the planning area of Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA), which is a loose collection of a much larger set of municipalities and districts. Using these, we illustrate how urban models can be limiting as a predictive tool but useful as an assessment mechanism, especially when additional considerations of scale and institutional roles are applied. We compare the outcomes for the overlapping geographic area between the two planning agencies and find considerable variations in the location and amount of growth and discuss why and how the differences in the spatial extents affect the model results. Through a discussion on the implications for modelers and planners, especially in light of the ongoing initiatives in India, we highlight the value of consideration of multiple model outcomes and highlight the importance of coordination of planning efforts taking place in spatially overlapping or nested jurisdictions.

Interlocking Firm Networks in the German Knowledge Economy. On Local Networks and Global Connectivity


 
 
 the knowledge economy is a key driver of spatial development in metropolitan regions. a relational perspec- tive on its business activities emphasizes the importance of knowledge-intensive firms and their networking strategies. the aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial networking patterns created by the interaction of knowledge-intensive firms and to place these activities in the theoretical context of the knowledge economy. Our central question is which large-scale interlocking networks and functional urban hi- erarchies are produced by advanced Producer services and High-Tech firms located in Germany. The intra-firm loca- tional networks of these companies are analysed on three spatial scales: global, national and regional. the empirical findings show that the functional urban hierarchy in the german city system proves to be steeper than is claimed by the political debate on german Mega-city regions.
 
 

A kreatív gazdaság földrajzi jellemzői Magyarországon

A 21. században felértékelődött a kreativitás, a tudás és az innováció szerepe a gazdasági fejlődésben. A városok nemzetközi és hazai versenyében egyre nagyobb szerepe van annak, hogy milyen társadalmi és gazdasági környezetet képesek kínálni a kreatív gazdaság letelepedéséhez. A rendszerváltozás óta bekövetkezett gazdasági átalakulás során egyre nyilvánvalóbbá vált, hogy Magyarország az európai gazdasági versenyben elsősorban a tudásalapú gazdasági ágazatokban veheti fel a versenyt vetélytársaival. Ennek megfelelően 2000 után a kreatív és tudásintenzív gazdasági ágazatok fejlesztése egyre jobban a nemzeti, regionális és helyi gazdasági stratégiák középpontjába került. Tanulmányunkban áttekintő képet adunk a kreatív gazdaság magyarországi helyzetéről, a kreatív és tudásintenzív ágazatok területi különbségeiről, különös tekintettel a hazai városhálózatra. Az aktuális területi fejlődési folyamatok bemutatása mellett kiemelten foglalkozunk a koncentráció–dekoncentráció, a felzárkózás–leszakadás kérdésével és a városfejlesztési politikák hatásaival.

Spatial Distribution of High-rise Buildings within Urban Areas: The Case of the Tel-Aviv Metropolitan Region

The spatial aspects of high-rise buildings in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan region are examined, using empirical data gathered through a field survey. A multinomial logit model is employed to test hypotheses concerning the cyclic model of metropolitan region development. The results support empirical evidence of the spatial dispersal of high-rise buildings, indicating an initial process of reconcentration in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan pattern. The study concludes that intensive high-rise building is expected to develop extensively in the future, particularly in the core and inner-ring areas. The dispersal of this construction indicates a classic negative gradient pattern, moving from the core area towards the outskirts of the metropolitan region. In contrast, the classic pattern between centre and fringes does not hold within the built-up area of the metropolitan region.

Seoul: Birth of a Broadband Metropolis

Following half a century of breakneck urbanization, the capital of South Korea emerged in the late 1990s as the most digitally networked city in the world. With nearly 80% household broadband penetration in 2004, Seoul surpassed global cities and ‘technopoles' in speed and comprehensiveness in embracing broadband technology. In this paper I describe the physical development of Seoul's broadband infrastructure and its frequent intersections with daily urban life. As the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the world, Seoul offers a unique case for investigating the intersection of telecommunications policy, development, and culture in large metropolitan regions, as well as the everyday implications of pervasive computing. It also highlights emerging challenges and opportunities presented by the rapid and widespread deployment of digital network infrastructure.

Regional Industrial Identity: Cluster Configurations and Economic Development

We explore the concept of regional industrial identity as an important missing component in our understanding of the development of metropolitan regions and the spatial arrangements of industries. While economists and sociologists have explained the location of industry clusters on the basis of unevenly distributed resources, and historians have provided rich descriptive insight into the developmental dynamics of particular metropolitan regions, little systematic theory has been advanced to explain cross-regional inflows and outflows of resources, especially with respect to patterns in cluster development. This paper examines the concept of regional industrial identity as a social code that (1) arises from the shared understandings of residents and external audiences about the suitability of a region for particular kinds of business activity and (2) influences decisions about where to locate investments. We argue that such understandings are principally informed by configurations of industry clusters that have already formed in a region. Clusters, which are the results of historical investments, are also important signals about the types of business that can thrive in the future. We develop theoretical propositions linking characteristics of regional industry cluster configurations, in particular cluster dominance and cluster interrelatedness, to the strength and focus of regional identity and, as a result, to the types and amounts of resources that will develop within and flow into and out of regions.

Sustainable new economic centres in European metropolitan regions: A stakeholders' perspective

In many European metropolitan regions, new economic centres have emerged at the edge of large cities or in their (post-)suburban areas. This paper explores the possible contribution of these new centres to a more sustainable regional development of European metropolitan regions. The realization of sustainable business parks is even more complicated at 'greenfield' sites than at 'brownfield' sites. With the absence of space scarcity or congestion problems, the temptation to choose easier, less sustainable solutions is hard to resist. Nevertheless, in the Dutch Randstad region, some edge-city and suburban business locations try to meet high sustainability standards. Two case studies in Hoofddorp and Almere illustrate the tough road towards truly sustainable business parks, focusing on the role of the various stakeholders that either encourage or discourage the realization of sustainability potentials.

POPULATION GROWTH AND CHANGING LAND-USE PATTERN IN MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION OF INDIA

into changing land-uses pattern. Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is one of the fastest growing region of India. Its population increased from 7.7 million in 1971 to 18.3 million in 2001 and is projected to be increased 22.4 million in 2011. With the saturation of land in the city followed by suburbs, other parts of the metropolitan region plows now experiencing the fast growth. Due to growing population pressure the total built-up and industrial area in Mumbai Metropolitan Region has increased from 4.9 percent in 1971 to 12 percent in 1991 and is projected to constitute 31 percent of the total area in 2011. On the other hand, area under forest cover has declined from 30 percent in 1971 to 27 percent in 1991 and is expected to it declines further to 22 percent by 2011. Using various demographic and spatial analysis techniques, this paper attempts to shows the effect of population growth on land-uses and subsequently on the regional environment. It also evaluates critically the development plan of the region. The dates it goes the study have obtained from the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority and Census of India.

Agglomerationspolitik in der Schweiz

The change of scale in the urban structure—from city to region—causes a series of challenges for urban-regional politics and even democracy. The future management of city regions will have to deal with limited transportation capacities, social segregation, regional disparities, economic restructuring, and fragmented urban landscapes. Therefore, new forms of metropolitan governance, government, and participation are required. In 2001, the Swiss Federal Government initiated its “Agglomerationspolitik,” a general strategy for metropolitan politics which aims (1) to support sustainable development in metropolitan regions, (2) to strengthen the economic assets of urban environments, (3) to protect and foster the polynucleated structure of the Swiss urban system, and (4) to limit urban sprawl. As part of the Swiss federal metropolitan policy, an action plan for metropolitan areas is proposed. Based on a closer look at the metropolitan region of Zurich, this article seeks to critique the Swiss “Agglomerationspolitik.”

Dimensión metropolitana de la globalización: Lima a fines del siglo XX

The spatial transformation of Metropolitan Lima represents an important case study because of the dramatic changes in places where people work, live, and play and the relationships among them. This case study sketches important elements to be considered in the development of metropolitan regions, which are expanding their international links. This article includes also a conceptual review of metropolitan spaces and networks, as well as an empirical assessment of the reorganization of metropolitan activities and networks in Lima, which have been driven by the ability of local actors to tap international capital and information.

GLOBALISATION AND REGIONAL RENEWAL: COMPATIBLE OR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE?

All truths wait in all things, They neither hasten their own delivery nor resist it. Walt Whitman The changing economy and regional Australia Over the past two decades, Australia has witnessed marked changes in population, employment and educational opportunity. Some regions have declined, while others have experienced growth. The causes are diverse and far from consistent. As noted in a 1999 Productivity Commission report: `Globalisation, technological advances, government policy changes and other factors [have] placed added pressure on businesses and communities in some regions. Yet these same factors [have] resulted in employment growth in other regions.' The population in New South Wales between 1986 and 1996 increased significantly but not uniformly. In coastal regions numbers grew by 13.3%, from 4.5 to 5.1 million, while inland the population grew by only 5%, from 840,000 to 880,000. In remote New South Wales, population fell by 4.6%, from 41,000 to 39,000. The ABS analysis of the 1991 and 1996 censuses with respect to non-metropolitan population in Australia notes that growth is concentrated in particular ecological areas: * peri-urban areas surrounding major urban centres with significant commuter populations; * attractive coastal localities, especially along the east, southeast and southwest coasts; * some major regional centres; * some mining and tourist destinations; and * along some major roads such as the Hume Highway, and rivers. Employment over the period grew by 16.9% in coastal regions, by 7.9% inland, but fell by 2.7% in remote New South Wales. Interestingly, the employment figures better the population number in each instance, probably reflecting the increase in female participation in the work force. Since 1996 these trends in population and employment appear to have accelerated as the impact of micro-economic reforms starts to be felt throughout the whole economy; while advances in information exchange, communications and technology bring new opportunities for economic development in both metropolitan and country regions. In this same period domestic and export markets have expanded, with a more cost-effective operation of existing businesses and the development of many new businesses and services -- but often at a high social price for non-competitive enterprises and individuals. The theory behind trade liberalisation, globalisation and the new economy may be understood and even accepted; yet adapting to change remains difficult. For country Australia the pressures are more intense than in the cities because of the progressive decline in rural incomes from traditional farming sources, aggravated by selling on open markets where price has no relationship to the cost of production. A report released in 1999 by the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research identifies a growing concentration of wealth in Sydney and Melbourne. The assessment is based on the availability of 21st century jobs -- in accountancy, computers, engineering, finance, health, media, science and management. All are part of and hence competitive in a global trading environment. In contrast many formerly profitable rural industry sectors have languished or disappeared. In most smaller country towns, population and employment continue to decline and annual personal income in rural Australia remains far lower than in the cities. Banks closures, empty shops, vacant offices and unemployment remain a sad reality. Indeed we may well ask how the rural sector can become part of the new economy. Or, more fundamentally: Is globalisation compatible with regional renewal? Vinod Thomas, a vice-president of the World Bank writes (Economist 7 October 2000) of the centrality of growth in reducing poverty and suggests that what is needed is not merely `more growth but better growth'. Addressing the problems of the developing world, he identifies three difficulties in achieving equal trade opportunity: * severe inequalities in investment in health and education; * poor governance; and * environmental quality. …

Urban Competitiveness, Marketing and the Need for Organising Capacity

Fundamental changes in the economy, technology, demography and politics are reshaping the environment for towns and cities in Europe. These changes have induced competition between towns and cities at regional, national and sometimes international scales. Increasingly, cities and towns behave in a logic of competition in a highly dynamic and complex environment (Bramezza, 1996). In such a competitive environment, the policies of local governments need to be more market-oriented with an eye to chances and threats, bearing in mind the city’ s strengths and weaknesses. Cities and towns are waking up to the fact that an entrepreneurial and anticipatory policy is called for to cope with urban and regional competition. In the past two decades, a growing number of European cities and towns have acknowledged that marketing could be a powerful instrument in such a new style of urban management. Cities aspire to become and remain attractive places for (potential) residents, businesses and visitors. In this process, cities `invent’ their own marketing strategies, discovering that the marketing of a city or region is not as straightforward as many people think. Our contribution considers one of the main challenges in this respect: the need for organising capacity. What lessons can be drawn up to now? The next section of the contribution describes some of the main features of the pattern of urban development and the increase in competition, setting the scene for a more strategic and entrepreneurial approach to the control of the development of metropolitan regions. The third section touches upon some of the consequences for urban management and discusses the speci® c role of urban place marketing in that setting in more detail. For any urban place marketing strategy to succeed, organising capacity has become indispensable, as argued in the fourth section of the contribution. The ® nal section concludes.

An Inquiry into the Location Factors of Manufacturing Industries in Japan from the Point of View of the Production and Management Costs

Since 1975, many Japanes manufacturing factories have moved their locations from the agglomerated areas in the metropolitan cities to local areas. This will be due to the fact that enterprises try to increase earnings or save production and management costs by moving treir locations, rather than the effect of the introduction of the regulations against the location of manufacturing industry in metropolitan areas.This paper explored the factors that motivated the moves of the locations of the manufacturing industries in the metropolitan area of Tokyo by the analysis of the relations between the time of move and the change of the production and management costs based on the data of “The Average Cost of Medium and Small Enterprises” published by the Smaller Enterprise Agency, MITI. The period of the study was 1960-1993.It is concluded that the most probably the main factor was the pressure of high wages in the area in the case of the particular example. It is hoped that this type of analysis will be pursued further to provide a reliable basis for proper planning of the development of metropolitan regions. In this connection it is also very much hoped that this will stimulate further improvement of related statistics.

FROM THE FIRM GROUND OF RESULT AND FACT TO THE TOSSING SEA OF CAUSE AND THEORY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT*

ABSTRACTAre government policies of any real significance in shaping the pattern of development in metropolitan regions? This essay summarizes the widely‐held view that ‘economic forces’ determine the distribution of jobs and residences in urban areas, and argues that this conclusion involves serious conceptual difficulties. The essay then shows how the theory of political influence and related concepts can be used to clarify the issue of causation in urban development, and summarizes the authors' own substantive conclusions—that under certain specifiable conditions government activities do have a highly significant role in shaping metropolitan growth.

Metropolitan Region Planning and Development in Japan

Metropolitan Region Planning and Development in Japan

Planning for urban growth: Metropolitan area plans and their implications for South-East England

Hall P. (1967) Planning for urban growth: Metropolitan area plans and their implications for South-East England, Reg. Studies 1, 101–134. Since 1960 metropolitan region development plans have been published in Copenhagen, Washington, Paris, Randstad Holland and Stockholm. The paper summarizes lectures and discussions about them which took place at the Association's 1966–1967 London seminars. They are compared in respect of job distributions, residential distributions, recreational planning, transportation systems and urban structure. There is clear general agreement among them that the preferred pattern is of the axial or corridor type, following radial transportation routes. Some criticisms of this form are examined and the application of the principles to South-East England is discussed.

Fiscal Aspects of Metropolitan Regional Development

Metropolis is a figure of speech. It is not a unit of government, but a concept that is foggy in spots and fuzzy around the edges. Definitions have been offered and are being utilized currently, but they are not completely satisfactory. Nevertheless, while we grope for satisfactory definitions and interpretations, an acute problem exists which we variously designate as metropolitanism, urbanization or decentralization. It challenges the best thinking of our time in many different branches of learning. It is the underlying thesis of this paper that there is no reasonable expectation that the problems of adequate financing for local government services can be either fully or permanently solved through governmental reorganization, whether that takes the form of annexation, consolidation or a new super unit of local government imposed on a metropolitan or regional basis. Progress can, and undoubtedly will, be made along all of these lines, so that here and there, and for temporary periods, the situation will be considerably ameliorated. But the current and potential forces of technological, economic and sociological change are so dynamic that the governmental scientists and reformers will not be able to devise and bring into existence new patterns of government that will be comparable in stability and permanence to those that have existed in the past. There has been a great increase in the rate of depreciation and obsolescence on governmental structures as well as on industrial machines and business techniques. This will be particularly true if those who are trying to devise the new patterns simplify the current metamorphosis merely in terms of increasing urbanization. The so-called urbanization appears paradoxically to be resulting partly from the outward push of the population away from congested urban centers, and even from smaller centers, and partly from the tremendous spurt in population growth. As the city residents push out from the center of the city they tend to engulf