Language Policy Development Research Articles

Analysis of Code Mixing in The Speech of Coastal Communities

This study aims to explore the phenomenon of code mixing in the speech of coastal communities of Karang Tawulan Beach, Tasikmalaya Regency. This study describes how local communities utilize code mixing between Sundanese, Indonesian, and foreign languages ​​to form and maintain their linguistic identity. In addition, this study identifies the complexity of the influence of globalization that arises from interactions with tourists and immigrants from various backgrounds. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a sociolinguistic approach, emphasizing in-depth analysis of oral and written data. The results of the study indicate that code mixing is in the form of word insertion, phrases, and word repetition. Influencing factors include speech partners, communication situations, and communication goals. This study provides important insights into communication strategies in multilingual societies and suggests significant contributions to the development of language and education policies in the era of globalization, with the aim of supporting the preservation of regional languages ​​in Indonesia.

Strategies for the implementation of internationalization in institutions of higher education

The article defines the strategies of internationalization of higher education institutions (HEIs), which include: international partnership, exchange of higher education graduates and teachers, program exchange. The issue related to selection into the program and representativeness of participants was considered. Particular attention is paid to the approaches to the implementation of internationalization in higher education: study abroad, language internship, scientific internship, commercialization and homogenization of educational programs. The intercultural interaction in the university environment is described, which requires the development of an effective language policy and the support of language equality. Research in this area can help in formulating strategies for intercultural understanding and improving the quality of international communication. The article discusses the competition among universities to attract the best students and scholars from around the world. It has been determined that understanding the impact of internationalization on the attractiveness and competitiveness of higher education institutions is a key factor for their success. It has been outlined that the development of technology promotes new forms of learning and collaboration between universities from different countries. Understanding the impact of technology on the internationalization of education helps optimize processes and improve the quality of learning.

‘Walking out from the flat’: Pre-service English language teachers’ experiences of and needs for English as a lingua franca during study-abroad

Globalisation and internationalisation have significantly shaped the global status of English as a lingua franca (ELF). Recently, it has been argued that ELF should be understood from a multilingual perspective in English-medium instruction (EMI) education. Although EMI policy and practice have been examined and discussed in scholarship, an examination of ELF in relation to EMI is essential for bridging the gap between the policy and practice level of EMI. This qualitative study unpacked the study-abroad ELF experiences and needs for support of Chinese pre-service English language teachers after their first month of postgraduate teacher education study at a Scottish university. After thematic analysis of the focus group data, the findings revealed participants’ negativity in their daily and academic ELF experiences, though limited positive ELF experiences existed. Participants called for extra-curricular activities, a more engaging and communicative pedagogy in EMI classroom, and international student diversification and engagements with peer support in international universities. They urged curriculum innovation in English and intercultural communication education. This study sheds light on the development of curriculum, language policy, and student support in international universities. The paper ends with further insights into ELF experiences in a broader context where ELF is intertwined with EMI.

Evolving Dynamics of Language Policy and Chinese Language Education in the Philippines: Future Direction and Challenges

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of language policy in the Philippines, with a particular emphasis on the status, challenges, and future prospects of Chinese language education within the national framework. The study is structured into five distinct sections. Firstly, the historical development of language policies in the Philippines is explored, tracing the transitions from colonial to contemporary eras and assessing their implications for language education. Secondly, an in-depth exploration of the present landscape of Chinese language education is provided, evaluating its integration into the Philippine education system and the effectiveness of existing programs. Thirdly, a critical examination of the current state of local Chinese language teacher training is conducted, analyzing the approaches used to foster a sustainable local teaching workforce. Fourthly, strategic pathways for the next decade are outlined, focusing on the localization of Chinese language education in alignment with the plans of the Philippine Department of Education and broader educational objectives. Finally, the concluding section synthesizes insights garnered from the preceding sections, reflecting on the significance of these developments for the future of Chinese language education in the Philippines. It underscores the pivotal role of Chinese language education in promoting cultural and educational exchanges and facilitating the modernization processes in both China and the Philippines. By addressing these dimensions, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the intersection between language policy and Chinese language education in the Philippines, providing valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers engaged in language education and policy planning in multilingual and multicultural contexts.

An Enquiry into the Nigerianism in Nigerian English

This study seeks to examine the Nigerianism in Nigerian English in order to gain a better understanding of the English language in Nigeria. Specifically, it will investigate how Nigerian English has developed and what aspects of Nigerian language and culture have influenced it. In doing so, it will provide insight on the role of Nigerian English in the larger Nigerian context, as well as the broader international context. It will also review the sociolinguistic features of the Nigerian varieties of English in the area of phonology. The findings of this research are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the English language in Nigeria and its functionality within the Nigerian context. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used to inform and guide the development of future language policies in Nigeria. This study will also provide a valuable contribution to the existing body of research into the development of English and language in general.

English Language Learning Beliefs of Iranian High School Students

Language learning beliefs are considered to be an important factor influencing student learning outcomes. This mixed-methods research investigated English language learning beliefs of Iranian English language learners. Data were collected from 226 junior and senior male and female high school students using the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) and semi-structured interviews. Participants reported strong beliefs in terms of ‘motivation and expectation’ and ‘foreign language aptitude’. First and third graders’ mean belief scores were statistically different across their ‘overall beliefs’, ‘foreign language aptitude’, and ‘motivation and expectations’. Moreover, although the overall gender differences were not statistically meaningful, significant differences were noticed with regards to beliefs about ‘difficulty of language learning’ and ‘foreign language aptitude’. The results underscore the hypothesis that changes in language learning beliefs happen due to learners’ stage of development, i.e. their grade. Further, certain misconceptions among high school learners were noticed about the role of aptitude and intelligence, error correction, and supremacy of learning certain forms of language. The implications are discussed with reference to language education and policy development.

Common Language Development in Multilingual Contexts: A Study of Russian Language Policy in the Early Years of the Soviet Union.

In the field of Russian linguistics, history, and jurisprudence, the Russian language is widely regarded as a political instrument and, to some extent, reflects the development and influence of contemporary language policy of the Russian language in the Soviet Union. This study aims to examine the process, characteristics, influencing psychological and sociological factors, and consequences of Russian language policy in the early Soviet Union (1917-1930s). Thematic analysis and discourse strategy analysis methods were employed to achieve this goal. The results indicate that a well-thought-out language policy necessitates the establishment of language legislation and a precise legal definition of the status and use of different languages. The absence of language legislation can be a major drawback of language policy. While the Soviet Constitution and other relevant political documents broadly define the status and use of Russian and other languages, there is no specific language legislation regulating the use of each language. Analysis of word frequency statistics demonstrates that the key concepts of Stalinist policy differed compared to the time of Lenin's rule, resulting in a lack of effective legal force and strong mechanisms for controlling language policy practices. As the functional advantages of the Russian language become increasingly evident, some ethnic minorities tend to lean towards studying and using it, leading to the emergence of many bilingual and even trilingual individuals. Other minorities with small or underdeveloped populations turn to the Russian language, which is the most widely spoken language. These findings contribute to the theoretical and practical knowledge base for research in the fields of linguistics, linguistic culturology, history, psycholinguistics, and political science. Subsequent research can focus on current aspects of the country's language policy.

The Development and Evolution of Language Policies in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore

The Development and Evolution of Language Policies in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore

МОВНА ПОЛІТИКА УКРАЇНИ: АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ В РЕЦЕПЦІЇ ПОГЛЯДІВ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА

The article outlines the state of language policy development in Ukraine through the prism of Ivan Ohiienko’s views (on the example of the works «Faith and Culture», «Saving Ukraine», «Culture and Science», «The Science of Native Language Responsibilities: Native Language Catechism for Teachers, Pen Workers, clergy, law-yers, students and the general public» «Saving Ukraine», «Our Literary Language»). In particular, it was emphasized that the legal status of the Ukrainian language as a state language, its high development, codifi cation and stylistic diff erentiation, com-petitiveness in the European language space. The concept of language policy is out-lined, which, being a component of the general system of national policy, refl ects its specifi c principles and supports the dominant ideology. The interpretation of language policy is presented as a conscious and purposeful infl uence, which aims to promote the eff ective functioning of the language in various areas of its application; a set of ideological principles and practical measures to solve language problems in society and the state; a set of political and administrative measures aimed at giving language development the desired direction; part of the national policy of a certain state, as it concerns the change or preservation of the existing functional distribution of lan-guages in a multilingual society. It is emphasized that the works of Ivan Ohiienko, substantiating the problematic issues of the language, are of great importance for the education of a nationally conscious generation, encourage creative thought, under-standing of the science of Ukrainian studies. Examples are given from the works of Ivan Ohiienko, in which he highlighted the problem of the struggle for the purity of the native language, as well as condemned linguistic Russifi cation in post-Soviet Ukraine, for example, his distinct anti-Moscow position in the message-appeal to the Committee for the Protection of Ukrainian Culture and the People, as well as the need to educate a highly cultured, patriotic determined personality. The vision of Ivan Ohiienko regarding the essence of the native language is indicated. The Metropolitan predicted a situation when the native language would serve the Ukrainian people in various spheres of public life

Analysis of lingual situation and foreign language teaching methods (quality) in China and Kyrgyzstan

Relevance The development of a quality language policy fully depends on the level of development of the language situation in the state. For this reason, during the introduction of the current reforms for the improvement of Kyrgyzstan, particular attention should be devoted to the state languages and their prevalence in society.Purpose. The research aims to study the linguistic situation in Kyrgyzstan and China and to investigate the concepts of foreign language teaching in these countries.Methodology. Analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalization, and abstraction were used in the study.Results. As a result, the characteristics of education, as well as the provision of the language situation in China and Kyrgyzstan, were revealed. Historical, political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects were characterised based on the source for the development of the state language policy. The study also differentiated the societies of China and Kyrgyzstan based on the nationality of the people living in these states. Such results allowed identifying the most common languages and dialects in these territorial entities, as well as determining the level of balance between them. In addition, the study explored approaches and starting points for Chinese and Kyrgyz language teachers. Based on this, the main pedagogical tools, both formal and informal, aimed at developing students� linguistic skills were characterized.Conclusions. Following the study, methodological recommendations for the formation and provision of effective interaction of educational actors were developed. The results are appropriate to be used in the process of developing curricula and materials for those involved in foreign language teaching.

Review of the round-table discussion “Current trends in the development of language policy in CIS, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean” (October 12, 2023, Moscow)

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A shifting language-scape

By engaging the literature of transnationalism and Latinx studies with that of multiliteracies, this article contends that the cultural and linguistic complexities experienced by Spanishspeaking populations in global cities can be better addressed by a multiliteracies framework. We argue that using multiliteracies to teach adult learners can challenge negative linguistic and cultural stereotypes in the classroom. We conducted a qualitative study with at-risk adult learners. Using a TV show, we developed a series of pedagogical interventions and exercises to encourage cultural and linguistic pride to mitigate pervasive negative stereotypes around Latinx in the US. We contend that the development of language policies needs to engage the linguistic and cultural complexities experienced by Spanish-speaking people within the diasporic communities of global cities. The study was conducted at Hostos Community College in the Bronx, NY. The study shows that our pedagogical interventions mitigate negative linguistic and cultural stereotypes.

The Role of Parents\' and Carers\' Attitudes in (Re)Formulating Language Policy(ies) on Bilingual Education

Abstract: This article reflects on the role of parents' and carers' attitudes in the (re)formulation of language policies on bilingual education in Maputo province in general and in Manhiça district in particular. Its specific objectives are (i) to identify the role of attitudes in the development of language policies; (ii) to survey the attitudes of parents and guardians when their children are placed in bilingual education classes; (iii) to analyse the attitudes of parents and guardians towards bilingual education. The methodological approach we followed is qualitative-interpretive. In this approach, we focus on the complexity of parents' and carers' perceptions and attitudes as they emerge, without predefining variables to obtain qualitative data. We used interviews and observation of the attitudes shown by parents and carers when approached about integrating their children into bilingual education classes as data collection techniques. The data was analysed using the content analysis method, which is seen as an instrument of communication analysis techniques (Bardin 2011, 1995).

The concept of the state in the Yakut language: legal and linguistic analysis

This paper is devoted to the study of the concept of «state» in the Yakut language. The relevance of the work is caused by modern scientific tendencies to study the role of language in jurisprudence, in particular the study of the morphology and semantics of political and legal terms. Especially significant in this context is the study of political and legal terms in the languages of the peoples of multinational Russia. Legal and linguistic analysis is applied to identify the origin, meaning and significance of the concept «state» in the Yakut language. A comparative description of the concept of the state in Russian and various Turkic and Mongolian languages is given. The ancient Turkic concept of «il/ el» is revealed. It is concluded that Yakut language, on the one hand, uses direct borrowing from Russian to denote the concept of «state», on the other hand, revives the ancient Turkic concept of «il» in the meaning of «statehood», «state». This distinguishes the Yakut from other Turkic languages. Further study of this issue from the viewpoint of sociology and psychology and further development of the state language policy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) seems necessary.

Reflections on Decolonising of Medium of Instruction at South African Universities

The 2015/6 #Rhodes Must Fall student protest reignited the debate to decolonise higher education in South Africa and many parts of the world. One way of achieving this is through decolonising the language of teaching and learning in higher education to increase access. Within this caveat, we anticipate that this article will add a crucial contribution to contemporary international and local debates on decolonising the medium of instruction by providing evidence from South African institutions’ unique challenges and prospects associated with the quest to deliver quality decolonised education. While tremendous strides have been made in expressing the constitutional right of every learner to receive primary education in a language of their choice, at the university level, the development and implementation of inclusive language policies have been dismal at best. With the demise of the apartheid regime that significantly stifled African languages in South Africa, one could have hoped for changes in attitude and language usage in universities, mainly because universities still have discernible remnants of the apartheid legacy. This article highlights the urgent need for decolonising South African higher education, particularly concerning using English as the medium of instruction. We further hope that this study will benefit practitioners and stakeholders involved in formulating language policies at their respective learning institutions and prompt them to treat the decolonisation process with befitting urgency.

The Situation, Policies, and Development of Foreign Language Education in Contemporary China

Foreign language education is an important part of Chinese education, but the overall foreign language education in China is still relatively underdeveloped. Foreign language education and policies in contemporary China are closely related to China’s political, economic, and social development. The contemporary Chinese foreign language education and policies, since the establishment of New China in 1949, can be divided into four periods. The first period is a period of domination by the Russian language (1949–1956), the second period is a period of exploration and transformation (1956–1966), the third period is a period of interruption (1966–1978), and the fourth period is a period of development and improvement (1978 to present). Understanding foreign language education and policies in contemporary Chinese universities can contribute to the future development of foreign language education and policies in China.

Multilingualism and the Job Market in the European Union: A Comprehensive Analysis

In today's globalized economy, multilingualism has emerged as a crucial skill in various sectors, particularly within the European Union (EU). This scientific article presents a com-prehensive analysis of the relationship between multilingualism and the job market in the EU. This study examines the impact of multilingual proficiency on employment opportuni-ties, career advancement, and economic outcomes across EU member states. The research explores the extent to which multilingualism influences job seekers' competitiveness in an increasingly interconnected and linguistically diverse business landscape. It investigates the correlation between language skills and job placement, income differentials, and job satis-faction, shedding light on both individual and societal benefits of linguistic diversity. Fur-thermore, the article delves into the influence of multilingualism on specific industries such as tourism, international trade, and multinational corporations, underscoring the direct and indirect advantages for businesses operating in linguistically heterogeneous markets. While highlighting the positive aspects of multilingualism, the study also addresses challenges that individuals and organizations encounter, including language-related discrimination, unequal access to language education, and the role of language policies in shaping job mar-ket dynamics. By analyzing various language-related policies and initiatives implemented across different EU countries, this article offers insights into effective strategies for foster-ing linguistic diversity and inclusivity within the workforce. The findings of this research contribute to the ongoing discourse on the significance of multilingualism in the EU job market, offering policymakers, educators, and employers valuable insights into the potential socio-economic benefits of promoting language proficiency. By recognizing multilingual-ism as a valuable asset in a globally competitive environment, this study advocates for the development of comprehensive language education programs and policies that empower individuals to harness the advantages of linguistic diversity, fostering both personal growth and economic prosperity within the European Union.

Segregation and Desegregation of the Southern Schools for the Deaf: The Relationship between Language Policy and Dialect Development

Abstract: Recent research has shown that a distinct variety of American Sign Language, known as Black ASL, developed in the segregated schools for deaf African Americans in the US South during the pre-civil rights era. Research has also shown that in some respects Black ASL is closer than most white varieties to the standard taught in ASL classes and found in ASL dictionaries. This article explores the circumstances that resulted in the creation of a distinct ASL variety, with attention to the role of language in education policy in both the white and Black Southern schools for the deaf. Archival research shows that while white deaf students were long subjected to oral instruction and forbidden to sign in class, Black students, although their severely underfunded schools provided only basic vocational education, continued to receive their education in ASL, with classes often taught by deaf teachers. The differences in language education policy explain the difficulties Black students experienced in understanding their teachers and white classmates after integration occurred, despite great resistance, in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as the fact that Black signers from the South, particularly older Black signers, are more likely than their white counterparts to use traditional features.*

Языковая политика Швейцарии в условиях федерализма

Modern plural societies characterized by ethno-cultural diversity are forming demand for effective balance of inter-group relations. The institutionalization of language policy is becoming the way of inter-ethnic relations regulation. The problem of language policy implementation is the relevance in modern European federations, the boundaries of which are overlap on the boundaries of the linguistic communities’ residence. In such cases the language policy of the federal center includes the impact on the federal and regional authorities’ relations. Switzerland is the research interest as one of the most decentralized federations in Europe. The compact residence of four linguistic communities’ impact on the institutional foundations of the federal structure. The existing interaction of models between central authorities and cantons requires consideration as a tool for normalizing and influencing relations in plural societies. In this article the authors consider the influence of federalism and federal principles on development of language policy. The article reveals the regulatory framework of Swiss federalism, its institutional foundations, which impact on regulation of the language regime, both at the federal and regional levels. Based on the statistical data, an assessment is made of the language situations in the monolingual and bilingual cantons. The authors capture the main principles of the Swiss language regime. The principles of equality of languages, free language choice for the regions and the formal consolidation of languages’ territoriality as the basis for the stability of the Swiss model of federalism. It is concluded that federalism observed the harmonization of the language situation due to division of federal and regional powers.

Legal and political intervention on language issues in Bangladesh: A sociolinguistic perspective

The article outlined the legal and political intervention on language issues in Bangladesh from a historical sociolinguistic perspective. More specifically, it chronologically criticised the constitution and laws issued regarding language for the time being by state holders. In his article, the author tried to present the current issue and the question of language policy and planning in Bangladesh. Furthermore, it showed the drawbacks of previous language acts in Bangladesh. Consequently, the article illustrates the contextual interplay between language policy and linguistic rights in Bangladesh. This article used data from primary sources (constitution and government orders, ordinances, and circulations, etc.) to draw some preliminary conclusions about the challenges involved in the language controversy. One of its central themes was the linguistic rights of ethnic people, minor communities, and indigenous language speakers respectively. This article investigated how state politics and language historically affected each other. The analytical framework of the article is built on Language Education Policy (LEP) as a conceptual framework of Baldauf and Ingram (2003) which is one of the most widely researched theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning. The findings confirmed linguistic hegemony and dominance in Bangladesh by constitution and law. The most important contribution of the article was the sociolinguistic overview of the significant language laws of Bangladesh chronologically. It provided recommendations on the development of democratic language policy in Bangladesh.Keywords: Language in the Mughal period; Language in the British period; Language in the Pakistan period; Language in the Bangladesh period; Language rights for indigenous people; Language debate; Linguistic rights.