Inclusive Development Research Articles

Unlocking financial inclusion: Indian banks' efficiency in Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana explored through DEA

PurposeFinancial inclusion is a prerequisite for inclusive development. In 2014, the Indian Government introduced the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) with a similar objective. The study aims to analyse the effectiveness of banks in the implementation of financial inclusion policy, i.e. PMJDY.Design/methodology/approachTo evaluate the effectiveness of Indian banks, the study used the data over a seven-year period, from 2014–2015 to 2020–2021. Data are analysed by using the data envelopment analysis technique.FindingsThe study discovered that public sector banks performed better than private sector banks (PVBs) in terms of boosting financial inclusion under the PMJDY scheme. In terms of implementing the PMJDY programme, the State Bank of India rated first.Practical implicationsResults recommended that policymakers set goals for banks. In order to encourage consumers to utilise their accounts, banks ought to introduce supplementary financial products and implement incentive programs.Originality/valueThe study is the first of its kind to measure the performance of Indian banks in the implementation of the PMJDY scheme.

ФІНАНСОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЯК ВАЖЛИВА ДОМІНАНТА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

Introduction. In the context of the latest transformational challenges, the problem of ensuring inclusive development of territorial communities is becoming increasingly relevant, and it is advisable to develop innovative approaches to the use of financial instruments in managing socio-economic development at the local level. The purpose of the article is to develop the conceptual framework for the use of financial instruments by public authorities as a means of management to ensure the inclusive development of territorial communities. Methods. The methodology of the study is based on the use of dialectical and process approaches, methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis - when considering the content and specification of the essence of the concept of “inclusive development of territorial communities” and determining the imperative of this type of socio-economic development; structural and functional approach and methods of theoretical generalization, scientific abstraction, systematization, argumentation - to develop a conceptual model of the use of financial instruments as a dominant factor in ensuring inclusive development of territorial communities. Results. Based on the generalization of scientific views and the use of the process approach, the author's own definition of the concept of “inclusive development of territorial communities” is formed. The study of the key aspects of the concepts of inclusive development, barrier-free, integrated and sustainable development, and current global challenges and threats made it possible to outline the imperatives of inclusive development of territorial communities that should be taken into account by public authorities when choosing financial instruments. The use of the structural-functional approach made it possible to consider financial instruments for the inclusive development of territorial communities as a means of managing socio-economic phenomena and processes, which result in the implementation of the principles of financial policy aimed at the inclusive development of territorial communities. The article reveals the dualistic nature of the impact of financial instruments for inclusive development of territorial communities on the object of management from the standpoint of their provisioning, allocative and regulatory effects. Conclusions. Financial instruments are an important dominant of the inclusive development of territorial communities. It is through the dualistic nature of their impact on the object of management, taking into account the imperative of inclusive development, the priorities of the State regional policy and strategies for the development of territorial communities, that the goal of managing socio-economic development at the local level is achieved.

Innovative Entrepreneurship and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Analysis in Emerging Countries

Innovative entrepreneurship has increasingly been acknowledged as one of the most vital drivers of economic development, job creation at high value, wealth creation, and business growth. This study analyzes the current status and evolution of research on innovative entrepreneurship and sustainability in the context of emerging economies, based on a bibliometric analysis of 132 articles indexed in the Web of Science database. The search was guided by relevant keywords, such as “innovative entrepreneurship*” and “sustainab*”. Systemic barriers limit the scalability of innovative ventures, especially in developing countries. Frugal and green innovations, digital technologies, and rural enterprises show promise but face challenges like resource constraints, ethical concerns, and policy gaps. Collaborative, equity-focused approaches are essential to ensure entrepreneurship drives sustainable and inclusive development. Further studies should expand the data source, increase the pool of articles, and develop cross-country comparisons to enhance global understanding. This may lead to a better understanding of innovative entrepreneurship and sustainability that can be used to create actionable strategies for development in various economic contexts.

When aging meets digitisation: can urban digital technology innovations enhance the well-being of older adults?

Introduction. With the rapid advancement of urban digital transformation in China, the significance of innovation in urban digital technology has become increasingly pronounced in the lives of elderly individuals. However, existing research on its impact remains limited. This study investigates the profound influence of urban digital technology innovation on the well-being of elderly people in Chinese cities, elucidating key mechanisms and moderating factors. Method. This study collected data on 1,317,694 digital technology innovation patents in urban areas, the level of urban digital transformation, and factors such as social support and well-being among elderly residents in Chinese cities. Empirical analysis was conducted using an OLS mixed-effects model, yielding compelling and convincing results. Results. Urban digital technology innovation significantly and positively affects the well-being of elderly individuals. The widespread adoption of digital technology broadens the horizons of the elderly, providing increased opportunities for social interaction, knowledge acquisition and health management. Furthermore, we identify urban digital transformation as a mediating factor between urban digital technology innovation and the well-being of elderly individuals. Crucial elements in this mediation encompass the establishment of a digital society, efficient digital governance, and robust digital infrastructure. Intriguingly, social support, serving as a moderating variable, influences the extent to which urban digital technology innovation affects the well-being of elderly individuals. Conclusion. Our study highlights the crucial role of urban digital innovation in enhancing elderly well-being. It offers valuable insights for policymakers to promote digital inclusion, social support, and sustainable urban development strategies that benefit older adults.

Balancing Cybersecurity Policies and Institutional Ethics: A Legal and Cultural Perspective on Higher Education Frameworks

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the intersection of cybersecurity policies with legal and cultural considerations within higher education institutions (HEIs), with the aim of addressing key challenges and proposing a balanced framework that ensures institutional control while respecting ethical and cultural diversity. Theoretical Framework: This research is grounded in theories of ethical governance, legal compliance, and cultural sensitivity. Established frameworks such as ISO 27001 and NIST Cybersecurity Framework provide a foundational basis but are examined critically for their limitations in addressing the unique needs of HEIs. Method: The study employs a qualitative methodology, combining a systematic literature review and semi-structured expert interviews. Data collection was conducted through a comprehensive review of academic and institutional sources (2015–2024) and in-depth interviews with ten experts from the fields of cybersecurity, legal studies, and higher education policy. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that existing cybersecurity frameworks lack alignment with cultural and ethical considerations, leading to resistance and limited effectiveness in HEIs. Key challenges include insufficient stakeholder engagement, tensions between institutional control and individual rights, and inadequate resources. The discussion contextualizes these findings within the theoretical framework, emphasizing the importance of inclusive policy development and ethical audits. Limitations of the study include its focus on specific institutional contexts, which may not fully generalize to other educational systems. Research Implications: The research has practical and theoretical implications for the development of more robust and inclusive cybersecurity policies. The findings provide actionable insights for improving stakeholder engagement, balancing legal and ethical imperatives, and fostering cultural sensitivity. These implications are particularly relevant for HEIs, policymakers, and cybersecurity professionals. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the necessity of integrating cultural and ethical dimensions into cybersecurity frameworks. Its innovative approach bridges gaps in existing models, providing practical solutions for HEIs to create secure, equitable, and culturally responsive digital environments.

Exploring the Impact of Islamic Finance Principles on Micro and Small Enterprise Performance: A Literature Review

Both micro and small enterprises (MSEs) can drive economies to growth and eradicate poverty, but numerous challenges challenge their finances. The principles of Islamic finance, with other-centered equity, ethical quality, and risk-sharing, have the potential to considerably benefit MSE development and commercialization as compared to conventional systems. This review systematically analyzes existing literature relating Islamic finance principles to MSE performance based on the synthesis of work conducted in Uganda, Oman, Indonesia, and Nigeria with an objective of identifying the gaps to be covered by the preceding empirical study using a qualitative approach. The findings show a positive relationship between the application of mechanisms of Islamic finance, including profit-sharing, interest-free financing, and partnership-based models, and the business performance indicators of profitability, revenue growth, and sustainability. However, the review pinpointed major gaps in available research, including a constricted geographical cover, a small sample size of enterprises, and inadequate gender-dimensional exploration. Further, some inherent methodological inconsistencies, such as ambiguous performance indicators and sampling biases, additionally hamper the generalization of findings. To overcome such gaps, this study suggests that research should be extended into the rural and less-represented regions, should explore gender issues, and should use more solid methodological approaches. This would enable researchers, policy-makers, and financing bodies to appreciate and utilize the very full potential of the principles of Islamic finance in empowering MSEs to promote inclusive economic development.

Poverty Reduction Through Adaptive Social Protection and Spatial Poverty Model in Labuan Bajo, Indonesia’s National Strategic Tourism Areas

Despite Indonesia’s significant economic progress, certain regions, such as West Manggarai Regency in East Nusa Tenggara, continue to face persistent poverty challenges. While strategic tourism initiatives in Labuan Bajo have spurred regional development, the benefits have not reached local communities equitably, highlighting a disconnect between economic growth and community well-being. Addressing this gap requires an integrated approach that links social protection, disaster risk reduction, climate adaptation, and economic diversification. This paper proposes an adaptive social protection (ASP) framework that aims to increase the resilience of vulnerable populations by integrating social protection systems with disaster preparedness and sustainable economic strategies. The research critically examines the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of Kabupaten Manggarai Barat (2021–2026), identifying existing policy gaps and opportunities for improvement. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study used cluster mapping and geographically weighted regression analysis to model and visualise poverty distribution alongside infrastructure conditions. These findings will inform the design of a targeted ASP programme to reduce poverty and build resilience to economic and environmental shocks. By aligning with sustainable development principles, the proposed framework addresses the dual goals of poverty reduction and disaster risk reduction. This study provides actionable recommendations for local governments to strengthen social protection mechanisms, promote inclusive economic growth, and ensure equitable distribution of tourism benefits. The findings provide a policy blueprint for promoting sustainable and inclusive development in West Manggarai Regency, with implications for similar contexts in other regions.

ASPEK EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL

Social and economic aspects are closely interconnected and influence societal development. This study analyzes the impact of various policies and development practices on social and economic welfare. Using a descriptive approach through literature studies, the research explores patterns and relationships between investment, infrastructure, and community participation. Findings indicate that inclusive and sustainable economic development requires investments in education, health, and social infrastructure. Furthermore, community involvement in decision-making processes enhances policy effectiveness. This study contributes to identifying opportunities and challenges in creating an environment that supports equitable social and economic growth.

Peran Hukum dalam Mendorong Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Menjamin Kesejahteraan Masyarakat : Perspektif Indonesia

This article examines the important role of law in promoting economic development and ensuring the well-being of people in Indonesia. It analyzes the legal framework that governs economic activities, focusing on principles and regulations that facilitate economic growth, protect rights, and promote social justice. This article explores the evolution of Indonesia's legal system in response to economic challenges and opportunities, highlighting key laws and policies that have shaped the nation's economic landscape. This includes an analysis of the constitutional foundations of Indonesia's economic system, with a special emphasis on Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, which mandates a "people's economy" based on the principles of kinship, cooperative ownership, and state control over vital resources. Furthermore, this article discusses the challenges and prospects of using the law as a tool to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic development. It emphasizes the importance of legal certainty, regulatory efficiency, and the protection of public interests in fostering a conducive investment climate and promoting equitable economic growth. The article also discusses the role of law in addressing important issues such as environmental protection, labor rights, and consumer protection, highlighting the linkages between economic development and social welfare. By examining Indonesia's experience, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between law and economic development in the context of developing countries.

Dynamics of access to finance, financial development and sustainable economic development in developing economies

This paper assesses the interconnectedness between access to finance (ATF), financial development (FD) and sustainable economic development (SED). The study employed a sample of world developing economies and obtained data from the World Development Indicator Database (WDI) from 2010 to 2022. The paper incorporates the static and dynamic panel estimation models to test the proposed connection. The findings show the favourable impact of FD on SED suggesting that financial expansion across developing countries plays a crucial role in enhancing sustainable development. Additionally, a robust financial system facilitates the effective mobilization and allocation of cash towards investments in eco-friendly initiatives and infrastructure, expediting the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment. However, access to finance weakens the connection between FD and SED which implies that the limited access to finance in developing nations can increase the income gap, limit opportunities for entrepreneurship and wealth creation, and hinder efforts to address social inequality and alleviate poverty. Consequently, this limits the development of financial services necessary for sustainable economic growth. The findings have crucial policy implications for the financial regulators and policymakers of developing nations around the world. Such that the key to achieving long-term economic growth and bettering the lives of people in developing nations lies in removing barriers to financial inclusion and advancing inclusive financial development.

Facilitating or Hindering? The Impact of Low-Carbon Pilot Policies on Socio-Ecological Resilience in Resource-Based Cities

Low-carbon pilot policies are essential for the green transformation of resource-based cities, helping them mitigate the “carbon curse” and the “resource curse” while promoting sustainable socio-ecological development. Focusing on a panel of 114 resource-based cities in China, spanning from 2003 to 2022, this study employs a range of methodologies, including kernel density estimation, the Difference-in-Differences Model, Spatial Difference-in-Differences, Mediation Analysis, K-means Clustering, and Dual Machine Learning to assess the consequences of low-carbon pilot policies on socio-ecological resilience. The findings indicate that the socio-ecological resilience of the study area has generally improved, though there is noticeable polarization. Low-carbon pilot policies significantly enhance the resilience of resource-based cities by 0.4%, and they exhibit a positive spatial spillover effect of 1.1%. However, the long-term effects of the policies on economic resilience were not significant, and the policies did not have a direct impact on the social resilience of the pilot cities; however, they did promote social resilience in neighboring regions. Finally, the effectiveness of low-carbon pilots varies, with more pronounced benefits in declining and mature resource cities, particularly in those with medium ecological and economic resilience, and low social resilience. Green finance, industrial transformation, and carbon emission efficiency are identified as key strategies for improving socio-ecological resilience. The above findings provide insights for policymakers seeking to foster inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban development in China.

Optimizing Public Spaces for Age-Friendly Living: Renovation Strategies for 1980s Residential Communities in Hangzhou, China

Population aging and urbanization are two of the most significant social transformations of the 21st century. Against the backdrop of rapid aging in China, developing age-friendly community environments, particularly through the renovation of legacy residential communities, not only supports active and healthy aging but also promotes equity and sustainable development. This study focuses on residential communities built in the 1980s in Hangzhou, exploring strategies for the age-friendly renovation of outdoor public spaces. The residential communities that flourished during the construction boom of the 1980s are now confronting a dual challenge: aging populations and deteriorating facilities. However, existing renovation efforts often pay insufficient attention to the comprehensive age-friendly transformation of outdoor public spaces within these neighborhoods. Following a structured research framework encompassing investigation, evaluation, design, and discussion, this study first analyzes linear grid layouts and usage patterns of these communities. Then, the research team uses post-occupancy evaluation (POE) to assess the age-friendliness of outdoor public spaces. Semi-structured interviews with elderly residents identify key concerns and establish a preliminary evaluation framework, while a Likert-scale questionnaire quantifies the satisfaction with age-friendly features across four communities. The assessment reveals that key age-friendliness issues, including poor traffic safety, dispersed activity spaces, and insufficiently adapted facilities, are closely linked to the linear usage patterns within the spatial framework of the grid layouts. Based on the findings, the study develops tiered renovation goals, renovation principles and implemented an age-friendly design in the Hemu Community. The strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of the renovation plan are discussed, while three recommendations are made to ensure successful implementation. The study is intended to provide a valuable reference for advancing age-friendly residential renewal efforts in Hangzhou and contributing to the broader objective of sustainable, inclusive city development.

Evaluation of Environmental Management at Pulang Pisau Regional General Hospital Based on Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and Regional Development

This study aims to evaluate environmental management at Pulang Pisau Regional General Hospital (RSUD) within the framework of participatory development planning. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, collecting data through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis follows the Miles and Huberman model, with validation through methodological and source triangulation. The findings indicate that environmental planning and management at RSUD Pulang Pisau remain technocratic, with limited public involvement. The lack of public dialogue spaces and multi-stakeholder consultations results in low community participation in sustainable development. Implementing medical and liquid waste management policies follows national regulations but still faces challenges in resource efficiency and environmental impact monitoring. This study recommends strengthening inclusive environmental governance by establishing multi-stakeholder forums and public consultation mechanisms and enhancing community education and empowerment in environmental monitoring. Policy evaluation based on George C. Edward III's implementation theory highlights the importance of clear communication, resource availability, stakeholder commitment, and an effective bureaucratic structure in successfully implementing environmental policies. This research emphasizes that active public participation in hospital environmental management is not merely a technical aspect but also an integral part of an inclusive and sustainable development process.

Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Kaitannya dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi

The study examines the relationship between population growth and economic development, focusing on how demographic dynamics influence various economic aspects of a country. Rapid population growth can increase the labor force and market demand, potentially driving economic growth. However, significant challenges arise when population growth is not matched by job creation, adequate education, and sufficient infrastructure development. This research also explores the environmental impacts of unplanned population growth and emphasizes the importance of inclusive economic development to enhance societal welfare. By utilizing relevant data and case studies, the study provides insights into the strategies necessary to achieve a balance between population growth and sustainable economic development.

Integrating Green Management and Economic Development: The Role of Esg Strategies in Regional Sustainability

Green management, incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, addresses the growing need for sustainable economic development amidst environmental degradation and social inequalities. This study examines the integration of green management strategies to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, focusing on regional implications. Through a qualitative approach, including interviews and case studies, the research explores how ESG principles impact business practices and community development. The findings reveal that while green management significantly reduces environmental harm, enhances economic competitiveness, and promotes community engagement, challenges such as financial constraints, low awareness, and weak regulatory frameworks persist. The study's novelty lies in its emphasis on localized ESG strategies tailored to regional socio-economic and environmental contexts, offering insights into how businesses and policymakers can adapt these principles effectively. Results highlight the importance of aligning corporate policies with regional sustainability goals to attract investment and foster equitable growth. Recommendations include providing financial incentives, enhancing capacity-building programs, and strengthening regulatory frameworks to ensure the widespread adoption of ESG practices. These findings underline the potential of green management as a transformative tool for driving sustainable and inclusive regional development.

Pengaruh Literasi Manajemen Bisnis Syariah terhadap Minat Investasi pada Pasar Modal

The main goal of this research is to examine how interest in investing in the Sharia market is influenced by Islamic financial knowledge. A thorough grasp of financial concepts that adhere to Islamic law, such as riba, zakat, and the idea of fairness in financial transactions, is necessary for Islamic financial literacy. Islamic financial literacy may have a significant role in investing choices, as shown by the rising knowledge of halal and Sharia-compliant assets. 200 respondents—both current and potential investors in the Sharia capital market—were given questionnaires as part of this study's quantitative methodology. Higher interest in investing in Sharia capital market products like sukuk and Sharia mutual funds is positively correlated with higher levels of Islamic financial literacy, according to the study's findings. These results underline the need of more comprehensive Islamic financial education initiatives to raise public awareness and aid in the growth of Indonesia's Sharia capital market. In order to stimulate investment interest, it is also determined that improvements in Sharia investment products and supporting regulations are essential. Thus, this research comes to the conclusion that promoting a more inclusive Islamic economy and developing the Sharia capital market may both be greatly aided by increasing Islamic financial literacy. This study shows that interest in investing in the Sharia capital market is strongly influenced by Islamic financial knowledge. Sharia-compliant investment products like sukuk (Islamic bonds) and Sharia mutual funds are more likely to be chosen by investors who have a firm grasp of Islamic financial concepts like riba (usury), zakat (almsgiving), and profit-sharing. The research emphasizes the value of thorough financial education initiatives and easily available information in raising public awareness of Islamic finance. It is anticipated that these initiatives would boost more inclusive and sustainable economic development in Indonesia and raise participation in the Sharia capital market.

From research to society: MCDA and the social dimension of nanotechnology in sustainable development

This study analyzes the social impact of nanotechnology when integrated with ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria, highlighting its capacity to promote social inclusion, sustainable practices, and economic development. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, combining a literature review, expert consultations, and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate dimensions such as economic, social, environmental, and governance aspects. The results demonstrate that nanotechnology plays a transformative role in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and energy, advancing innovations such as controlled drug delivery systems, more efficient fertilizers, and renewable energy sources. These technologies generate direct and indirect jobs, enhance professional training, and expand access to innovations in vulnerable regions. However, challenges include the need for robust public policies, technical training, and specific regulations to mitigate risks related to nanomaterial toxicity and disposal. The analysis emphasizes the importance of traceability in supply chains and ethical practices that integrate circular economy principles and social inclusion. Public-private partnerships and tools like Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) are highlighted as strategies to align technological innovation with global sustainability goals. The study concludes that nanotechnology is a strategic tool for addressing global challenges, provided it is supported by ethical governance and a collective commitment to maximizing its positive impacts in an ever-evolving landscape.

The Sharing Economy, Inclusive Tourism Development and Entrepreneurship: A Case Study from South Africa

The sharing economy has been increasingly recognized for providing opportunities for tourism entrepreneurs and fostering inclusive tourism growth. Through its Inclusive Tourism pledge, Airbnb established the Airbnb Entrepreneurship Academy to empower women and youth in rural communities. This study examines the role of Airbnb and its private-public partnerships in fostering inclusive tourism growth in the Waterberg District of South Africa through the Airbnb Entrepreneurship Academy. The study was conducted using qualitative interviews and focus groups with stakeholders involved in the Airbnb Entrepreneurship Academy, including four Airbnb representatives, twentythree academy graduates, and eight public and private sector partners. The key findings show that driving inclusive tourism development in the Waterberg required the involvement of local, regional and national public and private partners. The study found that the Airbnb Entrepreneurship Academy was instrumental in providing knowledge and capacity-building opportunities to emerging entrepreneurs in the region. Additionally, social capital, mentorship and continued support emerged as important drivers enabling emerging entrepreneurs to actively participate in the tourism sector. However, the local tourism context influences the successful operations of tourism enterprises and, consequently, inclusive growth through tourism. This study contributes to the growing literature on tourism skills development and the sharing economy within rural and emerging tourism destinations.

Integrating crowdsourced data in the built environment studies: A systematic review.

The integration of crowdsourced data has become central to contemporary built environment studies, driven by the rapid growth in digital technologies and participatory approaches that characterize modern urbanism. Despite its potential, a systematic framework for its analysis remains underdeveloped. This review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA protocol, examines the use of crowdsourced data in shaping the built environment, scrutinizing its applications, crowdsourcing techniques, methodologies, and comparison with other big data forms. From 226 relevant studies, this study uncovers the evolving thematic landscape of crowdsourced data through a longitudinal analysis (2013-2024), revealing the driving forces that have shifted its representation over time. Additionally, by examining the cultural dimensions and contextual variability, this study demonstrates how identical data is interpreted in markedly different ways across diverse geographic and social contexts. These findings underscore the inmportance of adopting context-sensitive and culturally aware approaches to effectively leverage crowdsourced data in the built environment research. The novelty of this review lies in reframing crowdsourced data not merely as an application tool but as a lens for understanding broader cultural and technological shifts, offering both theoretical and practical insights into its role in the built environment. By advancing our understanding of the unique contributions of crowdsourced data and its complementary role to other big data types, this review provides actionable recommendations for urban planners and policymakers. Ultimately, these findings promote more inclusive and sustainable urban development, fostering cities that better respond to the needs of diverse populations.

SHARING ECONOMY AND INCLUSIVE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY ON THE WATERBERG DISTRICT IN SOUTH AFRICA

The purpose of the study was to analyse inclusive tourism development in the Global South, using a case study of Airbnb’s interventions in the Waterberg District of South Africa. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research was conducted in three phases. The first phase consisted of a focus group held with Airbnb representatives who were involved in the planning and operations of the programme. The second and third phases involved in-depth interviews with Airbnb partners and graduates of the Airbnb Academy, respectively. The findings reveal that previously excluded groups were able to become tourism producers, through the skills development programme, joining the Airbnb app, and the tangible outcomes from the interventions. The programme also widened the scope of opportunities for members who previously did not identify as part of the tourism value chain. Further, there was a notable change in the tourism landscape, now involving experiences that are more authentic and representative of the culture and lifestyle of the community. However, the tourism industry is prevalently white-owned, presenting substantial challenges for graduates of the programme to tap into the tourism market. The findings confirm that inclusive tourism is intrinsically embedded in the local context: politics, economy, and society. In this regard, the study expands and contextualises the literature on inclusive tourism development in the Global South.