Historical Development Of Science Research Articles

Жизнь как поиск. Памяти Александра Леонидовича Никифорова (1940–2023)

The article provides an overview of the creative heritage of Alexander Leonidovich Nikiforov, an attempt is made to comprehend it in an integral way. The main purpose of the author of this article is the exposition of the philosopher’s views on key theoretical issues. Each section of the article is based on the reference material, which, in the author’s opinion, most successfully demonstrates the position of A.L. Nikiforov on indicated issues. In particular, his views on the nature of philosophical knowledge and the problem of the relationship between philosophy and science are presented. His criticism of the traditional semantic theory that defines the meaning of a word through a single referent in the physical world is analyzed, as well as his proposed concept of a proper name as a common sign carrying informative and communicative functions: the sign is a complex structure consisting of physical, cultural and personal layers. A.L. Nikiforov’s ideas about the historical development of science and, in general, about the future development of mankind are revealed. His political reflections are outlined as well – his critics of liberal ideology for the reduction of human needs and an abstract idea of the individual. Nikiforov pays special attention to the importance of preserving historical memory and the need to counter destructive trends in this area. Special attention is paid to his point of view on the methodology of the humanities, which by their very nature are characterized by an orientation towards secondary interpretation and subjectivity. His criticism of the L. Wittgenstein’s “Logical and Philosophical Treatise” and reflections on the problem of the meaning of life, which he sees in the creative self-realization of a person, are outlined as well.

Жизнь как поиск. Памяти Александра Леонидовича Никифорова (1940–2023)

The article provides an overview of the creative heritage of Alexander Leonidovich Nikiforov, an attempt is made to comprehend it in an integral way. The main purpose of the author of this article is the exposition of the philosopher’s views on key theoretical issues. Each section of the article is based on the reference material, which, in the author’s opinion, most successfully demonstrates the position of A.L. Nikiforov on indicated issues. In particular, his views on the nature of philosophical knowledge and the problem of the relationship between philosophy and science are presented. His criticism of the traditional semantic theory that defines the meaning of a word through a single referent in the physical world is analyzed, as well as his proposed concept of a proper name as a common sign carrying informative and communicative functions: the sign is a complex structure consisting of physical, cultural and personal layers. A.L. Nikiforov’s ideas about the historical development of science and, in general, about the future development of mankind are revealed. His political reflections are outlined as well – his critics of liberal ideology for the reduction of human needs and an abstract idea of the individual. Nikiforov pays special attention to the importance of preserving historical memory and the need to counter destructive trends in this area. Special attention is paid to his point of view on the methodology of the humanities, which by their very nature are characterized by an orientation towards secondary interpretation and subjectivity. His criticism of the L. Wittgenstein’s “Logical and Philosophical Treatise” and reflections on the problem of the meaning of life, which he sees in the creative self-realization of a person, are outlined as well.

Обзор материалов фонда Р-145 Национального архива Республики Калмыкии — личного фонда профессора Н. Н. Пальмова

Introduction. N. N. Palmov, the founder of the archives of Kalmykia, one of the first researchers of the history of Kalmykia during the Soviet period, made a huge contribution to the formation and development of historical science and archival affairs of Kalmykia. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the affairs of the personal fund of Professor N. N. Palmov, stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The article presents an overview of the cases included in the personal fund of N. N. Palmov. It is noted that a significant place in the R-145 fund is occupied by information about land problems, about the economic activities of the Kalmyks and about social problems. There are materials on plans for the reconstruction of public life, on the living conditions of the Kalmyk population. Often, the cases of the R-145 foundation are complex in nature — a variety of data included in one case show the process of N. N. Palmov’s research work. Conclusions. The R-145 Fund of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia contains materials that expand the source base of those engaged in the study of Kalmyk history. The case files of this foundation add new positive touches to the image of N. N. Palmov as a historian and just a person.

Опыт построения эпистемологического пространства сообщительности концепций философии науки

The article presents the experience of building an epistemological space of communication of the concepts of the philosophy of science. Based on his experience of teaching philosophy of science at three universities, the author raises the question of the conditions for building such a space. One condition is the analysis of different approaches to constructing the concepts of science. The second is the correction of one’s own approach and understanding of science, which would take into account other approaches to the study of science and the results obtained in them. The concepts of K. Popper, T. Kuhn, S. Toulmin, I. Lakatos are chosen for correction. In addition, the author’s concept of science is presented, carried out within the framework of the cultural-historical approach and general methodology. The author distinguishes two start-ups of science - the ancient one, where the ‘genome of science’ is formed, and the new European one, in which science and its genome function as an ‘institution of modernity’ are presented. He shows that in the construction of the theory of science, an important role is played by problems arising in culture, their resolution with the help of schemes, the construction of ideal objects based on schemes and logic requirements, which allow building a theoretical discourse, solving problems within its framework, comprehending empirical material. The methodological analysis made it possible to state that the development of science is not only a law-like process, due to the change of cultures, personality traits of scientists and forms of understanding science (“conceptualization” of science), but also a singular process in which each historical step in the development of science brings unique features with it. (they can be described, but cannot be subsumed under the concepts of ‘law’ or ‘regularity’). These provisions correspond to the ideas about science by Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin and Lakatos. At the same time, the author shows that they set themselves the task of explaining scientific revolutions or the historical development of science, but they took modern natural science as the ideal of science, often referred to the situation of the formation of modern science to illustrate these processes, and replaced the historical study of science by constructing it as a constant mechanism.

Modernization of humanities and political sciences in Turkiye in the works of Zeki Velidi Togan

This article examines Z.V. Togan’s intellectual development and thoughts about Turkic unity as a scientist who made significant contributions to the development of Turkish historical science. He is recognized as one of the most well-known historians of Turkiye and the Turkic peoples in general. He was a pioneer in the development of historical science in the Republic of Turkiye. The articles of Türk Yurdu journal need special attention because they explain his research methodologies in detail. He underlined the need of working with multinational experts and understanding several languages. Z.V. Togan traveled to Europe for political reasons and found great success. After achieving international renown, he returned to Turkiye to teach at Istanbul University. This accelerated the evolution of Turkish historiography. Z.V. Togan urged that Turkish historians’ works to be translated into Western languages and be objective in their coverage of historical events. He is a scientist who was well-versed in Turkic history and worked for their cultural unity. His ideas and concepts are well tracked in his essays in such journals as Türk Yurdu, Yurt Bilgisi, Orhun. His work titled Tarihte Usul is now a reference book for many scientists, highlighting theories and approaches for examining genuine historical problems.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ НА ШЛЯХУ ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Relevance and purpose of the article. In response to information and globalization processes in the modern world, to the occupation-genocide war of Russia against Ukraine reconstruction and transformation of sciences is ongoing, including Ukrainian historiography in electronic form, which is accompanied by an update of methodological, cognitive-scientific, educational, ideological and educational functions, enrichment of the source base at the expense of electronic information resources, expansion of the issues of scientific research studies, transfer of research results into digital form, and hence the new format of their presentations and introduction into social practices. The research methodology is based on taking into account the assets of predecessors, systematic adherence to the principles of historicism, continuity, anthropological, sociocultural and critical-analytical approaches, the involvement of methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis, comparative studies, methods of historical-chronological, historical-genetic knowledge and personal reflections. Presentation of the material built in four blocks: a) methodological and terminological foundations of the formation of electronic historiography; b) formation of historiographical sources in digital format and involvement of their information resources; c) creation of electronic historiographical texts; d) traditional and public historiography in the digital information space. Systematized information about the format and content of electronic web portals and websites of academic historical institutions, historical faculties and departments of national universities, creation of electronic texts based on the involvement of sources and literature on electronic carrier, formation of public history in digital format. Highlighted the value of electronic information resources of libraries, archives, museums for the development of historiography, the historiographical context of the concepts «electronic source» and «informational electronic resource» is clarified. Separated place and role in the structure of the source base historiography of electronic information resources of social networks, Internet communities, bloggers, in particular Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Viber, Instagram, Twitter, Telegram, Messenger etc. Expressed a warning about the need to be critical of information, drawn from social networks, checking their authenticity, comparison with other sources, specified, th at they are often used for disinformation and manipulation of consciousness through fake posts, for compromising historians, which was especially evident in the conditions of the current war and Russia's informational aggression against Ukraine, the «war of histories», the imposition of the paradigm of «one nation» and «Russian peace». Conclusions and suggestions. Formation of electronic Ukrainian historiography, involvement in scientific studies of sources on digital media, the creation of electronic texts is intended to contribute to the new quality of research work, formation of a new generation of scientists as a response to the challenges of the digital revolution, globalization of the modern world, the information explosion and Russia's war against Ukraine. It is important to continue further research into the problems of the formation and development of digital historiography, updating the methodology, increasingly wider involvement of electronic information resources and increasing on this basis its role as a system of scientific knowledge and educational discipline on the development of historical science.

New History of Capitalism, American historiography and the burden of slavery

The paper traces the emergence and influence of a new movement in American historiography, the New History of Capitalism (NHC). Th e NHC is situated and analyzed in the broader context along with the development of historical science in the United States. Special emphasis placed by the NHC on the role of slavery in American economic development is examined. Concepts advanced by the NHC are scrutinized in light of the decades-long debates in American historiography considering the impact of slavery on the rise of capitalism, and the capitalist character of American slavery.

Features of source studies on the history of Kazakhstan in the second half of the 20th century

This article examines the trends in the development of source studies on the history of Kazakhstan in the context of the historiography of source studies. This formulation of the question allows us to determine the specifics and relevance of classical knowledge in the second half of the twentieth century. Along with an extensive corpus of works of historians in this period, a worthy place is occupied by source studies on the history of Kazakhstan, which are built on the basis of methodological synthesis and determine the depth of source studies. The growth of interest in source studies is a natural phenomenon in the development of historical science. This was facilitated by the internal prerequisites for the development of the infrastructure of source studies and the decisive impetus was the formation of conceptual approaches in various aspects of the nature of the historical source and its criticism. The research procedures of scientists are based on the methods of analyzing historical sources and consistently contribute to the explanation of historical reality in fundamental research. Understanding the historian's research practice and his logical analysis makes it possible to find out the criteria for posing a scientific problem, explanatory models, and author’s heuristics in general, and also to determine a unified concept of working with historical sources.

ЕСІМ ЖӘНЕ ТҰРСЫН ХАНДАР АРАСЫНДАҒЫ ТАЛАС-ТАРТЫСТЫҢКЕЙБІР МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ

The increasing importance of oral history and folk sources (especially shezhire in Kazakhstanhistoriography)is one of the important trends in the development of historical science. In recent years, shezhire data has become one of the active sources capable of providing interesting facts on the medieval history of Kazakhstan. Using them opens up new horizons in the history of the Kazakh Khanate. The object of the study is the political and military confrontation between Yessim Khan and Tursun Khan in 1626-1627/28. The main directions of Tursun Khan's domestic policy and military actions in the war against Yessim Khan in the process of its beginning and development as an integral part of the domestic military tragedy were chosen as the subject of the study. This also determines the chronological framework of the study, which focuses on the most intense events in the first quarter of the XVII century. Kazakh shezhire, as well as oral history, has deeply and acutely preserved the consequences of the internecine war. Especially the horrors of war were experienced by the Dulats, Katagans and other tribes who suffered great human lossesand material costs. The materials of shezhire and the oral history of the Dulat (Shuyldak genus) tribe have preserved in people's memory some intrigues, secret conspiracies and insidious deeds of Tursun Khan. As a result, apparently they became some of the reasons for the ruptureof the relationship between the two rulers. The issues analyzed in the article are poorly studied and have not received comprehensive development in the domestic scientific literature until now.

Image of Peter I in Modern Historiographical and Public Discourse

The relevance of the subject of the research is determined by the request for rethinking the personality and political activity of Peter the Great from the standpoint of new methodological approaches in the development of historical science. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the discursive space around the figure of Peter I and to conduct the classification analysis of the scientific and historical-journalistic approaches put forward in relation to it. When conducting the research, the authors relied on the combination of the theory of discourse and traditional methods of historiography. Based on the study of modern scientific and journalistic literature, there were described 8 historiographical models of understanding the activities of Peter I in relation to various methodologies of history. On the basis of the results obtained, the authors conclude that there has begun a new historiographical stage in the study of Peter the Great's time manifested in the change in the key dichotomies of the public discussion on Peter I. The forecast is made about the shift in the approaches to perceiving Peter I established in society under the influence of historiographical discourse and current political transformations.

DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE IN THE HIGHER SCHOOL OF CHUVASHIA (1967–2022): TO THE 55th ANNIVERSARY OF THE I.N. ULYANOV CHUVASH STATE UNIVERSITY

In modern conditions, the formation and evolution of the humanities in Russia is of particular relevance. Among the fundamental foundations of the socio-humanitarian sciences, the historical sphere of scientific knowledge occupies a central place. It is impossible to build the future without understanding the events of the past. The study of the historical science development in our state was conducted both by science institutes and by higher education institutions. Scientists often combined teaching and research. This trend was typical for the whole country, including its regions. The Chuvash Republic was no exception. In general, historical education on the territory of Chuvashia began to emerge in 1930. Between 1930 and 1967, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute carried out the professional historical staff training. A new stage in the development of higher historical education in the Chuvash ASSR began in 1967. The opening of the Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov (CSU) was a landmark event. The article presents the formation and development of historical science at CSU, which included a number of independent areas: opening of new specialties, creation of departments and laboratories, formation of scientific schools, work of the dissertation council and training of scientific and pedagogical staff, holding conferences, publishing scientific journals, proceedings and monographs, implementing grants, etc. Each of these activities is a significant work behind which stand prominent scientists of the Republic. It is pointed out that for its 55th anniversary, the Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov created a galaxy of talented historians, whose names are known outside Chuvashia. The change of generations is an integral element of the transfer of knowledge and traditions. Any research team, first of all, is a combination of the wisdom and working capacity of leading specialists, as well as acquiring new knowledge by novice researchers. Continuity and traditions are important components of the historical scientific schools of Chuvashia.

The use of agencies by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR to control academic historical science in Soviet Ukraine (1953)

One of the working methods of the state security bodies of the Ukrainian SSR, which were then part of the combined Ministry of Internal Affairs with the scientific intelligentsia, namely with the employees of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, was revealed. Through the agent, who worked in this structure, state security officials tried to influence the personnel of the Institute and the main areas of its scientific activity. The agent's report was summarized and thoroughly analyzed. In his reports, a description of the state of work on the main research of the Institute’s scientists was provided, with the corresponding assessments characteristic of the era of Stalinist dominance, and, as a rule, a negative description of the Institute’s leading scientists and managers. Attention is focused on several main aspects: the agent work of state security agencies among the scientific intelligentsia and the state and development of historical science in the republic at one of the turning points in its history, because it was in the middle of 1953 that the issue of the main directions of further political, ideological and social development of the state was resolved.
 A new important historical document from the Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, which had not been published before, has been introduced into scientific circulation. Biographical materials on the names of the leading historians of Ukraine who worked at that time were added: O. K. Kasimenko, F. P. Shevchenko. Their characteristics in the indicated generalization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR and modern assessments of the scientific activity of these scientists were compared. It is emphasized that, in general, O. K. Kasymenko and F. P. Shevchenko supported progressive positions in historical science, taking into account the extent to which it was possible under the conditions of the totalitarian regime in the USSR regarding the history of Ukraine. Considering the current wartime, when ideologues of the aggressor state are constantly searching for “historical roots” in their claims to Ukraine, while referring to the alleged “achievements of historical science”, the topic, related to revealing the influence of totalitarianism on historical science, and turning it into a tool imperial policy, acquires undeniable relevance.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE “BEGINNINGS” OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY

The paper presents the results of the study on the importance of the historiographical component in the Russian science of universal history at the beginning of the second half of the XIX century. Special attention is paid to the study by Russian historians of the European science of universal history, which had a significant impact on the formation of the Russian science of universal history, starting with the university lecture courses by T.N. Granovsky and P.N. Kudryavtsev in the middle of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century. Special attention is paid to the first historiographical works by Mikhail Nazarovich Petrov (“The Latest National Historiography in Germany, England and France”) and Vladimir Ivanovich Guerrier (“Essay on the Development of Historical Science”), due to whom the European historiography of universal history turned into a research field. These two works, one of which was published in Kharkov in 1861, and the other – in 1865 in Moscow, laid the “beginnings” of historiography per se, i.e. historiography as an independent scientific discipline with its own research subject, methods, methodology, etc. In fact, there was rethinking of historiography as a historical phenomenon, and consequently, there was a need to find the “point” where knowledge about the history of science acquired its internal logic and thus turned from historiographical experience into systematized knowledge. The essence of this “point” (or moment) is that a system or organized knowledge (in other words, a concept) appeared in historiography, which turned knowledge about the history of science into a scientific discipline. The questions when and how this happened remain open. In any case, M.N. Petrov and V.I. Guerrier were the first Russian historians who sought to turn the “beginnings” of historiography into a scientific discipline. The question of the priority of the first Russian professional historiographer is still unresolved. V.E. Illeritsky expressed an opinion that it belongs to S.M. Solovyov, according to R.A. Kireeva – to M.O. Koyalovich.

How to be a better scientist: Lessons from scientific philosophy, the historical development of science, and past errors within exercise physiology

What is science? While a simple question, the answer is complex. Science is a process involving human behaviour, and due to the human influence, science is often not pursued correctly. In fact, one can argue that we still do not know what the “correct” pursuit of science should entail. This is because science remains a work in progress, differs for different questions, and we often are not aware of the mistakes made until years, or decades, later. Such mistakes are common, regardless of the discipline. Within exercise physiology, mistakes have been frequent and led to eventual corrections; the replacement of the post-exercise rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2) debt concept with that of excess post-exercise V̇O2; the invalidation of the cellular production of lactic acid; improvements to maximal heart rate estimation; and on-going debate over the Central Governor Model. Improved training and education in the historical development of science and the contributions from scientific philosophy are important in providing an understanding of science, and more importantly, how to pursue “better” vs. “inferior” forms of science. The writings of Popper and Kuhn are core to enhanced understanding of how to improve the quality of science pursued. Unfortunately, quality education and training in the historical and philosophical development of science remain poor in most countries. Until inadequate educational training is overcome, there is sustained risk for the pursuit of science to remain inadequate, which in turn has a potential widespread detriment to humanity and the planet we live on.

Программа «Мәдени мұра» («Культурное наследие») в реализации потенциала российских архивов по изучению национальной истории (на примере Российского государственного архива древних актов)

The article analyzes one of the large-scale initiatives of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev “Madeni mura”, which had a key influence on the development of historical science. The study examines the works of a prominent political figure, in which great attention is paid to the development of national history. To strengthen contacts, we consider the direction of analysis of common points of contact with Russia. Also, we provide an overview review of the President’s historical concepts and programmatic articles, which have become a kind of engine for the formation of projects to enhance the study of national history. The main focus is on studying the results of the “Madeni Mura” (“Cultural Heritage”) Program, which played an important role in the formation of scientific works and collections of documents, the release of which contributed to the identification of new materials on the history of Kazakhstan. The novelty of the work is the analysis of a number of volumes of the ten-volume “History of Kazakhstan in Russian Sources”, published within the framework of the Program, which used documents found in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). The basic issues of Kazakh-Russian relations and the history of Kazakhstan were considered, according to which the published documents were selected: Geographical and territorial aspects,socio-economic and military-political cooperation. The collections of documents were studied where some of the previously identified sources were also published. The main result of the work was the study of the little- studied aspects of the Kazakh-Russian contacts and the degree of influence of the “Madeni mura” program on enhancing the research and identification of archival documents on the example of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts.

''… SENT BY JESUS CHRIST'' (CULTURAL INCIDENT OF 1875 IN THE CHIGIRINSKY DISTRICT)

The relevance of the topic is due to the trends in the development of historical science, the vector of which is directed towards the study of the history of "little" people. One of the completely forgotten characters of the past was a simple peasant woman, Nastasya Likhosherstaya. For the first time in historiography, her work is in the field of special scientific interest and is considered against the background of long-term peasant unrest in the Chigirin district of the Kiev province in the 1870s. The scene of action was the village of Adamovka of the same district. The main characters are Likhosherstaya herself, several hundred villagers, mostly women, a volost foreman and a local priest. The study was carried out within the framework of microhistory methods, which make it possible to consider the object of study in event details and semantic shades. The source base for the study was the materials of official records management, including reports from the volost and district police authorities to higher authorities, as well as reports from the Kiev GZhU to the 3rd department of the imperial chancellery. The article shows how the study of a separate cultural incident helps to take a fresh look at the attitude of the peasants themselves to the reform in the state village on the example of a specific district of Right-Bank Ukraine.

Эрнст Шайгарданович Хазиахметов: ученый-исследователь, преподаватель, человек. 1936–2007 гг.

The interest in the formation and development of historical science in the region led to the need to create a socio-political history of the Siberian region. This goal is achieved in the second half of the 20th century thanks to the efforts of a number of researchers. Many of the researchers do history and social studies teachers trained as part of the transition to universal secondary education. One of them was E. Sh. Khaziakhmetov. Based on the memoirs of colleagues, reference materials and archival funds, personal impressions, the author comes to the conclusion that Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor E. Sh. Khaziakhmetov is one of the founders of the scientific school for the study of pre-revolutionary political exile in Siberia. A man of his time: a child who lost his father and survived the war, a student during the «thaw», a witness to the development of the region in the post-war years and a university teacher. In what he saw the usefulness of his work, how his political views changed over the years, changes in the socio-economic system and political system, the presented material will tell.

Journal launch: Welcome Opto-Electronic Science

Optics is an ancient and vibrant subject with a rich history of thousands of years. Since Maxwell discovered that light is an electromagnetic wave, optics has always been accompanied by electricity. Optics and opto-electronics play a vital role in many key fields related to the development and progress of mankind, such as energy, information, internet, astronomy, and medicine, etc. Many large-scale scientific projects, ranging from laser nuclear fusion to gravitational wave detection, from large-aperture telescopes to lithography equipment, are mainly based on opto-electronic science. <br/> In the history of scientific development, the opto-electronic discipline is also extremely important. A large number of Nobel Prize winning works on Theory of relativity, Quantum theory, Lasers, Laser cooling, Light-emitting diodes, and Topological phase transitions, are deeply rooted in opto-electronic science. Nowadays, there are still many unaddressed issues in the field of opto-electronic science, in particular the optical diffraction limit, the coupling of photons and electrons, new opto-electronic materials, and the analogy between topological electron and topological photon related effects, which require our in-depth investigations. New breakthroughs, new paradigms and new horizons in fundamental research are therefore needed. <br/> To promote discussions among scientific community and interdisciplinary collaboration, here we announce the launch of a new journal, <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em>, to display the emerging groundbreaking research focused on opto-electronics, and to encourage researchers to discover more the nature of science. <br/> <em>Opto-Electronic Science</em> (OES) is founded and sponsored by the Institute of Optics and Electronics (IOE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which is a crucial research institute in the field of opto-electronics in China, with a glorious history of over 50 years. OES is an open-access journal to promptly publish peer-reviewed Articles, Letters, Reviews, and Editorials, etc. This new journal will focus more on theoretical and fundamental innovations covering the broad area of optics, photonics and opto-electronics. Selected as a China’s high-profile new journal, it is supported by China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). <br/> We are very honored in assembling an outstanding editorial board of world-leading scientists who are actively engaged in the research community. They are dedicated to select effective professional reviewers and manage the high-standard peer-reviewing processes of the manuscripts with their expertise and insight. OES has firm supports from the excellent editorial team of its sister journal <em>Opto-Electronic Advances</em> (OEA). <br/> We are looking forward, with the most excellent contributions from the community, to making Opto-Electronic Science an outstanding platform for exhibiting the finest fundamental innovations in opto-electronics and related disciplines. We also hope that it will bring new inspirations for researchers and usher them into the exciting and bright future of opto-electronics science.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ДІЛОВОДНИХ ВІДНОСИН У ГАЛИЧИНІ В СКЛАДІ ПОЛЬСЬКОГО КОРОЛІВСТВА (1340–1569 рр.)

Under modern conditions of development of historical science, the study and analysis of document systems in different historical periods require comprehensive attention. It will help to understand more about the nature of the issue of retrospective functioning of record-keeping relations. Today there is a lack of new research on the historical and regional features of this process. Moreover, the accession of Galicia to the Kingdom of Poland, the creation of the Russian Voivodeship, and hence the introduction of large-scale Polish administrative management, legal system, production, education, culture have not been fully disclosed. Certain differences in the organizational principles of institutional documentation in the Ukrainian lands have not been revealed. The article defines the socio-political status of the population of Galicia, which was determined by belonging to a certain state, namely: nobility, clergy, burghers, peasants, which was reflected in the formation of relevant representative bodies of government at all levels with appropriate regulatory framework, that defined general way of working with documents and managing administrative institutions. At the same time, the article states the fact that despite the accession of Galicia to the Kingdom of Poland forced the indigenous Ukrainian population to get used to the system of government forcibly imposed by the invaders, it did not lose its ethnic identity. It was reflected in the formation of documentary and office-based territorial vocabulary with the preservation of words inherited from the times not only of Galicia-Volyn, but also from ancient Russia. The convening of regular congresses of the nobility and the adoption of relevant documents-decisions not only contributed to the formation of the foundation of aristocratic democracy in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, but also accelerated the consolidation of various ethnic and religious groups.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ КАК СПОСОБ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ ДИСКРЕТНОСТИ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО СОЗНАНИЯ

The article deals with the actual problem of overcoming the discreteness of historical consciousness, which arose as a result of the acquisition of traumatic experience of experiencing negative historical phenomena. The author notes that the historical conditions in which the acquisition and experience of traumatic experience occurs, as a result of which the discreteness of historical consciousness is formed and manifested, are carried out during periods of serious socio-cultural transformations and shocks at the individual and collective level. The author notes that such shocks are events associated with various social disasters, military conflicts, natural and man-made disasters, etc.). The collective trauma acquired in these conditions affects the process of formation of discrete historical consciousness, qualitative and quantitative transformation of the social structure, influencing the sphere of ideology. As a result of the research, the author came to the conclusion that the specificity of historical representations is associated with the level of development of historical consciousness of society; with the historical and socio-cultural context in which they are formed; with the level of development of historical science and scientific communications aimed at the formation of historical consciousness. At the conceptual and everyday level, different ways of historical representations are used, with the help of which it is possible to understand what kind of experience a society or an individual is experiencing. The author states that historical representations differ in their insufficiency and riskiness.