Development Of High-rise Buildings Research Articles

Perencanaan dan Analisis Keefektifan Penempatan Dinding Geser terhadap Perilaku Struktur dengan Software ETABS

The rise of high-rise building development is due to land limitations and also the soaring population. The vulnerability of high-level building structures to lateral forces, one of which is the earthquake force, requires that high-level building structures be able to withstand the lateral forces that occur. There are several structural systems in resisting lateral forces, including moment-bearing frame systems and shear wall systems. The purpose of this research is to compare the structural analysis of three alternative plans with different shear wall placements. The structural analysis uses ETABS software that refers to SNI 1726: 2019. The results of the research from three alternative models, show that the smallest deviation value towards the X-axis and Y-axis, and the average deviation value is 19.787 mm in the X-direction and 17.220 mm in the Y-direction. The requirements for a dual system with a special moment-bearing frame are also met in alternative planning 2 with a contribution of forces acting on the portal of 36.7340% in the X-direction and 31.1996% in the Y-direction. The amount of mass participation that occurs is above 90% and in accordance with the requirements specified by SNI.

Measuring Vertical Urban Growth of Patna Urban Agglomeration Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry SAR (PSInSAR) Remote Sensing

In the present study, the vertical and horizontal growth of Patna Urban Agglomeration was evaluated using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique during 2015–2018. The vertical urban growth assessment of the city landscape was assessed using microwave time series (30 temporal) datasets of Single Look Complex (SLC) Sentinel-1A interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar using SARPROZ software (ver. 2020). This study demonstrated that peripheral city regions experienced higher vertical growth (~4 m year−1) compared to the city core regions, owing to higher urban development opportunities leading to significant land use alterations, the development of high-rise buildings, and infrastructural development. While the city core of Patna observed an infill and densification process, as it was already saturated and highly densified. The rapidly urbanizing city in the developing region witnessed a considerable horizontal urban expansion as estimated through the normalized difference index for built-up areas (NDIB) and speckle divergence (SD) using optical Sentinel 2A and microwave Sentinel-1A ground range detected (GRD) satellite data, respectively. The speckle divergence-based method exhibited high urban growth (net growth of 11.28 km2) with moderate urban infill during 2015–2018 and reported a higher accuracy as compared to NDIB. This study highlights the application of SAR remote sensing for precise urban area delineation and temporal monitoring of urban growth considering horizontal and vertical expansion through processing a long series of InSAR datasets that provide valuable information for informed decision-making and support the development of sustainable and resilient cities.

ВИСОТНІ АРХІТЕКТУРНІ БУДІВЛІ В ІСТОРІЇ ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ЇХ ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article examines the historical and economic prerequisites of the modern normative view on the relevance of the construction of high-rise buildings. In the conditions of martial law, the government is actively regulating and reforming the construction industry, which will form the normative basis for the restoration of our Motherland after the victory over the aggressor. From the time of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids to today, skyscrapers have been built in various parts of the world, including in Ukraine, but historically their permitted height was limited by the individual features of the laws of the countries (both technical, technological, and financial factors). The analysis of the historical experience of the relevance of the construction of high-rise buildings will provide an opportunity to determine the rationality of the implementation of investment projects of high-rise construction in Ukraine. The article examines the historical development of high-rise buildings in the history of civilization, their economic significance. The need to restore our Motherland after the victory over the aggressor requires the regulation of the construction industry, the creation of a regulatory framework for the implementation of investment projects in construction, including the construction of high-rise buildings, based on the historical experience of construction both in Ukraine and in other parts of the world. The question of the relevance of high-rise construction is quite debatable and individual from the point of view of the legislation of different countries. During the period of human existence, high-rise construction was implemented in different parts of the world, including in Ukraine, but the most skyscrapers were in China and the United Arab Emirates. Limitation of the construction of high-rise buildings until the 20th century. associated with limited technical achievements, as only ladders and models of water pumps were used for climbing to a height that made it possible to lift passengers up to a height of 10 m. At that time, buildings with a height of only 6 floors were erected. The activation of high-rise construction is directly related to the use of such innovations - elevators; pressure pumps that allow passengers to be lifted to a height of more than 10m and modern materials, mainly reinforced concrete and metal. The construction of skyscrapers during the period of industrial development and urban planning (1800s) was facilitated by American legislation, which included a significant increase in the value of land plots, the introduction of a tax on profits from the use of land plots. Unfortunately, today, due to the inhumane military actions of the aggressors, we will not determine the status of skyscrapers in Ukraine. But we are sure that after the victory in our Motherland, everything will be rebuilt.

Research on Groundwater Control Technology in Construction Based on Foundation Pit Construction Condition

With the rapid development of national economy and the restriction of urban construction land, high-rise buildings are mostly concentrated in urban centers. The construction and development of high-rise buildings promote the rapid development of deep foundation pit engineering, and the number and scale of foundation pit engineering are increasing day by day. In urban construction, a large number of high-rise buildings appear, and with the need of subway engineering and civil air defence works, deep foundation pit engineering in buildings is very common. In order to ensure the safe construction of deep foundation pit, groundwater must be controlled. If the groundwater is mainly phreatic water, vadose water or confined water with low water pressure, it should be blocked mainly. The specific technology is to construct a water-stop curtain around the foundation pit to stop the groundwater outside the foundation pit. If the groundwater is confined water with high pressure, measures should be taken to remove the water in the pit to prevent the foundation pit from surging. By analyzing the relationship between deep foundation pit engineering and groundwater, this paper summarizes the control methods of groundwater in deep foundation pit engineering.

Risks in high-rise buildings and countermeasures

In the last half century, high-rise buildings have entered a phase of rapid development as a result of the swift growth of economy especially in Asia’s developing countries. Despite the optimistic prospect of the development of high-rise buildings, risks exist perpetually. The risks of high-rise buildings consist not only in structures, but also in environmental, social and cultural facets. However, those engaged in the latter one was often ignored, which is not conducive to a thorough assessment. This paper considers and analyses risks in a more integral and comprehensive approach. In this paper risks are divided into three categories: construction, structure and utility based on the building’s entire life cycle. In each category, in order to analyze in more detail, risks are further divided into sub-categories with dropping, mechanical injury, fire and finance in construction, failing and fire in structure and fire, surrounding effects and acceptance in utility. In tune with the risks, countermeasures contain both the concept of solving as well as the exact action to take, including enhance risk prevention measures and ensure risk control measures in construction, adopt the best structural plan, and guarantee structural performance in structure, take effective measures against fire and maintain environmentally and socially friendly in utility. In future study, the risks defined by numerical values and those defined by verbal expressions are expected to get combined through some ingenious way of incorporating. This paper serves as a synthesized analysis of risks in various domains and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.

Recent Fire Safety Design of High-Rise Buildings

As urbanization picks up speed, row upon row of high-rise buildings spring up, and their structure is increasingly complex. In the meantime, fire poses a more and more serious problem to these buildings. This paper summarizes the recent development of high-rise buildings, and analyzes the main features of high-rise building fire from the angles of material design, structural design, etc. The technical development of heat preservation material greatly improves the security of exterior fire prevention system. Starting from the structure of the building itself, architects have carried out systematic and reasonable planning for smoke exhaust design, automatic alarm design, stair design, and so on. The fire safety of high-rise buildings could be improved in an all-round way, drawing on advanced technologies like fighting drones, robots and the Internet of things.

Strategic Interaction Between the Agglomeration of High-Rise Buildings and the Economy of DKI Jakarta

Vertical building development has become a strategic solution in accommodating the need for living and working spaces in DKI Jakarta with its land scarcity issues. As a response to the increasing demand for space, the government and experts constantly update the strategic policies for high-rise building development while the developers plan and construct more buildings for business purposes. This study aims to investigate the economic and non-economic factors that affect the development of high-rise buildings and the relationship between the agglomeration of high-rise buildings and the tertiary sector GRDP. To achieve these objectives, we primarily use the data of the number of floors of high-rise buildings collected from Emporis. Other variables are retrieved from the secondary data collected from the official data of the DKI Jakarta government. Pooled OLS estimation of panel data in the 2007-2018 urban village level proves that the strategic interactions occur during the construction of commercial-office and residential high-rise buildings in DKI Jakarta. The estimation result at the city level provides evidence that the presence of commercial-office high-rise buildings in DKI Jakarta generates effective density as it contributes positively to the tertiary sector GRDP. This study provides a new perspective in examining the relationship between the agglomeration of the economy and high-rise buildings in third-world cities, in this case, DKI Jakarta, by using quantitative research through econometric models.

Increase Safety in High-Rise Building Construction with Innovation on Cranes

Rapid development of the construction industry and decrease in land space have resulted in the development of high-rise buildings. This makes the usage of cranes inevitable. However, usage of cranes has often caused accidents which result in deaths and also varies injuries. This paper aims to increase the level of safety for high-rise building construction when using crane. Literature and empirical data were obtained in this study. Review of related literature was conducted to identify problems associated with the use of cranes in high-rise building constructions. Questionnaire survey was carried out on industry players to recognize the current practice in the industry. Document analysis was then implemented to highlight the existing flaws of the current crane design. An innovation was then proposed to try counteract the problems highlighted earlier. It is expected that the innovation proposed will have a huge impact to the level of safety in crane usage for high-rise building construction. Being simple and economical, it is targeted that the innovation is easily adopted by construction players.

Vertical distribution characteristics of outdoor particulate matter concentration in high-rise buildings during working days and non-working days

With the acceleration urbanization in China, it is great significance to understand the distribution characteristics of outdoor particulate matter concentration in high-rise buildings during working days and non-working days. In this paper, a high-rise building of different heights (1, 7, 11, 17, 23, 27) in a university in Xi'an is tested and analyzed. The test times are 8:00, 14:00 and 21:00 respectively. The results showed that the change trend of the particulate matter concentration with the increase of vertical height is the same at all times of the non-working day. While the change trend of particulate matter concentration with the increase of vertical height is basically the same at other times except 8:00 on the working day. In addition, the concentration of particulate matter on working days increased significantly compared to non-working days, with the largest increase at 14:00. On non-working days, PM1.0/PM10 and PM2.5/PM10 both showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing in different time periods. On weekdays, PM1.0/PM10 and PM2.5/PM10 all showed a trend of falling first and then rising in different time periods. This article provides a reference for the development of high-rise buildings and the effective control of particulate matter concentration in high-rise buildings.

A Model for Managing the Performance of CMMS Deployment in High-Rise Office Buildings: A View from Lagos, Nigeria

The development of high-rise buildings is a current trend in developed cities to answer the challenges of population growth, adding aesthetic value, and optimal use of land. Lagos particularly is one of the fastest growing cities in the world with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) in Nigeria, which suggests the need for multiple complex buildings, and the need for their maintenance cannot be overemphasised. This maintenance aspect requires tremendous work due to the complexity attached and several strategies springing up. Different studies reveal that both performance measurements and factors are essential aspects in evaluating maintenance management. Thus, this study seeks to explore performance elements that could improve maintenance. Personnel attitude, maintenance policy, maintenance review, and maintenance implementation were measured relative to computerised maintenance management system (CMMS) performance. With a random sampling technique, a sample of 134 Facility Management (FM) practitioners involved in high-rise office buildings was used to assess the effects of CMMS deployment. Results were analysed by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings from this study highlighted an indirect effect size and a large predictive relevance of personnel attitude as a critical factor for a smooth maintenance execution procedure of 12.59% and a standard operating procedure (SOP) of 15.64% on maintenance implementation to contribute 28.36% to performance. This paper uncovers the place of personnel attitude in determining effective maintenance.

An Overview of High-Rise Buildings in Jakarta since 1967 to 2020

High-rise buildings in big cities are crucial for business, economic, educational, residential, and entertainment activities in recent times. The technology discoveries in various fields that support high-rise building construction such as structure, mechanical, electrical, and materials have opened up opportunities for comfortable and environmentally safe architectural work. The first milestone of high-rise building construction knowledge in Indonesia was the completion of the thirteen-floors Sarinah retail building in 1967. Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, then experienced rapid growth of high-rise buildings construction. However, there is limited research on the development of high-rise building designs in Indonesia, especially from an architectural design perspective. It leads to the lack of literature on high-rise building design in Indonesia. By utilizing a publicly accessible database from the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat and recent literature called Designing Tall Building by Mark Sarkisian, this paper explores the design development of high-rise buildings in Jakarta from time to time in the aspects of architecture, structure and sustainability.

Double deck elevator group control systems using evolutionary algorithms: Interfloor and lunchpeak traffic analysis

The continuous development of high-rise buildings around the world requires the installation of efficient elevator systems able to vertically transport the different passengers along the buildings in their daily journeys. Double deck elevators can increase the efficiency of these vertical transportation systems. Double deck elevators consist of two adjacent cabins that are joined and travel together along the same shaft, so the handling capacity of the system can be improved by allowing the dispatch of passengers with destination to two consecutive floors at the same instant. This type of architecture emerges as especially appropriate for uppeak traffic conditions. However, its suitability has not been sufficiently analysed for non-dominant (up or down) traffic patterns, such as interfloor and lunchpeak traffic. Our paper deals with conventionally controlled double deck elevators, where the Elevator Group Control System (EGCS) requires specific car-landing call allocation algorithms able to manage such special car architectures. Along this line, we propose a genetic algorithm that demonstrated a good performance when compared to a tabu search algorithm that was used as benchmark for comparison, taking into account different fitness evaluation functions (overall dispatching time and nearest call). The analysis was undertaken for interfloor and lunchpeak traffics and the average waiting, transit and journey times, and the energy consumption are reported as performance indexes of the vertical transportation system. The algorithms produced efficient results outperforming the considered benchmark and emerged as very competitive algorithms considering all the performance indexes as a whole. Results were tested using ELEVATE, the standard simulation software for vertical transportation.

Dependence of wind load on air density for highrise buildings

Accurate determination of wind load is of great importance for the wind-resistant design of building structures. Despite the fact that air density varies systematically with altitude, and somewhat less so with barometric pressure, air temperature, and latitude, there is a lack of studies on the dependence of wind load on air density especially for highrise buildings. This article presents a special study on this topic. The dependence of air density on latitude, season and altitude is investigated first, based on meteorological records at several national stations in China. The height-dependence of air density in the inner region of a tropical cyclone (TC) is highlighted, since there is a fast development of highrise buildings in TC-prone areas and TC wind load dominates the design wind loads for such slender wind-sensitive structures. A data-driven model for the height-dependence of TC air density is established. It is shown that the measured TC air density is reduced by 8%–10% compared with the values recommended in the wind load codes. The dependence of wind load and wind-induced structural response on air density for a supertall building is then analyzed through a combined usage of the proposed TC air density model and wind tunnel testing. Results suggest that the wind load and wind-induced response of the building obtained by considering the height-dependence of air density can be decreased by as much as ~12% compared with those without considering such effects. Thus, more economic wind-resistant designs for highrise buildings may be achieved by taking into account the height-dependence of air density.

Study on Wide-Deep Strip Foundations Resting on Unsaturated Soils

With the development of high-rise buildings, wide and deep foundations have been extensively applied to practical projects during the last several decades. This research aims to develop a solution that applies to wide and deep foundations with the necessary accuracy. Considering the influences of matric suction, adjusted soil parameters, wall friction, and stress strength nonlinearities from high matric suction, a solution for estimating the bearing capacity of strip foundations on unsaturated soils is presented based on the unified strength theory of unsaturated soils and the upper bound method of limit analysis. The validity and applicability of the solution are verified compared with Meyerhof's solution and Zhang's solution. The influences of the breadth, depth/breadth ratio, wall friction, matric suction, and adjustment factor of soil parameters upon the bearing capacity are discussed. Furthermore, a simplified chart-lookup method is presented for practical application. Because it includes the wall friction and assumes only a single failure pattern in derivation, the solution developed for the bearing capacity of strip foundations applies to both shallow and deep foundations.

Research on Technology Development of High-rise Buildings Based on Modern Green Environmental Protection Theory

With the continuous development of construction technology in China’s super-tall buildings, the construction of super-tall buildings has gradually expanded from first-tier cities to second-tier and third-tier cities. In order to create green super high-rise buildings, in addition to the rational use of key technologies in design and operation, it is also necessary to correctly grasp the current standard regulations for green buildings and green construction. According to relevant requirements and evaluation standards, correspondingly propose green the main points of construction technology, and at the same time put forward ideas for the application of clean and renewable energy in the construction process according to the current national conditions.

Research on the Phenomenon of Shear Force Over Limit in the Upper Shear Wall of Frame Supported Beam

With the development of high-rise buildings, part of the frame structure is usually used to support the upper reinforced concrete shear wall, in order to form a large space. Thus a framed shear wall structure is formed. The shear force design value of the shear wall which is on top of the frame supported beam often exceeds limit value that a shear wall can bear during the construction design process. This does not meet the requirements of the current national code. A high-rise building with transfer story in 7 degree earthquake area is taken as an example to analyze the reason of shear wall over limit by using structural design software PKPM in this paper. Through numerical simulation analysis, it is concluded that the main reason for the shear force over limit is that the increase of constant load, which results in the increase of relative deformation of the frame supported beam and the shear wall, as well as the axial force of the coupling beam. Specific measures to reduce the shear force over limit are proposed by using a finite element analysis software MIDAS, which provides references for a structural engineer to carry out the design.

Technological Advances in Japan’s High-Rise Buildings

The architectural and structural analysis of selected high-rise buildings in Japan is presented in this paper. Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya have the largest share in development of high-rise buildings. Those cities are very densely populated and moreover they are located in one of the most active seismic zones. The combination of these factors has resulted in the creation of sophisticated designs and innovative engineering solutions, especially in the field of design and construction of high-rise buildings. The foreign architectural studios (Jean Nouvel, Kohn Pedesen Associates, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) which specialize in the designing of skyscrapers, played a major role in the development of technological ideas and architectural forms for such extraordinary engineering structures. Among the projects completed by them, there are examples of high-rise buildings that set precedents for future development. An essential aspect which influences the design of high-rise buildings is the necessity to take into consideration their dynamic reaction to earthquakes and counteracting wind vortices. The need to control motions of these buildings, induced by the force coming from earthquakes and wind, led to the development of various methods and devices for dissipating energy during such phenomena. Currently, Japan is a global leader in seismic technologies which safeguard seismic influence on high-rise structures. Due to these achievements the most modern skyscrapers in Japan are able to withstand earthquakes with a magnitude of over seven degrees at the Richter scale. Applied damping devices applied are of a passive type, which do not require additional power supply or active type which need the input of extra energy. In recent years also hybrid dampers were used, with an additional active element to improve the efficiency of passive damping.

Sea breeze cooling capacity and its influencing factors in a coastal city

The sea breeze is a common phenomenon in coastal cities, but its cooling effect has not been well investigated. In this research, we firstly propose a metric of sea breeze cooling capacity (SBCC) to quantify the cooling effect of sea breezes in a coastal city, Adelaide, Australia. Based on data from the Adelaide urban heat island monitoring network in 2010–2013, we reveal the temporal and spatial patterns of SBCC in summer days in the Adelaide Central Business District (CBD) and examine their associations with environmental variables. The results show that the inter-event variability of SBCC is explained by specific humidity and wind speed, while the spatial variability of SBCC is explained by distance towards the coast, frontal area index (FAI), terrain ruggedness index (TRI) and temperature prior to the sea breeze onset. Specifically, SBCC is negatively correlated with FAI and positively correlated with TRI. Future development of high-rise buildings in the Adelaide CBD can lead to changes in both FAI and TRI. It is estimated that the projected building development in Adelaide may cause a change of SBCC ranging from −195 to 143 °C h over an average summer. This research has important implications for urban planning, public health and energy consumption in coastal cities.

The impact of energy-saving measures on the environment

The Earth’s biosphere has recently been increasingly exposed to pollution sources. The economic growth of the leading countries of the world contributes to the active development of artificial sources of pollution of the environment, which are formed due to the rapid economic activity of man. Human impact on the ecosystem is manifested as a result of the rapid development of urban space and transport infrastructure, as well as active energy consumption. The development of high-rise buildings of dense development in modern cities creates an unfavorable environmental situation in the residential zone. In densely built-up areas of the city, an industrial environment is formed. As a result of this, in a residential urban environment subject to the influence of anthropogenic factors, the natural heat-wind and air exchange conditions are changing. Using the buildings of the Moscow International Business Center Moscow-City as an example, the paper analyzes the causes of the concentration of harmful emissions in yard spaces and streets as a result of active energy consumption. A deep analysis of the influence of natural and artificial sources of pollution on the living environment is carried out. Energy consumption is identified as the cause of artificial pollution sources. The role of urban transport in the deterioration of the environmental situation of a modern city is assessed.

Finite Element Analysis of Foundation Pile Anchor Support System

With the continuous development of urban construction projects in HebeiProvince, the rise and development of high-rise buildings and undergroundengineering, the design and research of foundation pit support structure has become more and more important. The design of the foundation pit support structure directly affects the settlement and position changes of the building itself and the surrounding stratum. In this paper, the characteristics of foundation pit support are analyzed, and the related theories of finite element analysis method are introduced. Combined with the actual situation of Hebei Province, the finite element analysis method is used to simulate the construction method of foundation pile anchor support structure system. The design was analyzed and studied.