Development Of Grid Research Articles

ROCOV scheme for Fault Detection and Location in HVDC systems

A reliable DC fault protection system is essential for the development of HVDC grids. Therefore, this paper deals with the voltage derivative ROCOV scheme to locate and detect DC faults. The algorithm is able to differentiate internal and external faults considerably fast. The proposed algorithm is analyzed in a HVDC grid with different fault case scenarios. Finally, the ROCOV protection thresholds are discussed.

A new approach for reliability assessment of the smart microgrids using k-shortest path algorithms

The reliability of cyber-physical microgrids (MGs) is crucial in the development of smart grids. The reliability of MGs can be affected by cyber network failures, which have a significant impact on the physical components. Since MGs have interdependent cyber and physical elements, a smart MG can be viewed as a system of n dependent two-mode components. This paper proposes an approach to finding the k most likely configurations of the system. The method involves three phases. Firstly, the multi-mode model is obtained for physical components, considering the operation and topology of the cyber network. Then, the problem is transformed to finding the k most likely state of a system consisting of n independent multi-mode components. In the second phase, a transformation using new transformed metrics is applied. This results in the problem being converted to finding the k shortest path, which can be solved using efficient algorithms. Finally, the states are evaluated using a DC load flow, and reliability indices such as loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected energy not supplied (EENS) are calculated. Moreover, we have incorporated the dynamic thermal rating (DTR) system into our proposed model, addressing the safe enhancement of system component ratings. The results indicate that the most probable states of the system are related to the failure of distribution generators. The most severe events occur due to failure in the cyber network, and cyber network malfunction has a higher effect on EENS compared to LOLP. Additionally, we observe a significant enhancement in reliability indices when considering the DTR system over the static thermal rating (STR) system. This approach is efficient in reliability calculation using fewer system states.

Automatic verification method of relay protection equipment setting value combining cell image gray enhancement and AI recognition

In order to solve the problems of tedious, insufficient manpower, low efficiency, and easy to cause human errors in the verification of relay protection equipment settings with the development of the power grid, an automatic verification method of relay protection equipment settings combining cell image gray enhancement and AI recognition is studied. In this method, Gaussian mixture and particle swarm algorithm are used to enhance the gray level of the original image captured, and the binary method is used to further denoise the image; The histogram is used to segment the cells in the denoised constant value image one by one; The OCR technology in AI technology uses the maximum width backtracking segmentation algorithm to segment a coherent text in a cell into multiple single words, and collects the 13 dimensional characteristics of the text to be detected to compare with the text in the database. The text with the smallest error is the detected text, which completes the text extraction in the cell; Store the extracted text data in the database, check the data in the notification constant value sheet and the device constant value sheet, and give an abnormal prompt of different data. The experimental results show that the image pre processed by this method is clear, the fixed value single cell segmentation is accurate, and the OCR text extraction efficiency is high. Through a large number of data experiments, the final verification accuracy can reach 99.8%.

Modeling insights from the Austrian national gas grid under declining natural gas demand and increasing domestic renewable gas generation by 2040

This paper studies the development of the Austrian gas grid by 2040 under different decarbonization scenarios, ranging from electrifying most energy services to importing large amounts of renewable methane. The Austrian gas grid serves as a case study representative for those gas grids confronted with a drop in natural gas demand and an increase in domestic renewable gas generation in the future. A mixed-integer optimization model with a focus on the detailed representation of the existing grid (gas grid levels, pipeline capacity, route, and age) is used to determine the cost-optimal trade-off decision between expected low-utilized gas pipelines and an off-grid supply alternative (e.g., trucking and on-site gas storage) in a decarbonized Austrian and European energy system. Optimality determines whether to operate, decommission, or make replacement investments in the grid’s pipelines. Based on the required gas grid 2040 and its annual grid costs, estimates for tariffs of end customers are given. The paper’s main conclusion is that the domestic distributed renewable gas generation uptake will be associated with the need for an area-wide gas grid, but one that will be significantly less utilized. Future work could address, among other things, the exploration of the spatial interplay of local production and demand by forming regional clusters of renewable gas.

Carbon Emission Accounting during the Construction of Typical 500 kV Power Transmissions and Substations Using the Carbon Emission Factor Approach

Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.

Privacy Risks and Regulatory Challenges in Smart Grids and Renewable Energy Systems

Smart grid technologies are central to the global shift towards a more efficient and sustainable energy infrastructure, integrating advanced digital systems with traditional power networks. While these technologies offer significant benefits, including enhanced energy management and the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, they also introduce complex privacy challenges. The extensive data collection and real-time communication capabilities inherent in smart grids raise concerns over consumer privacy, data breaches, and cybersecurity threats. This paper critically examines these privacy risks within the context of evolving regulatory frameworks such as the GDPR, NIS2 Directive, and the forthcoming EU AI Act. The discussion emphasizes the need for innovative privacy protection strategies. Furthermore, the paper explores the role of anticipatory regulation in addressing the ethical dilemmas posed by AI and blockchain technologies in smart grids. By offering a forward-looking analysis of these challenges, the paper provides actionable insights for policymakers, energy companies, and technologists on balancing innovation with privacy protection. The conclusion highlights the necessity of international cooperation in establishing robust privacy standards that can support the sustainable development of smart grids while safeguarding consumer rights.

Parallel active power filter based on single-phase independent control

With the rapid development of high-voltage power grids and power electronics technology, the integration of numerous power electronic devices has led to a significant increase in harmonic pollution in power grids. Consequently, the demand for high-voltage and large-capacity active power filters has become increasingly urgent. This article introduces a novel approach using single-phase independent control and proposes a parallel active power filter based on magnetic flux compensation. This filter not only enhances power quality but also achieves three-phase decoupling control. It is specifically designed for medium and high-voltage three-phase three-wire power systems. Simulation experiments were conducted to validate the efficacy of the proposed active power filter, demonstrating its ability to effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion rate at the grid connection point and subsequently improve power quality.

5G Network Performance Optimization Strategies for Smart Grids

Abstract In this paper, a network slice resource allocation algorithm based on delay sensing is proposed for the problems of service delay and QoS reduction, and resource utilization reduction caused by unreasonable network slice resource allocation. MIMO technology is being studied to establish a communication system that supports multiple inputs and outputs for channels. A resource preallocation method for 5G edge computing is proposed by reasonably allocating resources in the 5G edge computing environment. Then, the performance of the 5G network is optimized, and the optimized network performance is analyzed based on case studies. The results show that the buffer depth of the optimized 5G network is reduced by 1.25, the network delay is reduced by 0.02s, and the network throughput is significantly improved. This study provides the theoretical basis and technical support for the further development of a smart grid in a 5G environment.

СМАРТ-СЕТИ И ИХ РОЛЬ В УСТОЙЧИВОМ РАЗВИТИИ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМ

In the context of global climate change and growing demand for electricity, the tran-sition to sustainable energy systems is a priority for modern societies. Smart grids are an innovative solution that promotes the integration of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and stability of energy systems. The article discusses the main advantages and opportunities of smart networks, their role in demand management and the development of distributed generation, as well as the challenges associated with ensuring cybersecurity and cost-effectiveness of their implementation. Special attention is paid to the analysis of global trends and prospects for the development of smart grids in the context of sustainable development of energy systems.

Research on key issues in promoting the green transformation and development of the power grid

The green transformation of the power grid is an important component of energy transition. It primarily involves promoting carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as the driving force, establishing the concept of “energy transformation and green development,” enhancing the inter-provincial power resource allocation capacity and power system flexibility, and accelerating the shift from high-carbon to low-carbon and from fossil fuel-based energy to clean energy in order to accelerate the adoption of green production and consumption patterns. This paper summarizes the characteristics of the green transformation of power grid development and puts forth relevant suggestions in terms of defining standards, enhancing the flexibility of the power grid system, and driving energy-saving and emissions reduction in various industries.

Research on intelligent analysis device for dynamic error of electric energy

With the development of smart grids, the introduction of intermittent energy and the increase in dynamic loads have led to more and more dynamic characteristics of electricity loads in the grid. Intelligent energy meters that passed calibration under steady-state load may not necessarily meet the measurement error requirements under the excitation of dynamic load test signals, and some may even produce significant errors. At present, research on dynamic error testing of intelligent energy meters mainly focuses on establishing models of dynamic error testing signals, and the reasons for the generation of dynamic errors are still unclear. In order to analyze the sources of dynamic errors in intelligent energy meters, this article adopts a mechanism modeling method to establish a full system model of intelligent energy meters, in order to analyze the influence of model parameters of each unit on the dynamic errors of active energy, and provide important theoretical reference for further improving the dynamic error characteristics of energy meters. In addition, identifying the sources of errors has important application value for improving the algorithm of energy metering chips, optimizing the overall design of energy meters, and selecting energy meters in dynamic load scenarios for the power sector.

Study on coupling and coordinated development of green development of power grid and ecosystem—from the perspective of energy industry chains

The advancement of green power grid technology, driven by the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the "Double Carbon" objective, is transforming the energy sector and promoting a greener economy. Understanding the link between green power grid development and the ecosystem is crucial. This study establishes an evaluation system to assess their coordination using a model. The analysis shows a progression towards coordinated development since 2006, with green initiatives playing a key role. This evolution highlights green development as a driving force behind power grid progress, rather than a constraint.

Study on coupling factors between green development of power grid and ecosystem—from the perspective of energy industry chains

The green power grid development, with industry and regional characteristics, impacts energy systems and eco-friendly production. Ecosystem services are vital for sustainable development. Urgent research is needed to adapt to new situations. This study establishes index systems for power grid green development and ecology. Key factors affecting their coordination are identified, guiding the promotion of green power grid development. Focus on enhancing cross-regional clean energy allocation, waste disposal, noise monitoring, and increasing electric energy use in terminal consumption.

CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-CARBON DEVELOPMENT INDEX SYSTEM IN THE ELECTRIC POWER CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Climate change has become a global challenge, and China plays a crucial role in addressing this issue, particularly with significant challenges in carbon reduction tasks. The impact of global climate change on human production and life is increasingly prominent, and countries worldwide are committed to carbon neutrality through agreements such as the Paris Agreement. China accounted for approximately 29% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2019, making achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality a key factor in global competition. The Chinese government has repeatedly declared its goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, demonstrating a strong determination. Establishing a carbon accounting system is fundamental to achieving these targets. China refers to the guidelines of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the MRV system to ensure detectable, reportable, and verifiable emissions, guaranteeing the accuracy of the data. This will facilitate the smooth operation of the national carbon trading market and stimulate carbon reduction efforts. Regarding carbon accounting, the article mentions two critical aspects: methodological guidance based on the IPCC's inventory guidelines and ensuring a detectable, reportable, and verifiable system. This provides the foundation for unified carbon emission data and the operation of the national carbon trading market. Building on the establishment of the carbon accounting system, the article further discusses the construction of a low-carbon development index system for power grid development. This involves establishing a carbon emission accounting and evaluation system for transmission and transformation projects, quantitatively monitoring and assessing projects through methods such as carbon emission accounting and input-output analysis. Additionally, a comprehensive index evaluation method is employed to construct a green construction evaluation system, providing a low-carbon green score for power grid construction. This work contributes to China's better achievement of carbon reduction goals and promotes sustainable development.

Cross-provincial and cross-regional optimization analysis of power auxiliary services for regional power grid construction

In order to improve the optimization level of regional power grid ancillary services, a cross-provincial and cross-regional optimization mechanism for power ancillary services is proposed, taking the southern regional power grid as a representative. The construction and development of typical regional power grids at home and abroad are analyzed, and the characteristics of the construction and development process of the southern regional power grid in the cross-province and cross-region scheme are explained. The direction of regional auxiliary service optimization is proposed, and the connection of electric power and electricity at the current stage is analyzed, an optimized operation model is established, proposing an auxiliary service centered on the regional power grid, with the goal of optimizing the connection and operation system, and combined with specific project pilots, an application analysis is carried out.

A Review of SCADA IoT Device Vulnerabilities in the Power Grid (A Case Study of Smart Meter)

This article summarizes and organizes recent research findings in information and communication technology security developments integrated with smart grids. A vital component of a smart grid is a smart meter. It is relevant because it can collect, process, and transport customer’s data over the Internet. Whereas developments in smart grid and smart meter technologies have given new productivity gains, they have also presented new security concerns. Security is essential in defending both the smart grid and smart meter from cyber-attack. Guaranteeing safety is one of the most challenging aspects of designing and deploying a smart metering infrastructure. This study presents a thorough investigation of the integrity of smart metering technologies from multiple different viewpoints. It focuses on threats, countermeasures, and estimations. This article makes four contributions: First, all potential vulnerabilities in smart metering components are described and examined. Second, it assesses the impact of attacks that use these weaknesses to boost the performance of each part and the whole smart meter structure. Thirdly, potential countermeasures to defend smart meters are discussed. lastly, it discusses the unresolved issues surrounding smart meter security and future research areas. This evaluation is distinctive due to its exhaustive treatment of security weaknesses and attacks on smart meter components. In conclusion, the future vision is described.

Research on neural network-based fault diagnosis and prediction method for power communication equipment

Abstract In this paper, facing the digital development of the power grid and the status quo of massive power communication equipment access and targeting the demand for highly intelligent operation and maintenance management of the power grid, combined with neural network technology, we propose an intelligent diagnosis model of power communication equipment faults. Adopting BERT as the vector embedding layer to obtain the vector sequence of fault text, designing a fault entity recognition model for power communication equipment based on BERT-BiGRU-CRF, and completing the construction of the relationship set of fault text. The proposed knowledge graph-based power communication equipment fault intelligent diagnosis model combined with the WBLA-based power communication equipment fault severity level recognition algorithm to obtain different severity fault information, from which a TFIDF-COS-based power communication equipment fault intelligent diagnosis algorithm is designed to realize intelligent diagnosis of power communication equipment faults. After testing, the TFIDF-COS algorithm can get the best optimization effect when the number of hidden layers of the selected algorithm is 1, and the initial learning rate is 0.05, and its accuracy rate can be kept above 98%. Compared with the traditional fault diagnosis system, in terms of the order of magnitude 100M, 500M, 1G, and 5G, the running time is reduced by 322s, 1874s, 4617s, and 7467s, and the accuracy rate is increased by 2.33%, 2.6%, 32.02%, and 61.4%, respectively. Therefore, this paper realizes the accurate positioning of power communication equipment faults and provides technical support for intelligent operation and maintenance of the power grid.

AI-Driven Urban Energy Solutions—From Individuals to Society: A Review

This paper provides a comprehensive review of solutions based on artificial intelligence (AI) in the urban energy sector, with a focus on their applications and impacts. The study employed a literature review methodology to analyze recent research on AI’s role in energy-related solutions, covering the years 2019 to 2023. The authors classified publications according to their main focus, resulting in two key areas of AI implementation: residential and individual user applications, and urban infrastructure integration for society. The objectives of this review of the literature are the following: O1: to identify trends, emerging technologies, and applications using AI in the energy field; O2: to provide up-to-date insights into the use of AI in energy-related applications; O3: to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of AI-driven urban energy solutions; O4: to explore future directions, emerging trends, and challenges in the field of AI-driven energy solutions. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the transformative potential of AI in urban energy management, providing valuable insights and directions for researchers and practitioners in the field. Based on the results, it can be claimed that AI connected to energy at homes is used in the following areas: heating and cooling, lighting, windows and blinds, home devices, and energy management systems. AI is integrating into urban infrastructure through the following solutions: enhancement of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, reduction in vehicle emissions, development of smart grids, and efficient energy storage. What is more, the latest challenges associated with the implementation of AI-driven energy solutions include the need to balance resident comfort with energy efficiency in smart homes, ensuring compatibility and cooperation among various devices, preventing unintended energy consumption increases due to constant connectivity, the management of renewable energy sources, and the coordination of energy consumption.

Analysis of V2G intelligent charge and discharge structures for electric vehicles

As the number of electric vehicles grows, their ability to charge the grid in the opposite direction is increasingly being retried. The vehicle to grid (V2G) charging technology can solve the problem of peak-valley power difference existing in the grid, and even provide power supply support when the grid collapses. The article reviewed the development of the Vehicle-to Grid. The topological image and working principle of the main structure of V2G such as full-bridge converter, AC/DC converter and DC/DC refilter were analysed. Through the analysis of the working principle of V2G, its internal basic circuit structure has been more clearly demonstrated. Finally, Through V2G demonstration projects at home and abroad, listing three demonstration projects AirQon, Parker project and FCA project, the current problems of V2G technology are summarized, and the future of V2G technology is prospected. This article will contribute to the further industrial landing of V2G technology and lay the foundation for the further innovation of V2G technology in the future.

Development of Environmental Sensitivity Instruments (Esi) Based on Green Chemistry Principles (Gcp) For Chemistry Learning in High Schools

Objective: The developing environmental sensitivity instruments oriented towards the Green Chemistry Principles (GCP). GCP-oriented environmental sensitivity instrument products feasible in terms of validity and reliability. Theoretical framework: International scientific reports, articles, and publications served as the basis for the theoretical contents. Additionally, produce an instrument on environmental sensitivity that is valid and reliable. Method: Research on the development of instruments for environmental sensitivity was designed in three stages. First stage; design and development of environmental sensitivity grids and instruments based on aspects that have been studied theoretically. Second Stage; content validity testing. Third Stage; Construct Validity Testing and Instrument Reliability. This environmental sensitivity instrument was developed from four aspects, namely Harmony and diversity, environmental balance, interdependence, and sustainability. The indicators of these four aspects are related to the principles of green chemistry (GCP) which can be implemented in chemistry learning. Testing the validity of the content validity ratio (CVR) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) techniques. Results and Conclusion: Reliability testing with the Cronbach's Alpha technique shows that the instrument has a consistency of 0.792 (high). The results of testing the content validity using the CVR technique by eight experts obtained 24 items including in good validity category and one item in valid. The results of the EFA test conducted on 116 high school students in South Sulawesi, Indonesia showed that the sample met the adequacy of the test with the KMO and Barlett's tests. EFA analysis shows that the anti-image correlation of 24 indicators is greater than 0.5 with communality not deviating from the factor analysis, meaning that there is a consistent relationship between the indicators in the four aspects studied. Thus, the GCP-oriented environmental sensitivity instrument is declared valid and reliable to use. Originality/value: The results showed that the instrument for assessing environmental sensitivity in GCP-oriented chemistry learning was declared valid and reliable because it met all the criteria of content validity with CVR, construction validity with EFA, and high instrument reliability. The findings of this study add to knowledge and information about assessment in the realm of environmental sensitivity which of course greatly contributes to learning. There are so many phenomena of environmental damage that need to be addressed around us and that requires a sense of care and sensitivity from teachers, students and the community. Chemistry teachers or other researchers can use this instrument to find out attitudes in the form of students' sensitivity to GCP-oriented environments.