Development Of Erosion Processes Research Articles

Współczynnik erozji gleby przy użyciu wielospektralnych wskaźników roślinności: Przykład zlewni rzeki Sarayardere (wschodnie Rodopy, Bułgaria)Wpływ zmian klimatu na środowisko zbudowane

Land cover/land use is one of the main factors influencing the development of soil erosion. It has been included in the calculation and modelling of erosion and sediment transport in many studies. In the current research NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NDRE (normalized difference red edge index) are used for quantifying the cover management factor (C-factor). They are calculated on the base of Sentinel 2 multispectral images. Taking into account the vegetation phenology two time points were analyzed: end of May - June – active vegetation and September (beginning of October) – late vegetation. The changes in the values of the indices were considered for 2018, 2021 and 2022. The study area is the watershed of the river Sarayardere, located in the southern part of Bulgaria. This is a hilly to low-mountain area, prone to erosion due to rare vegetation, high slope gradients and a relatively long dry period followed by intensive rainfall. The calculated values of the C-factor are indicators for higher susceptibility to erosion in September than it is in June. The spatial distribution of the C-factor shows different patterns. The results, received on the base of the image of September 2021, show increasing the areas with C-factor < 0.1 and these ones > 0.5, in comparison with the results of September 2018. C-factor values calculated on the image of October 2022 indicate the highest susceptibility to erosion. Using NDRE instead NDVI results in slightly higher values of the C-factor. The advantage of the NDRE index is that it provides information on the content of chlorophyll in the vegetation during the end of the vegetation period and allows a more accurate assessment of the state of the separate plants, regarding the determination of diseased or damaged plants. In addition to the vegetation indices, an expert evaluation of the state of vegetation was done. The results of the current study show that the watershed of the river Sarayardere is in a relatively good condition regarding the development of erosion processes. The attention should be directed to the possible increase of erosion on deforested slopes and the availability of loose materials, in case of intense rainfall.

THE GROWTH OF ILLEGAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE COASTAL PROTECTIVE STRIPS OF THE STRYI RIVER BASIN

Currently, there is of today, there is practically no information about the current state and land use of coastal protection strips (CPS) and water protection zones in the Stryi river basin. This creates many misunderstandings and abuses during their use and leads to intensive degradation of the ecosystem of both this and other rivers of the Dniester basin into which it flows. Using the Google Earth Pro program, an assessment of the CPS structure in the Stryi River basin was carried out by comparing space images for the past 14 years. The analysis showed that illegal construction within the CPS of the river began after 2009, which creates the danger of possible inundation during floods and the development of erosion processes. This is also a threat to the hydroecosystem of the Stryi River, due to the settlement load on the floodplain, as well as non-compliance with sanitary standards and clogging with household waste.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СИСТЕМЫ ПРОТИВОЭРОЗИОННЫХ МЕРОПРИЯ-ТИЙ В ООО «АГРОФИРМА «ЧЕРНОВСКОЕ» НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБ-ЛАСТИ

In modern conditions, it becomes necessary to improve a complex system of anti-erosion measures in connection with the development of erosion processes that have arisen as a result of the intensification and commercialization of agricultural production. According to various estimates, in the Nizhniy Novgorod region, the area of eroded lands ranges from 141.02 thousand hectares to 667.6 thousand hectares or from 5.2% to 24.7% of the area of agricultural land [1, 2, 3]. The main negative as-pect of the manifestation of water erosion on arable soils is a decrease in soil fertility and crop yields. It should be noted that erosion processes in the region are developing unevenly. The development of water erosion of the Right Bank is facilitated by the geological structure of the area, the hilly–rocky type of relief and the high ploughing of the territory. The article presents the results of solving the economic and mathematical problem of planning anti-erosion measures in an agricultural enterprise located in the Right-bank part of the Nizhniy Novgorod region. It is shown that due to the implementation of the project of anti-erosion organization of the territory, soil fertility will significantly increase, and the net income from increasing the economic efficiency of production in the agricultural firm will amount to 212.6 million rubles, which is 41% higher than income without carrying out a complex of anti-erosion measures.

Sorption of labile humus substances by structural-aggregate fractions of eroded chernozems

Erosion processes are the main cause of degradation of chernozems, which occurs mainly as a result of the loss of soil organic matter and deterioration of the structural and aggregate state. The main part of organic carbon (Corg.) is concentrated in macroaggregates, therefore the destruction of macroaggregate fractions is the main cause of loss of Corg. during the development of erosion processes. The ability of soils to maintain a water-resistant structure is due to the sorption of humus substances, which have amphiphilic properties in them. To the greatest extent, such properties are possessed by young fractions of labile humus substances (LHS), present in an adsorbed state in microaggregates. Consequently, the quantitative content of LHS in structural-aggregate fractions is a reliable indicator of their anti-erosion resistance. The goal of the research was the evaluation of the role of adsorbed LHS in the structural-aggregate fractions of chernozems in relation to their anti-erosion resistance. Objectives: conduct field research of eroded chernozems; to select soil samples and conduct a series of laboratory studies of these samples for identification of the sorption properties of structural-aggregate fractions in relation to Corg. and LHS; to prove that the sorption of LHS by structural-aggregate fractions plays a significant role in maintaining the water-resistant structure of chernozems. It has been established that in eroded chernozems there is a degradation of the structural-aggregate state, accompanied by deterioration of microstructure, a decrease in the number of mesoaggregates and the coefficient of structure, as well as the loss of a water-resistant structure. It has been shown that the sorption of LHS by structural-aggregate fractions plays a significant role in maintaining the water-stable structure of chernozems. It was established that the main role in the sorption of Corg. belongs to mesoaggregates with the size of 5-1 mm, which quickly lost by the soil during the development of erosion processes.

Revisiting changing climatic conditions in the North Ossetia mountainous zone and their impact on erosion processes

Currently, there are many scientific publications concerning changes in climatic conditions of individual regions, countries, continents and the entire earth as a planet. This fact has led us to consider these changes regarding their impact on the development of erosion processes in mountain conditions. The basis was the research presented in S.E Kuchiev’s PhD thesis of 1996-1998, as well as the verification of hypotheses put forward in the research on the development of erosion processes. The above mentioned required the continuation of research in the second period from 2008 to 2013. On average, 605 mm fell during the years of research, 478 mm in the first period 1996-1998, 668 mm in the second 2008-2013, and from 2 to 8 rains with an intensity of more than 20 mm fell in different years.The correlation analysis shows that with the increase in precipitation observed in recent years, there is a correlation with the amount of heavy rainfall. During the period under review, there were 27 to 48 rains with an intensity above 5 mm. In 2009 heavy rainfall was characterized mainly by an intensity of 20 to 40 mm per day, but in August 2009 and 2010, 71 and 73 mm each fell. The peak of heavy rains was noted in 2012, when in June it rained two days in a row with an intensity of 121 and 101 mm.The indicator of surface runoff has significantly increased, both in the control variant (pure steam) and in rotation crops, which can be arranged in ascending order of their erosion resistance: row crops, cereals of the continuous sowing method and perennial grasses. The research was carried out at the mountain long-term station of the SCNII–GPSH – a branch of the VNC RAS in the village of Dargavs.

Assessment of the soil - geobotanical condition of forest fund land plots on the example of the Orlinogorsk forestry

The land fund is in constant motion. Lands are transferred from some categories and lands to others. The deterioration of the ecological state of the lands, the development of erosion processes, desertification, salinization, pollution with chemical and radioactive substances, overgrowth of forest and shrub lands annually exclude significant areas from use. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, types of plant associations were identified. Mainly, the identification of types of plant associations made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied sites for the restoration of forests. Work has been carried out on the study of forest areas located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The surveyed sites are located in the forest-steppe zone on the right-bank side of the Ishim River in the North Kokchetav subdistrict. The study of the soil was carried out by the method of laying soil sections and semi-sections with a description of the power of horizons. The soil structure was determined by the method of splitting soil samples. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were developed for the categories of areas. The areas of plots suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests, forest crops overgrown with self-seeding were also determined. General recommendations were formed during the direct conduct of surveys on the ground, but systematic monitoring, using remote sensing methods of the Earth, could facilitate the ongoing research. The development of the method of integrated ecological and geographical research in the future can significantly increase the efficiency of forest management work in general and minimize losses associated with environmental influences.

Mountain recreation impact on changes in soil penetration resistance of spruce forests

The uniqueness of the Carpathian Mountain Forest ecosystems, a large part of which belongs to nature conservation areas, attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Intensive tourist flow on popular hiking trails leads to recreational digression, topsoil compaction, development of erosion processes and deterioration of forests. The research aims to determine the impact of recreation as an external mechanical impact on soil compaction by determining the soil penetration resistance under the canopy of predominant spruce stands. For this purpose, soil penetration resistance was measured with a penetrometer along two hiking trails within the root layer of the soil at four measuring sites at different distances from the hiking trail. In general, under the canopy of a forest stand, the soil cover is not homogeneous and the obtained penetration resistance values are characterised by considerable variability. It was revealed that for the “Zelene village – Uhorski skeli rocks” hiking trail in the areas close to the path (up to 20 m) there is a significant increase in soil penetration resistance compared to remote areas: at a depth of 10 cm it doubles, at a depth of 20 cm – by 20-40%, but with further deepening, the penetration resistance level off. At the same time, for the more popular “To Mount Pip Ivan Chornohirskyi” hiking trail, in the area adjacent to the trailbed, the penetration resistance reaches 19.6 kg·cm-2 in the upper 10 cm layer, and at a depth of 30 cm, it peaks at 37.8 kg·cm-2 (over 3 MPa), which affects the root spatial distribution of spruce forests. Intensive erosion processes due to soil compaction with an increase in soil penetration resistance above 60 kg·cm-2 (~6 MPa) are observed on the trailbed. The practical significance of the results obtained, and the established patterns is to complement existing methods for assessing the degree of recreational digression in mountainous conditions and can be the basis for designing measures to regulate tourist flows and restore affected areas

Agricultural land plot reclamation of citrogypsum sediment pool on Belgorod city territory

One of the main society tasks with the rapid development of industry is assigned to nature protection and correct use of natural resources. Therefore, a significant role is put to the hands of land use. Today, the mining industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by huge volumes of mining. The main production is carried out mainly due to the open method of work. The negative consequences of such developments are: taking of large land areas from the economic turnover, their violation in the course of work; changes in hydrogeology and landscapes; development of erosion processes, etc. Thus, as a result of mining operations, the areas of land disturbed by such developments, processing waste and mucks of rocks are rapidly increasing. Moreover, when mucks are formed, unnecessary rocks are mucked, without taking into account their suitability for reclamation, and when creating external mucks, the requirements of rational farming are not always taken into account. As a result, these lands become barren and negatively affect the environment. It follows from this that lands disturbed by open pit mining must be returned to economic circulation with minimal losses and the creation of favorable conditions for the environment. The work relevance lies in the study of work on the land restoration in quarries during their development and extraction of raw materials for construction purposes. Reclamation provides for the restoration of lands disturbed by quarrying, as well as the preservation of the already restored land.

ПРОТИВОЭРОЗИОННАЯ МЕЛИОРАЦИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

One of the most acute problems of agriculture in the Republic of Tatarstan in modern conditions is the progressive degradation of soil cover. Every year the scale of water erosion increases, causing huge damage not only to agriculture, but also to large and small rivers of the region. The territory of the republic is characterized by a large dissection, which serves as the basis of soil erosion. The research was carried out to analyze the impact of soil erosion on the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of science-based measures to combat soil erosion in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan. In general, in the subject of the Federation it is necessary to carry out erosion control works on the area of more than 2 million hectares of agricultural land. Every year spring melt water and storm water runoff on average washes away up to 22 tons of fertile soil from one hectare of arable land, which leads to an annual loss of up to 700 thousand tons of humus in the scale of the Republic of Tatarstan. This is comparable to the introduction of 10 million tons of organic fertilizers. Complex of anti-erosion measures depending on the relief and objective conditions of terrain includes organizational-economic, agromeliorative, forest-meliorative and hydromeliorative works, which ensure effective regulation of storm and melt water runoff, increase moisture reserve in soil cover and reduce washout of fertile soil layer, prevent new and expansion and spread of existing erosion centers and thereby contribute to improvement of fertility of agricultural lands. Thus, in the course of scientific research it is established that on average in the Republic of Tatarstan one set of anti-erosion measures protects up to 120 hectares of land from further development of erosion processes. The cost of the complex of anti-erosion measures, including anti-erosion pond - 2.5 million rubles, the payback period is 2 years.

Growing the planting material of juzgun leafless in the Astrakhan region

. In the Astrakhan region, land desertification occurs mainly in the form of deflation and salinization. This process is characterized by the degradation of the vegetation cover, the development of erosion processes and the growth of open sand areas. It is possible to stop the desertification of territories by creating forest protection belts and phytomelioration of degraded phytocenoses. As part of scientific work at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "PAFSC RAS" in the period from 2019 to 2021 research was carried out on the cultivation of planting material juzgun of various phenotypes, for use in phytomelioration of arid pastures. As part of the experiment, a leafless dzhugun shrub of various phenotypes (Astrakhan and Kazakh) was sown on planting material under rainfed and irrigated conditions. When growing seedlings on irrigation, the method of drip irrigation was used. According to the results of the study, the following was revealed: the germination of seeds of leafless juzgun on a rainfed land was higher than on irrigation by 1.3-9.9%. The germination of seeds of the Astrakhan phenotype turned out to be 2.5 times better than the Kazakh one on a rainfed land, and on irrigation, the seeds of the Kazakh phenotype had single shoots. The height of plants by the end of the growing season on irrigation exceeded the rainfed variant by 0.35-0.85 m. At the end of the growing season (September-November), depending on the amount of soil moisture (50-60% of HB), after autumn rains, all planting material was planted on arid natural pastures. Seedlings grown on rainfed crops had a survival rate of 37.7 - 49.6%, and on irrigation - 43.4-45.4%.

REGULARITIES ANALYSIS OF THE LINEAR EROSION DEVELOPMENT IN RIVER BASINS IN THE SOUTH OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN HILL WITH THE USE OF GIS

Significant areas of the country’s territories are suffering erosion processes due to the increased anthropogenic load. Belgorod region territories are included. This fact makes the reason to the present study for the spatial and temporal patterns analysis of the linear erosion development. The analysis is needed to access the potential territory resistance to the erosion processes within the framework of the basin concept in the South of the Central Russian Upland. The spatial distribution analysis of erosional forms in the study area makes it possible to identify patterns of distribution and assess the possible development of erosion processes. Geoinformation modeling is used to maintain the study in conjunction with natural methods for studying the linear development of the erosion network.
 During the research, the methods of thematic processing of space images, geospatial analysis, GIS modeling, comparative geographic, the method of analogies, landscape planning, as well as methods of statistical and mathematical data processing were used.
 The study has revealed the fact, that territories with a high erosion density and a low share of the river density is characterized with the high ravine network density with a low density of ravines. Though, territories with low erosion density and a more developed river network are characterized by a decrease in the ravine network density; territories with a high erosion density are characterized with a weak development of upper link and the predominance of lower link of watercourses in the river network structure. Then, most basins with low ravine network density are significantly dissected in the upper and middle links of the river network. Establishing the regularity of the erosion forms distribution made it possible to assess the territory resistance of the erosion processes, as well as predict and analyze the need for anti-erosion measures.

Impact of the No-Till technology on erosive degradation of soils in hollows

The present research is aimed at studying the impact of the modern no-till agricultural technology on the development of erosion processes on cultivated arable land in the subzone of the southern chernozems of the Volgograd region. Evaluation of the impact of this agricultural technology was based on the analysis and comparison of soil cover in hollows located in the fields cultivated using either the classic technology or the no-till technology. The research methodology is based on combination of remote, field and laboratory methods for studying the soil cover. Analysis and generalization of data obtained in the course of laboratory studies of selected soil samples made it possible to identify a high degree of erosion processes in the hollows located in the fields, which had been cultivated using the no-till technology for three years. Comparison of the values of the content of organic carbon in the zones of removal, transit and accumulation of fine earth indicates the development of water degradation processes in the middle part of the hollows. Thus, for soil samples taken from a depth of 0-10 cm, the value of organic carbon content in the variant of soil tilled using the new technology is 2.6%, while in the variant tilled using the classic technology, this value is equal to 3.1%. The revealed differences in the soil cover of the hollows can be explained by interaction of the patterns of development of erosion-accumulation processes and the features of the no-till technology in specific natural and climatic conditions.

Devising recommendations based on a comprehensive assessment of the soil-geobotanical condition of land plots for executing afforestation activities

The land fund is in constant flux. Lands are transferred from one category and land to another. The deterioration of the ecological state of the land, the development of erosion processes, desertification, salinization, pollution by chemical and radioactive substances, forest and shrubland overgrowth of land annually exclude significant areas from use. This paper reports a study of forestry stations located on the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. The soil was investigated by the method of laying soil sections and semi-pits with a description of the power of the horizons. The structure of the soil was determined by the method of breaking down soil samples. The granulometric composition was determined by the wet method with a division into sand, loam, light loam, medium loam, heavy loam, and clay. The chemical analysis of soil samples was carried out in a certified laboratory. Soluble carbonates are present in the samples from the Burluk forestry station. According to the structure and chemical analysis, the types of soils for each forestry station were defined. Based on the study's results, recommendations were devised for the categories of areas. In addition, the areas of plots suitable for all major forest species and areas with existing forests, forest crops, overgrown with self-sowing were determined. During the reconnaissance route-loop survey of land plots, the types of plant associations were identified. A comprehensive ecological and geographical study of a forestry station was carried out to execute afforestation operations. Basically, the identification of types of plant associations has made it possible to conduct a preliminary assessment on the ground about the quality of the studied areas for the restoration of forest areas. General recommendations were compiled from the direct conduct of surveys on the ground; however, systematic monitoring, using remote sensing methods of the Earth, could facilitate the ongoing research. Building on the method of integrated ecological and geographical research could in the future significantly improve the efficiency of forest management activities in general and minimize losses associated with environmental influences

Improving Pasture Management

Referring to the author's comments and the results of research conducted in the article, it is stated thatexisting problems in pastures: overgrazing, biodiversity erosion, reduction of soil fertility and reduction of soil organic matter and CO2 emissions, soil salinization and alkalinization, development of erosion process, etc.), elimination of their multifunctional characteristics, pasture management. It is known that pastures are a supplier of many agricultural products, it protects soil fertility and biodiversity, protects the soil from wind and water erosion, carbon dioxide in the soil compared to arable land and forests. has good potential for storage, It has a protective effect on the restoration and regulation of groundwater levels, maintaining the quality of irrigation water and creates conditions for its leakage. Seed propagation of local species, soil softening - germination of seeds of perennial grasses and shrubs, conversion of slopes and arable lands into permanent pastures,inclusion of temporary pastures in crop rotation,feed production to support roduction - meat, milk, wool, etc. Given that pastures support agriculture and are a source of livelihood for the population.Restoration and protection of pastures (recreation, surface softening, surface and capital improvement works, creation of temporary pastures, conversion of sown areas on slopes into pastures, etc.) are of special importance;Action Plan of the “State Program approved by the Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan No.

Anti-erosion reclamation and its economic efficiency

One of the most acute problems of agriculture in some regions of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Tatarstan at present is a progressive degradation of the soil cover. Every year the scale of water erosion increases, causing huge damage not only to agriculture but also to large and small rivers of the region. In this regard, there is a need to analyze the impact of soil erosion on the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of science-based anti-erosion measures to combat soil erosion in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of the carried out research testify that ecological efficiency of one anti-erosion construction in complex with soil protection measures protects on the average 120 ha of lands from further development of erosion processes, economically pays back by the results of two years of economic activity on the protected lands. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can not only contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy, provide an increase in soil fertility, a dynamic increase in agricultural production, reduction of retirement of agricultural land and the creation of new jobs. They also ensure the conservation and restoration of water resources.

Anti-erosion reclaim development and its economic efficiency

This paper considers the issues of the efficiency of agricultural production in the context of the globalization of the markets for agricultural raw materials and food and the increased competition in this regard. Modern realities and the adopted new Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2020, require an immediate solution to the problems of ensuring the country's food security by increasing the production of high-quality, environmentally friendly, and, most importantly, economically competitive agricultural products, which is not possible without intensifying production processes. However, the pursuit of high yields and high efficiency of agricultural commodity production often leads to the degradation of the prickly factor of production, namely, land. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the level of land degradation in the Republic of Tatarstan and identifies priority areas for combating erosion in agriculture. Measures to combat soil erosion are experimentally substantiated. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can not only contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy, improve soil fertility, the dynamic growth of agricultural products, reduce the disposal of agricultural land and create new jobs but also ensure the preservation and restoration of the Volga River. The results show that the ecological efficiency of one anti-erosion structure in combination with soil protection measures protects an average of 120 hectares of land from further development of erosion processes and is economically paid off by the results of two years of economic activity on protected lands.

Classification of urban erosive features: contribution area evaluation, at Jardim Marilu, Bauru/SP / Classificação das características erosivas urbanas: avaliação da área de contribuição, no Jardim Marilu, Bauru/SP

In urban areas, the development of erosive processes can cause damage such as siltation of water sources, contamination of rivers, destruction of homes, undermining of foundations, silting of pipes, floods, reduced rural productivity and often loss of human lives. For any erosive feature, whether in an urban or rural area, when it is possible promote its recovery, a comprehensive analysis of the installed process must be carried out, observing the local conditions of the area that contributes to the appearance and development of the feature and the surrounding area. In this way, it presents at this article a broad study of the conditions that led to the formation and development of an urban erosive feature in Bauru City, enabling improved decision-making processes regarding solutions that should be adopted. The data were organized using the form for surveying conditioning factors and identifying erosive features, prepared by Mercaldi and Furegatti (2020). The erosive feature was classified based on the table developed by Mercaldi and Furegatti (2019) which identified it as a gully erosion.

Forest Husbandry in the Khabarovsk Territory: Environmental Risks and Ways of Addressing Them

The Khabarovsk Territory is characterized by considerable reserves of the forest resources. Their share is 18 % of the forested area of the Far Eastern Federal District and 25 % of the timber reserves. In the region, the forestry sector is the branch of national economic specialization which is associated with the export orientation of the forestry products. In this paper, the factors that determine environmental risks during logging are analyzed, including a low level of control of felling, violations of technologies, rules and standards for felling in the main-use forests, an increase in a fire hazard, violation of the hydrological regime of rivers, the development of erosion processes, pollution of aquatic ecosystems, expansion of road networks, increased poaching pressure on previously inaccessible forest areas, etc. Environmental problems caused by these factors are associated with a decrease in the resources, the ecological functions and the biological diversity of forests, the destruction of possibilities for traditional forest management, and the destruction and transformation of historically formed ecosystems. An unbiased inventory of the forest resources, their quantity and quality assessment, a governmental monitoring of the state of forest ecosystems, support for alternative types of forest use (recreational, tourist, etc.) are of paramount importance in solving these problems.

Агроэкологическая оценка выщелоченных черноземов разной степени смытости в условиях склоновой катены ЦЧР

Based on the complex investigation of agroecological parameters of leached chernozems with different erosion level in conditions of the slope catena at the Central Chernozemic Region (CChR), the features of agrogenic-erosive transformation of morphogenetic, chemical and physic-chemical properties of the investigated soils at the basic levels of their structural organization are shown – depending on the degree of their erosion. The influence of the processes of surface planar erosion and intra-soil lateral migration on the content and distribution of the most problematic heavy metals (HM) – Pb, Cd is considered. The analysis of the research results has shown that the development of erosion processes in conditions of the slope type of terrain characteristic for the CChR leads to a significant transformation of the main diagnostic indicators of the agroecological state of leached chernozems, primarily to the degradation of their morphogenetic and humus profile. The significant and slope-differentiated influence of erosion processes at the level of soil elementary particles, meso- and macro-levels of the soil structural organization has been established. The processes of erosion and lateral migration change the content and profile distribution of Cd and, especially, Pb in the studied leached chernozems. In the eroded soils, there is an increase in their mobility and accumulation in the subsoil. Keywords: LEACHED CHERNOZEMS, AGROECOLOGICAL STATE, EROSION, TRANSFORMATION AND DEGRADATION, HEAVY METALS, LEAD, CADMIUM

Intensity of Soil Pollution by Toxic Substances Depending on the Degree of Its Washout

A significant degree of ploughness of agricultural lands of Ukraine has led to increased erosion and the creation of soils of varying degrees of washout, which leads to dehumification and contamination of soils with toxic substances. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to establish the features of horizontal migration and accumulation of heavy metals of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc, trace elements of boron and manganese, radionuclides of caesium and strontium on podzolic heavy loamy chernozems with varying degrees of washout: non-eroded, weak and medium washout, conditioned by the development of erosion processes. During the study, spectrophotometric, colorimetric, gamma-spectrometric, and radiochemical methods were used to determine the content of toxic substances in the soil. The study results showed that on slightly washed soils, the content of humus is 12.9% less, easily hydrolysed nitrogen – 13.3%, mobile forms of phosphorus – 51.1%, mobile potassium – 34.9% less than on slightly washed soils. The humus content on medium-washed soil was 8.8% less than on lightly washed soil, easily hydrolysed nitrogen – 14.3% less, mobile phosphorus – 15.3% more, mobile potassium – 42.9% more. A strong horizontal migration of mobile lead forms in washed podzolic heavy loamy chernozem was established, which increases with increasing degree of soil washout with the content of mobile lead forms on medium-washed soil by 24% more than on non-eroded soil. The same dependence was established on the content of mobile forms of zinc in the soil, with their predominance on medium-washed soil by 17 %, compared to non-washed. The content of mobile forms of copper is lower on slightly washed soil, compared to non – washed soil by 5%, boron – 18.8% less on non-washed soil, compared to medium-washed, and the content of mobile forms of manganese increases by 3.3% from slightly to medium-washed soil. It was also found that the concentration of caesium decreased by 25.6% on medium-washed soils, compared to non-washed ones