Development Of Electromobility In Poland Research Articles

Development of Electromobility in Poland as a Way to Reduce the Negative Impact of Land Transport on the Climate

Abstract Public authorities should pursue a policy ensuring ecological security for present and future generations. Furthermore, the protection of the environment is the responsibility of public authorities. Environmental protection means all activities and instruments counteracting the deterioration of the environment; it is particularly important in this respect to counteract the negative effects of environmental degradation on health. Under Polish law, climate protection law is one of the most intensively developing areas of public law. This is because the responsibility for environmental protection should lie with the state, as it has all the tools to achieve this goal. In Poland, climate protection issues have found their rightful place in public discourse. Stopping climate change is now covered by a multi-level public policy, in which the leading role is assigned to administrative law regulations. The development of electric vehicles has a significant impact on the decarbonisation of transport, which mainly relies on diesel and petrol. The popularisation of green vehicles requires strategic management of demand for petroleum-based fuels, which is undoubtedly a public task.

Assessment of selected environmental and economic factors for the development of electro-mobility in Poland

AbstractElectromobility is now widely recognized as a remedy for the growing level of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. The result of this approach is the agreement of the European Commission with the member states regarding the achievement of CO2-free emission of the new fleet of passenger cars by 2035 through the use of battery electric vehicles. However, it should be emphasized that currently, not every country in the European Union has electricity sources with low CO2 emission (Proposal for a REGULATION… (EU) 2019/631), which in fact can contribute to a lower environmental effect than expected. The amount of environmental impact of a battery electric vehicle depends mainly on the type of energy mix of the country in which it is used. In view of the above, the first scientific objective of the article is a comparative assessment of environmental impact, using the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), the phase of use of passenger cars with conventional drive in relation to battery electric vehicles consuming electricity from the power grid in Poland and in Italy. The results of the LCA analysis, phases of BEV use in Poland indicate a higher level of environmental impact in relation to ICE due to the generation of electricity, for the most part from hard coal. Nevertheless, in Poland, as in other EU countries, an electromobility support system is being implemented. The successful implementation of electromobility depends on the environmental awareness of BEV users. The scientific cognitive aspect of the BEV purchase decisions of the Polish society is carried out using a survey questionnaire with the use of a non-random selection of the research sample (convenient selection). The aim of this cross-sectional survey was to confront the results of the environmental impact of the BEV use phase with the knowledge of the Polish society, as well as to learn about purchasing factors (future and current users). The results of the survey questionnaire demonstrate the low level of knowledge of the Polish society on the impact of the BEV use phase in Poland. This can be the result of media coverage in which BEV is presented as ecological transport. The aim of the article is not to depreciate the environmental performance of BEVs, but to draw attention to the fact that, to a large extent, the environmental impact of the BEV use phase depends on the place of use (country), and precisely the type of energy mix of a particular country. The literature on the subject lacks the confrontation of the results of scientific research in the field of environmental impact assessment of the BEV use phase with the knowledge of the public on this subject. The research results can be used by decision makers to properly target the support for the development of electromobility in Poland, consisting primarily in increasing the availability of infrastructure for charging BEV and changing the energy mix to energy sources with a lower environmental impact.

Electromobility In Poland in Terms of The Possibility of Managing the Energy Infrastructure Securing the Replenishment of Electricity in Vehicles

Electromobility is becoming a technology of the future and an attempt to meet the greatest communication problems of modern societies in terms of reducing noise, smog and the growing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is an alternative to other ecological power sources for motor vehicles and a necessity aimed at eliminating traditional combustion engines. Polish plans to dynamically implement a significant number of electric vehicles for general use are in line with global trends. The relationship between the number of vehicles and the capabilities of the infrastructure securing the charging of batteries of these vehicles becomes the basic determinant of the usefulness of this type of transport solutions. The core of the problem is illustrated by the presentation of potential needs in terms of accessibility, spatial distribution and a simulated number of charging points for electric cars in Poland. It is extremely important due to the existing limitations resulting from the technical parameters of charging devices, the time needed to replenish energy and vehicle congestion in urban agglomerations. The article consists of 5 parts. The main research problem is: How will the development of electromobility in Poland affect the management of the country’s energy infrastructure? Individual detailed problems concern the following issues: What is electromobility in Poland characterized by? What are the problems with recharging energy in electric vehicles? What conditions must be met for electric vehicles to be an important element of electricity storage? The result of the analysis, which was developed on the basis of statistical data research, applicable legal regulations, literature on the subject and the simulation carried out, allows to propose an algorithm for the management of infrastructure for charging electric vehicles, which will be a recommendation for business entities dealing with logistic security in the field of energy replenishment in batteries electric cars. The result of the article is the presentation of conclusions regarding the possibilities of the existing energy logistics infrastructure for charging electric vehicle batteries and the needs in this area resulting from the dynamic development of electromobility in Poland.

Assessing the effectiveness of the implications of selected social policy instruments in the management of the electromobility development process in Poland

Purpose: The aim of the article is to try to answer the question which of the social policy instruments can convince the society to adopt transport solutions based on the concept of electromobility to the greatest extent. Design/methodology/approach: The considerations are social research, a research experiment in the form of a method (CAWI) was used, which was used to verify the role of selected instruments in the process of the announced transformation of social mobility. In the research area, the focus was on the assessment of possible changes in shopping preferences and transport mobility in terms of selected social policy instruments. Economic, legal and informational instruments were analysed. Findings: The author indicates that the process of managing the development of electromobility should be implemented with the help of properly selected social policy instruments and go hand in hand with the changes taking place within an increasingly aware society. Research limitations/implications: The presented survey research was carried out on a specific research sample of approximately 1,000 respondents. Certainly, in the near future there will be a need for much broader analyzes and research, in particular with regard to changes in the income of citizens, planned reforms of social programs and projected increases in the prices of energy resources. Practical implications: The research results are the first approach to indicate to the government administration which social policy tools have the greatest impact on the process of managing the development of electromobility in Poland. Social implications: Research shows that there are links between economic, social and environmental issues in the management of the electromobility development process in Poland. Originality/value: The experimental research approach may be helpful in assessing the effectiveness of the implications of selected social policy instruments in the management of the electromobility development process in Poland. Keywords: management, instruments, social policy, electromobility, development, market research. Category of the paper: Research paper.

The Impact of the Available Infrastructure on the Electric Vehicle Market in Poland and in EU Countries.

The dynamic development of the automotive market entails the need to understand its characteristics. The purpose of this publication is to indicate the changes in the automotive sector resulting from the approaching electromobility. In order to achieve this goal, the market of electric and conventional vehicles in Poland are discussed. This paper discusses issues related to employment in the automotive industry, analyses the location of factories of the largest vehicle manufacturers and analyzes the structure of sales. The development of electromobility in Poland against the background of other EU countries was analyzed in detail. The analysis was based on data from September 2022. The analysis has been conducted by means of computations of the correlation of individual variables (numbers of different types of vehicles: traditional vehicles, BEV and PHEV). The presented results show that the number of BEVs and PHEVs is increasing, and the infra-structure is developing. The number of PHEV cars is usually higher than BEV ones. The results of the analysis of the vehicle market in Poland show occurrence of the variety of vehicle types and variety of the types of vehicle power supplies with alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). It can be concluded that standardization would be helpful for further development. The number of charging stations is small compared to the number of vehicles, and the advantage of AC stations is evident. This means investing in infrastructure is necessary to enable further development.

Water Power Plants Possibilities in Powering Electric Cars—Case Study: Poland

Electric cars are becoming increasingly popular in Poland and around the world. More and more of them appear on the roads, especially in the centers of large cities. They are perceived and advertised as zero-emission cars, not polluting the environment. However, electric cars, such as cars with combustion engines, need to be “refueled”, so they are charged from the power grid. It is important to say that it depends on what the source of energy is. Unfortunately, in the case of Poland, most of the energy in this network (about 80%) comes from sources using fossil fuels (lignite, hard coal, and natural gas). These are not environmentally friendly energy sources. Despite the use of multi-stage exhaust gas cleaning, toxic compounds and carbon dioxide get into the atmosphere. The situation is stalemate because the more energy is needed to power industry, households and electric cars, the more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. This paper will demonstrate that the use of the term “green vehicle” in reference to electric automotive vehicles may be a misuse of the term, because if the local conditions of toxic emissions binding for vehicles with combustion engines had been taken into account during type-approval tests of such vehicles, electric vehicles would never have been put into service, not only in towns but everywhere else, too. Calculations show that carbon dioxide (201.2 g), nitrogen oxides (0.166 g), and particulate matters (0.0095 g) emitted by electropower plants are almost twice as large per 100 km than emitted by diesel engine. The solution to this situation is only an increased investment in the power industry based on renewable energy sources (RES). Currently, photovoltaic and wind power plants are experiencing rapid development in Poland, but they produce energy in an unpredictable way, and moreover, they need huge areas to build high-power installations. Much more stable sources of energy are hydroelectric power plants, which are in serious regression in Poland. Planned investments are constantly postponed. Yet, even in the lower Vistula cascade, already planned in the middle of the last century, there is a potential which, if used, would make it possible to ensure clean energy for powering electric vehicles for several dozen years to come. The authors wanted to pay attention to the need to introduce sustainable diversification of energy sources which, following the increase of investment in hydropower, would make it possible to plan the development of electromobility in Poland in a more secure way. The launch of the Lower Vistula cascade would eventually enable the zero-emission operation of approximately 1.5 million electric vehicles.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of Electromobility in Poland. The Perspective of Companies in the Transport-Shipping-Logistics Sector: A Case Study

Negative processes occurring in the natural environment, under dynamic economy development, have become a factor for taking actions limiting destructive human activity. An important area in which initiatives are taken to improve the state of the natural environment is that of companies in the Transport-Shipping-Logistics Sector (TSL sector). The main objective of this article was to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of electromobility among companies in the Polish TSL sector, and identify factors that positively influenced or hindered its development during this time. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative data analyses were carried out based on a literature review, statistical data, and direct research results. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test of concordance, and contingency coefficients were used to process the data. The results showed that the pandemic period did not affect the development of electromobility among TSL companies. Only a few companies own electric cars in Poland. Many of them did not plan to purchase this type of vehicle during the pandemic. The main factors influencing the decisions of entrepreneurs during the study period were the availability of charging infrastructure and electricity price uncertainty. The results of the study can be used by stakeholders of this sector in Poland.

The Development of Electromobility in the European Union: Evidence from Poland and Cross-Country Comparisons

The article presents the current situation with the implementation of electric cars in Poland against the background of pan-European trends and the current energy sector condition in Poland. The aim of the study was to show the ecological, economic, social, and technical difficulties and controversies related to the use of electric cars in Poland. The authors used statistical analysis and identified the main factors of electromobility development in Poland. Despite the declared electromobility in the Strategy of Responsible Development program, the degree of its implementation is far from the previously established goals. The article analyzes the feasibility of the above plan and indicates the factors inhibiting the development of electromobility in Poland. The strategy and decisions to further implement electric cars cannot be purely political. In justifying the need to promote the use of electric cars in Poland, one should take into account the specificity of the Polish economy, its energy system, the condition of its infrastructure, and real social needs. The authors formulated a hypothesis that the aforementioned program is based on simplistic assumptions and marginalizes or ignores significant barriers to the development of electricity-based transport in Poland. The successful implementation of that program is conditioned by comprehensive and costly activities aimed to transform the whole energy system and introduce an effective system of incentives for the buyers of electric cars.

The Importance of Alternative Drive Vehicles in Road Transport in Poland and the European Union

Abstract The development of electromobility in Poland and the whole world is an inevitable process. Every year, electric vehicles and vehicles powered by renewable fuels become more and more popular. It should be noted that the development of infrastructure for electric vehicles and the pursued environmental policy with the related subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles are an important aspect encouraging the purchase of this type of vehicle. The article presents a comparison of the popularity of vehicles powered by renewable energy sources in Poland and other European Union countries, as well as the characteristics of the most common alternative fuels. Its main objective is to specify the importance of passenger cars with alternative drive sources across the selected EU countries.

Evaluation of the infrastructure conducive to the development of electromobility in Poland

Electric cars have appeared in Poland relatively recently. However, they quickly became an important part of the discussion as an ecological alternative to traditional combustion vehicles. In 2018, the law was introduced regulating the use of infrastructure used by electric vehicles, subsidies and benefits for drivers operating such vehicles. Dynamic development of the electric vehicle market in the world, only to some extent, has translated itself into their popularity in Poland. The article deals with issues related to the causes of such a state, evaluating the main elements determining the expansion and popularity of this segment. Its main objective is to present a methodology for evaluating the infrastructure conducive to the development of electromobility in Poland in terms of the number of electric vehicle charging stations.

Analysis of the Development of the Electromobility Market in Poland in the Context of the Implemented Subsidies

The flagship project in this area in Poland is the Electromobility Development Program, one of the strategic documents of which is the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels of 11 January 2018, which includes a system of benefits aimed at influencing consumer behaviors towards the choice of electric vehicles. According to the decision-makers, its implementation is expected to result in the achievement of a number of goals, among others, 1 million of such vehicles are forecast to be present at the national level in 2025. The intention of the authors is to analyze the progress in the development of electromobility in Poland, in the areas such as the market of electric cars, charging infrastructure, with an indication of whether the actions that are implemented by the legislator, i.e., guidelines on where and in what quantities charging stations dedicated to such vehicles are to be established, subsidies in the form of the possibility of driving on the lanes designed for buses, subsidies for the purchase of such vehicles intensify the development of electromobility in the country. The considerations were carried out for cars powered exclusively by electricity, i.e., BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) type, category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the discussed issue may be a source of preliminary analysis for other countries of the European Union.

Polish Electric Vehicle Market Development Prospects

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the legal and financial solutions implemented by the Polish government with the goal of promoting electromobility and counteracting environmental pollution. It demonstrates possible applications of electrical energy-powered vehicles as electricity banks in the prosumption model, provides an overview of the development of electromobility in Poland and present the sales figures of electric vehicles in comparison with other European countries. Design/methodology/approach: Analysed are legal acts related to the development of electromobility and the use of renewable energy sources, the strategy adopted by the government and data acquired from organisations analysing electromobility development. The paper uses the descriptive and analytic-synthetic method. Data from the Polish market were compared with data from EU countries. Findings: The article has been hypothesized that the Polish government's legislation will help to develop the electromobility market. The negative impact of the traditional automotive industry on the environment in Poland is noticed. In addition, emphasis is put on the fact that technological progress paved the way for electrical energy-powered vehicles, and that solutions referred to as energy prosumption render which possible reduce the operating costs of vehicles, positively impacting the environment. Poland is presented in this context as a country which attempts to adapt the environmental protection priorities set by the EU. Practical implications: This paper helps to understand trends in the Polish automotive market in terms of the electromobility and prosumptions compared to other European countries. The practical recommendation from the analysis is the continuation of the adopted strategy by the Polish Government. Proceeding this strategy will cause an increase in the share of electric cars. This will have a positive impact on the environment, energy stability and the development of the prosumption. Originality/value: The current study is the first analysis of the emerging electromobility market in Poland. It is a basis for further electromobility market research.

The most important barriers to the development of electromobility in Poland

In accordance with the Strategy for Responsible Development, by 2025, over 1 million electric cars powered solely from BEV batteries are to travel on Polish roads [24]. However, although such cars have a number of advantages such as lower maintenance costs, higher acceleration, lower maintenance requirements, lower noise levels than internal combustion cars, and above all no emissions at their place of use, BEV's share in the automotive market remains small and in 2018 year was only 0.1%. Such a marginal number of currently used BEV electric cars in Poland, proves that the electric mobility market is still in the initial phase and its development limits various difficulties. This article discusses the most important barriers to the development of electromobility in Poland related to with the price of buying an electric car, the range of driving on a single charge, infrastructure dedicated to them. Solutions have also been proposed, which should certainly affect the decisions of users when choosing a vehicle with a given type of drive, and consequently the development of electromobility. Keywords: Charging point; Electric vehicle BEV; Electromobility; External costs

The Development of Electromobility in Poland and EU States as a Tool for Management of CO2 Emissions

The article analyzes the dynamics of the development of the electromobility sector in Poland in the context of the European Union and due to the economic situation and development of the electromobility sector in the contexts of Switzerland and Norway. On the basis of obtained data, a forecast was made which foresees the most likely outlook of the electric car market in the coming years. The forecast was made using the creeping trend method, and extended up to 2030. As part of the analysis of the effect of the impact of electromobility, an original method was proposed for calculating the primary energy factor (PEF) primary energy ratio in the European Union and in its individual countries, which illustrates the conversion efficiency of primary energy into electricity and the overall efficiency of the power system. The original method was also verified, referring to the methods proposed by the Fraunhofer-Institut. On the basis of all previous actions and analyses, an assessment was made of the impact of the development of the electromobility sector on air quality in the countries studied. Carbon dioxide tank-to-wheels emission reductions which result from the conversion of the car fleet from conventional vehicles to electric motors were then calculated. In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, other pollutant emissions were also calculated, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The increase in the demand for electricity resulting from the needs of electric vehicles was also estimated. On this basis, and also on the basis of previously calculated primary energy coefficients, the emission reduction values have been adjusted for additional emissions resulting from the generation of electricity in power plants.

The development of electromobility in Poland

The article discusses the development of electromobility in Poland. The first part of the article highlights the significance of electromobility for the national transport and energy policy. The second part of the article describes issues related to the development of charging infrastructure. The article also presents plans for the expansion of charging stations and barriers related to it. The article discusses market segments in which electric cars are actually used. Finally, the article describes stages of electromobility development in Poland and indicates its benefits for Poland. Being a new rapidly developing industry, electromobility can be an opportunity for Polish businesses and a stimulating factor for the entire national economy. The article is concluded with a summary.

Organizational barriers to the development of the electromobility market in Poland

The article attempts to signal the issue of barriers to the development of the electromobility market in Poland. The considerations were based on the analysis of a document created by the Ministry of Energy or the Program for the Development of Electromobility in Poland. The aim of the article is to signal the existing formal limitations and desirable prospective directions of changes, which in the future may lead to the verification of currently promoted activities in the field of development of the electromobility market in Poland. lead to the verification of currently promoted activities in the field of development of the electromobility market in Poland.

Sources of electricity - in the aspect of the problems of electromobility development

The article discusses problems related to energy sources, necessary for the development of electromobility in Poland. In Poland, power plants are most often supplied with brown coal, hard coal and gas, i.e. black energy. This is an element that should be taken into account when assessing the costs of developing electromobility.

Economic barriers to the development of the electromobility market in Poland

The article attempts to signal the issue of economic barriers to the development of the electromobility market in Poland. The discussion was based on an analysis of a document created by the Ministry of Energy or the Program for the Development of Electromobility in Poland. The aim of the article is to signal the existing formal limitations and desirable prospective directions of changes, which in the future may lead to the verification of currently promoted economics activities in the field of development of the electromobility market in Poland.

Methanisation of road transport in Poland in the light of the law on electromobility and alternative fuels

The act on electromobility and alternative fuels is directed, as the name suggests, on the development of electromobility in Poland, i.e. the development of primarily BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) as well as public transport buses with such drive. However, it also applies to methane fuels, i.e. mainly CNG or LNG. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned fuels, the number of vehicles with engines fuelled with these fuels in the country in the context of the situation in other European countries, and the refuelling infrastructure for the vehicles in question in the country was also changed in the context of existing in other European countries. The examples present emission advantages and disadvantages in the aforesaid vehicles, also taking into account the results of own tests in real traffic conditions.

Economic conditions of the development of electromobility in Poland at the background of selected countries

Economic conditions of the development of electromobility in Poland at the background of selected countries