Development Of Economic Science Research Articles

Українська економічна думка у світовій економічній науці кінця XIX – початку XX ст.: генеза, теоретичні колізії та практична концептуалізація

The purpose of this article is to reveal the heritage of Ukrainian economic thought, which in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century created the foundation of its identity and received world recognition, but was subsequently forgotten for a long period under the pressure of Soviet ideology. The new circumstances of Russian aggression and hybrid attacks with the promotion of narratives about the inferiority of the Ukrainian people and their statehood have prompted this analysis. Our scientists, even in the bosom of the Russian Empire, managed to form an original and highly intellectual theory of economic science with a world recognition, which pioneered not only in scientific developments, but also in terms of the influence on economic policy of the Russian Empire, and practical implementation in European countries. The essence of the study is to display the content of scientific developments by the representatives of Ukrainian economic thought, to substantiate its national identity, and its difference from the Russian one, and to confirm the influence of Ukrainian economists on the development of economic science in the bosom of the Russian Empire. The authors clarify the characteristic features of the establishment of Ukrainian economic thought in the Russian Empire, the general and special study of phenomena and processes, and their connection with economic policy. Highlighted the role and significance of the activities of the representatives of Ukrainian economic thought in the implementation of economic policy, and establishing morality in scientific research. The practical significance of the contribution made to the world economic science by Ukrainian economists in the Russian Empire is largely determined by the relevance of their deep understanding of national identity. For modern economists, it is important to study their scientific heritage, which even today remains a foundation in the development of Ukrainian economic science.

М.Х. Бунге – видатний вітчизняний учений, педагог та державний діяч-реформатор (до 200-річчя від народження)

The article presents the significance of M.H. Bunge in Ukrainian history and the development of economic science. It reveals the main achievements of this reformer from a contemporary perspective. The role of Bunge in the development of university education, the creative and critical development of economic theory in the second half of the 19th century, the expansion of the domestic market infrastructure, and the scientific justification and practical implementation of economic reforms is demonstrated. The formation of the Kyiv School of Political Economy is discussed in the context of the theoretical and methodological synchronization of domestic economic theory with the defining trends of global economic science, combining the elements of economic liberalism and state intervention in the transformation of the economic environment. The uniqueness of the Kyiv School of Political Economy is argued based on the characterization of its methodological foundations. The practical activities of M.H. Bunge are presented in the historical dimension of social transformations. In particular, it discloses the social-market orientation of the economic reforms that Bunge developed and implemented. The influence of political factors on the success of economic reforms and their social outcomes is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the role of economic science in social progress. The author presents M.H. Bunge's relevant warnings regarding social populism and political radicalism. In conclusion, it is asserted that the figure and scientific legacy of M.H. Bunge serve as an ideological and spiritual compass for today.

Рыбохозяйственный комплекс России: нарративный анализ тенденций и стратегические задачи развития производства и потребления продукции

The role and importance of the fishing industry in the country᾿s economy and international trade and economic relations are outlined, the main problems of its development in modern conditions are considered. The main indicators and targets for the development of the Russian fishing industry are presented in accordance with the “Strategy for the development of the fisheries complex of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”, the role of exports and the current mechanism for distributing quotas for fish products on the volume of its consumption and factors determining the formation of prices for various types of marine biological resources are analyzed. The dynamics of the number of fishing and fish farming enterprises as well as the catch of fish and the main types of biological resources and the production and consumption of fish products in the country for 2010-2022, including by its regions (by federal districts) and per capita are analyzed. The main indicators characterizing conditions, problems and prospects of the fishing fleet development, its deployment and financing of the construction of new vessels are analyzed. The ways of increasing the efficiency of the industry᾿s functioning based on the actualization of modern organizational, technical, innovative and economic mechanisms for the implementation of its goals, in particular by improving the mechanism of “investment quotas” and the creation of production and technological fish clusters, are proposed. A narrative approach which does not entirely fit into the fields of scientific knowledge has been used. Nevertheless its obvious interdisciplinarity makes it possible to use its tools quite successfully within the framework of the modern, interpretive direction in the development of economic sciences.

FOCUS ON ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A LEADING TENDENCY IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY SPECIALISTS

The article examines the leading trend in the professional training of circular economy specialists in the Republic of Finland, the Republic of Poland and Ukraine - the focus on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals; the author concludes that the training of circular economy specialists and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals are interconnected and interdependent. It is shown that the training of such specialists brings each country closer to the implementation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which were defined in September 2015 at the 70th session of the UN General Assembly in New York at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development, and fully meets the motivational criterion for comparing trends in professional training in different countries, which reflects the interdependence of sustainable development of society and the development of economic science and professional training of specialists in new specialties, realized at the State and scientific levels. This criterion also characterizes the degree of public awareness and motivation of citizens regarding the need to fulfill the goals of sustainable development and the threats that arise when they are neglected.

Economics of Quality: The Most Important Direction in the Development of Economic Science

Economics of Quality: The Most Important Direction in the Development of Economic Science

Etatism and liberalism as leading and competing paradigms for the development of economic theory

Introduction. Economic theory as a fundamental economic and social science, born out of the dominance of the market (capitalist) mode of management, is constantly evolving, improving and enriching by new ideas and concepts. A penetrating analysis of the nature of its historical development makes it possible to identify and characterize certain cycles in the changing ideological attitudes of theoretical economists.Purpose of the research: study of the nature and trends of economic theory through the prism of the main paradigms, the formulation of their own evaluative judgments and the forecast of subsequent paradigmatic changes.Methods: deductive and comparative analyses.Results. The main paradigms of the development of theoretical economic thought are defined by the author as etatism and liberalism. The ideology of etatism tilts one part of economists on the side of the state, hopes for its «collective mind» in the regulation of economic and social life; liberal ideology makes the rest of the theorists advocates economic freedom, liberal ideology makes the rest of theorists advocates economic freedom, rational model of individual and «natural order» behavior under the influence of the market laws. Three paradigm cycles have been traced and described in the development of economic theory: 1) mercantilism → classical political economy → Marxist political economy (from the beginning of the XVI th century to the last third of the XIX th century); 2) Marxist theory → neoclassical economics→ keynesian economics (from the last third of the XIX th century up to the 1970s of the XX century); 3) keynesian economics → neoliberal and new classical economic theory → behavioral (experimental) economics (from the mid-1970 s.).Discussion. The analysis concluded that instead of the initial antagonism of economic ideologies of etatism and liberalism, since the second cycle, there has been a trend towards convergence and mutual enrichment. In the near term, the growth of etatistic ideology in the development of economic science is forecast, as evidenced by interest in the «experimental economy» The main explanation of the cyclicality of the main paradigms of the development of the theoretical economy the author sees in the change of generations of outstanding scientists-economists, change of «intellectual fashion».

Crowdsourcing as a new driver of the digital economy and a tool for harmonizing the interests of participants

This study develops and complements the theoretical provisions of the scientific direction in which crowdsourcing is considered as a “tool for solving complex problems” in terms of understanding the processes of community formation based on interests and values. The hypothesis of the study — understanding the nature of the processes of harmonization, complementarity and cooperation of individual interests with social values allows us to explain the forms and nature of the formation and development of communities and, accordingly, the specifics of crowdsourcing processes occurring in them. The object of the study is the peculiarities of the formation and development of communities in the digital economy. The subject is new relations and communications in the digital economy that arise among economic entities in the process of creating and evolving communities and crowdsourcing. The first section presents the evolution of the definition and content of the phenomenon of “crowdsourcing” in order to understand the nature of this new phenomenon and the most important components of its development; the second section analyzes the essential characteristics of the basic economic category “interest” as the basis for the emergence and development of crowdsourcing, which made it possible to cluster interests, understand how they combine (conflict), develop motivation and form values, determining the nature and form of crowdsourcing communication; in the third section, on the basis of synthesis, the author’s model of the process of harmonization of interests, value crystallization, community formation and the emergence of crowdsourcing is developed, which allows us to consider crowdsourcing through the management paradigm and propose approaches to optimize these processes; in the fourth section, conceptual recommendations for applying the proposed model in practice are presented. The scope of application of the results is the development of economic science and understanding of new tools for its evolution, increasing “inclusion” (“involvement”) in economic development through crowdsourcing, the implementation of key projects in public policy.

Кризові трансформації соціально-економічних систем

Crisis phenomena threats are growing on national and global scale against the background of tightened geopolitical and geo-economic competition. Such trends as destruction and degradation, are becoming integral parts of change in the vital function of economic agents, institutional structures at different levels. Therefore, the search for an alternative paradigm for the study and assessment of the transformations of socio-economic systems (SES) is one of the topical directions in the development of economic science. In the objective conditions of constant renewal of world economic relations, proceeding from the multilevel nature of social changes, the article substantiates the need for innovative ways to search, develop and implement strategic guidelines that exclude the raw type of economic development. From the standpoint of the self-organization theory, it specifies that an open system is, as a rule, in a state of unstable equilibrium. The article proves that the purpose of theoretical research and practical actions should be the implementation of controlled effective evolutionary and revolutionary qualitative changes. At the turn of the third millennium, under the increasing impact of periodic civilizational shocks at the stages of economic and political cycles, the determinants of SES stability change over a long period. The transformation of natural factors requires scientific understanding - from motive levers into constraints on the potential for economic growth. The growing volumes of services and the virtual economy are hardly comparable with the products of the industrial sector, while the excessive polarization of incomes hinders economic dynamics. Arguments are given that the processes of changing existing SES can be accompanied by their deformation. The forces of the fall are opposed by compensatory mechanisms of reimbursement for the loss of material, human, information resources. The author focuses on the need to organize and manage the new approaches to the management of SES changes, having in mind time and space scale of the development of integral, interconnected bodies of social and economic agencies at state, corporative as well as individual levels. Crisis shocks of SES transformation are mainly linked with reasons stemming from financialization processes, weakening of sovereignty due to the expansion of global value chains, as well as from major emergencies and disasters, unexpected climate changes, etc. The article suggests improving the conceptual apparatus of transformational changes. The leading trend in modern science is interdisciplinarity. Integration of various scientific disciplines should affect both economics and institutional, social, spiritual, ethnic, moral spheres of life.

Икономически предизвикателства: криза, възстановяване, устойчивост

On November 12, 2021 at the University of National and World Economy under the patronage of the Rector Prof. Dr. Dimitar Dimitrov was held an annual scientific conference on "Economic challenges: crisis, recovery, sustainability". The special guest of the event was Mr. Atanas Pekanov, Deputy Prime Minister for the Management of EU Funds. The forum was attended by representatives of employers, trade unions, central and local government and NGOs. Guests were also Prof. Dr. Mihail Musov, Deputy Rector for Research and International Cooperation, and Prof. Dr. Rosen Kirilov, Deputy Rector for Digitalization and Cyber Security. As the organizer of the conference, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ivaylo Beev, Head of the Economics Department of the UNWE, noted his satisfaction with the wide attendance at this traditional forum. He drew attention to the fact that despite its regular holding for the Department of Economics this is the most important event of the year. "This is the time when we check our watches with the college, with the practice, with the students and their views. The responsibility of this forum is to maintain the leading position of the department and the university in the development of economic science."

Дискуссия вокруг производительных сил (Политэкономия социализма: когнитивный тупик 1970-х)

Objective: to check the hypothesis of the existence of a cognitive deadlock in the socialist political economy in the USSRin the 1970s, which led to stagnation in political and economic research.Methods: discursive analysis, dialectics, hermeneutics, qualitative methods.Results: the content and role of the categories “objectification”, “reification”, “dependence”, “freedom” in the political economy of socialism are revealed. The author analyzes the views of Soviet theorists on the economic evaluation of factors of production, including labor (wages), fixed assets (depreciation), land (rent), and demonstrates the contradictions and “blind spots” of the socialist political economy. In particular, the article describes the paradoxical “fallout” of the problem of depreciation of housing stock and intra-block engineering networks from the discussion of fixed assets depreciation, as well as the issue of productive forces in general.In retrospect, the analysis revealed the predominant influence of the cognitive structure limitations compared to the ideological control. The development of economic science in the USSR was constrained by the norms of speech practices, which imposed restrictions on the discussion of fundamental problems, including “alienation” and “freedom”. Compared to these restrictions, the external ideological control of the Communist party was relatively weak, which, in particular, is proved by the publication of works by E. V. Ilyenkov, V. P. Shkredov and other researchers. The cognitive structure of the socialist political economy caused blind spots, when most of the important problems related to the productive forces were not publicly discussed. At the same time, the issues (freedom, dependence, alienation) directly related to Karl Marx legacy were also largely not discussed. Scientific novelty: the influence of the cognitive structure and its limitations on the development of the socialist political economy is demonstrated.Practical significance: a retrospective analysis allows both a deeper understanding of the reasons that led to the economic collapse of the USSR, and seeing the possible cognitive limitations of modern research, which largely inherited the approaches of Soviet scholars.

History and modernity of the economy of railway transport in the works of VNIIZHT scientists

The article reflects the most important areas of work and the contribution of scientists of the Department of Economics and Finance of the JSC “VNIIZHT” (now the scientific center “Economics of Complex Projects and Tariff Formation”) in the development of economic science in railway transport since the foundation of the department in 1944 to the present.Theoretical foundations for measuring the economic efficiency of capital investments and new technology in the national economy were created by the head of the department academician T. S. Khachaturov, and then adapted to the conditions of railway transport by the head of the department Dr. Tech. Sci., prof. A. E. Gibshman, head of the sector Dr. Econ. Sci., prof. N. N. Barkov and their followers. Issues of management accounting, analysis, planning of operating costs, calculating the cost of transportation, calculating the unit costs of measuring transport work are central to the research of the department. Under the scientific guidance of Dr. Econ. Sci., prof. A. P. Abramov in this area of research in the department has developed a large scientific school. In the development of scientific areas for economic incentives and increasing labor productivity and financial management, a great contribution was made by Dr. Econ. Sci., prof. M. M. Tolkacheva. Traditional scientific direction for the department of economics is the improvement of pricing for freight and passenger transportation, and other activities. Theoretical research and practical development since the beginning of the 70s of the last century were conducted under the leadership of Dr. Econ. Sci. A. V. Kreinin, and later — the head of the department Dr. Econ. Sci. L. A. Mazo. Since the mid-80s under the direction of Dr. Econ. Sci., prof. O. F. Miroshnichenko, the issues of the economy of passenger transportation stand out in a separate scientific direction, covering high-speed traffic, costs, marketing, tariffs, reforming the passenger complex.At present, the staff of the research center continues to conduct research in the most important areas of the economy of railway transport, which contribute to the increase in the efficiency and competitiveness of Russian Railways in the transport services market.

Pandemia COVID-19 w perspektywie ekonomii złożoności

Purpose – An indication that complexity economics proposes a more adequate description of economic phenomena and the basis of a strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic than traditional economics, which may be the beginning of a breakthrough in the development of economic sciences. Research method – Analysis of the literature on the subject and deductive reasoning. Results – The adoption of the complexity economics perspective in the description of the phenomena accompanying the pandemic allows for a credible explanation of the problems and limitations of the anti-coronavirus policy and provides an interesting basis for an action strategy that gives a chance to use the current crisis to initiate economic development processes more adequate to contemporary economic, ecological and social challenges, and also to revise the hitherto achievements of economic science. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The article is a contribution to the discussion on the economic aspects of the pandemic and the theory of economics, it is also an original interpretation of the theses of complexity economics in the context of the COVID-19 problem.

СТАТУС ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ КАК НАУЧНОЙ И УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

The article examines the place of economic theory in the structure of scientific knowledge and its role in creating human capital. The comparative analysis focuses on the way knowledge is organized in natural (physics) and social (economics) disciplines. It is suggested that theoretical economics lies at the core of economic science, and there is also a protective belt of «auxiliary hypotheses» (I. Lakatos) comprising a range of economic theories (from political economy to neo-institutional economics) appears. Their categorical foundation coincides with objective knowledge (in the terminology of K. Popper), which should include basic categories, logical and mathematical methods, micro-economic bases of analysis, etc. Microeconomics is aimed at building mathematical models that reflect the rational behavior of economic agents. Its in-depth study is the prerogative of «textbooks for scientists» (in the classification of B. Bolzano). Within the higher education system, ‘microeconomic theory’ is studied at the level of postgraduate studies, which means that the disciplines that form the core of the economic science should be studied more intensively at the Bachelor’s and Master’s levels. In Master’s programs, what comes to the fore is the ‘textbooks for business people’ or the economy of industrial markets. The economy of industrial markets and other similar disciplines based on the categorical foundation of microeconomics offer practically oriented training (case studies and know-how). The content of economic theories includes a worldview component, which largely coincides with implicit (personal) knowledge (in the interpretation of M. Polanyi). This is where originates the critical attitude towards previous theories and progressive trends in the development of economic science. The factor that contributes to the formation of the ‘economic way of thinking’ (textbooks addressed to wider public) in the senior classes of specialized schools or at the level of Bachelor’s programs.

Adaptive control of manipulator based on neural network

With the development of economic science and technology, the development of computer vision has undergone rapid changes, and various products relying on computer vision are also more and more, such as smart home, robot technology, and so on. At present, robot technology has become a very important part of the development of human science and technology, and in the field of industrial robots, the most rapid development is the robot with robot arm adaptive motion. It is very necessary to study the adaptive motion control of the manipulator based on machine learning. The robot with the adaptive motion of the manipulator can carry out logistics express sorting, operate in the doors and windows outside the building, and pick fruits in the orchard, which can ensure the effective implementation of hard work. Therefore, this paper proposes a mechanical adaptive control method based on a neural network. According to the motion model of the manipulator, the RBF neural network model is used to judge the stability of the system according to the Lyapunov function. The related algorithms of machine learning and multi-degree of freedom manipulator are studied and improved. The RBF neural network model approximates the unknown function infinitely and then establishes the complex motion model. Aiming at the adaptive neural network of a manipulator, a network adaptive terminal control method is proposed. Firstly, a stable manipulator motion system is designed by using a neural network, and then the terminal synovial controller is designed by using backstepping control technology. The stability of the method is proved by using the approximation virtual control technology of the neural network. The adaptive control is realized by using the learning and self-adaptability of the neural network; thus, the stability analysis of the closed-loop system is realized.

ТРАЕКТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА КАК САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ЗНАНИЙ

The article shows the importance of economic analysis in the system of economic knowledge, its formation as an independent area of ​​research. The main stages of the formation of theoretical and methodological principles of analysis and the development of practice in leading economic entities are analyzed. The preconditions for the formation and development of complex economic analysis, its role and significance in improving management in the activities of economic entities are considered; shows the possibilities of using modern methods and approaches to the development of complex economic analysis and the expansion of its use in the practice of economic entities of different levels. The article is based on the disclosure of the role of the leading Russian scientist, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Anatoly Danilovich Sheremet, in the development of economic science and economic analysis, as an independent area of ​​knowledge, who for many decades headed the Russian scientific school of economic analysis.

Шляхи вдосконалення обліково-аналітичного забезпечення діяльності комунальних некомерційних підприємств охорони здоров’я

The article examines the organizational aspect of accounting for incomes and expenses, as well as the problems of accounting for incomes and expenses of the non-profit communal healthcare enterprises (CNP HA). The accounting-analytical information is considered as the socio-economic basis of business globalization, which is relevant in the context of strengthening the value of accounting and reporting for the further development of economic science and practice. The essence of the concept of «accounting-analytical provision of social needs», ways, forms and factors of its improvement are researched. The directions of improvement of the accounting-analytical provision of the activities of the non-profit communal healthcare enterprises and ways to modernize the methodology of carrying out the internal audit of incomes and expenses are proposed. The accounting-analytical provision of the enterprise is one of the main prerequisites for the effective functioning of any enterprise and an important element of the formation of the efficient managerial decisions. The purpose of the accounting-analytical provision of the activities of the CNP HA is to provide the management staff of the enterprise with complete, timely and reliable information for the adoption of current and strategic managerial decisions. The accounting and reporting system should be formed in accordance with the adopted methodological principles and approaches to analytical researches aimed at a comprehensive impact on the activities of the enterprise to ensure profit and strengthen its financial position in the market. Priority directions for improving the principles and methods of accounting and auditing of incomes and expenses of CNP HA are defined; the same is considered with regard to the economic analysis to maximum satisfying the needs of users in making managerial decisions as to the dynamic development of the CNP HA. The proposed directions for improving the methodology for carrying out an internal audit of incomes and expenses allow for operational analysis and control of incomes and expenses, and in the future use this information to make effective decisions on the functioning of the non-profit communal healthcare enterprises in the long term perspective.

THE METHODOLOGY OF HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH AS A FACTOR AND A MEAN OF DEMYTHOLOGIZING THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICS IN ITS ORGANIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION

The article reveals the modern principles of studying the history of the development of economic science from the standpoint of institutional economic theory (the unity of logical and historical approaches, the objective and the subjective, formal and real analysis, the use of narrative discourse). It is shown that the history of economic ideas is closely related to the history of economic events, and a truly scientific reflection of both processes in their contradictory combination can most fully be provided by highlighting relatively autonomous levels of analysis (the history of the life of certain individuals; the history of the development of organizations in which they carried out their scientific research, pedagogical and practical activities, and the corresponding structural units of these organizations; the history of the development of the states (localities), on the territory of which these organizations and/or these individuals were located in different periods) with the subsequent combination of the results of this analysis and corresponding generalizations. Possibilities of using the proposed principles to solve debatable issues of historical and economic content (continuity of scientific schools, linking well-known names to certain free economic zones, historical succession of structural units of external evaluation and external evaluation) are demonstrated on the example of specific individuals – well-known economists, universities’ structural units related to economics, and universities themselves. The conclusion that the ways of proving the legitimacy of certain interpretations of historical and economic process should be adequate and based on all available set of historical facts and documents, taking into account the context of the relevant historical epoch, has been substantiated. It has been stressed that the application of the proposed principles at the selected levels of research can protect against false ideas about the real history of the economy and economic thought and/or from its deliberate falsifications.

О КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫХ СХЕМАХ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ

We carried out a theoretical analysis of various concepts used to describe and explain the development, progress and evolution of economic theory (economic science). The study found that the dynamics and transformations of economic theory were described using models of the development of scientific knowledge of three prominent philosophers and thinkers, namely: K.R. Popper, T. Kuhn and I. Lakatos. Nevertheless, the merits of each of these conceptual schemes are balanced by shortcomings, following mainly from the fact that K.R. Popper, T. Kuhn and I. Lakatos's concepts were developed to analyze the development of natural science knowledge. In this regard, an attempt was made to describe and explain the development of economic science through the use of an earlier approach - the law of the intellectual evolution of humanity by A. Comte. This approach reveals its advantages, expressed in the simplicity of presentation, openness to further research and interpretation of new results in the field of research on the development of economic thought. At the same time, it is worth noting the existence of shortcomings of the author's approach, consisting in the difficulty of establishing a chronological framework for the development of economic theory, the impossibility of using the A. Comte's law to describe the evolution of all economic schools, the fuzziness of the boundaries (periods) of the development of economic knowledge and a simplified understanding of the development of science itself as non-discontinuous progress - improvement.

Development of Economic Science Through the Concept of Economic Competition

Many authors present the term "competitiveness" in a sense of ability to defeat rivals to achieve goals. Moreover, many economists rely on the definition of "competition" as a "contest". Competition is a continuous trend of methods of strive in different areas constantly applying new approaches. Competitiveness can ensure the continuity of this process. Competition is a struggle, that is, the ability to take action in any situation at any time to overcome it. Competition is the contest of organizations in the same market sector with similar interests. The intensity and structure of competition affect its forms and level. In general, the concepts of competition and competitiveness are studied in depth and comprehensively in Economics. Despite of that there is no unified definition of these concepts among scholars, and each researcher provides various definitions from own perspective of the field of study. This article discusses the history of the concept of economic competition in chronological order. The authors analyzed the basic conceptual approaches of economic thoughts of the development of economic competition according to their classifications. The main attention is paid to the concept of competition in the economic sense. The author offers a vision of the concept of economic competition This indicates the complexity and importance of the issue, as well as the need for further theoretical and practical research in this area.

Features of the Organization of Economic Research in the 1920s (on the Example of Yekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk)

The potential of Yekaterinburg / Sverdlovsk made it possible to expect creation of a local center for the training of qualified economists in the 1920s and emergence of a special institution with specialists capable of analyzing regional economic problems at a high theoretical level. However, despite the obvious need for economists (practitioners and theorists) and for conducting economic research, this did not happen due to a number of ideological and political restrictions. Mistrust of old specialists, the adoption of Marxism political economy as an ideological dogma, the crisis of higher education, fear of possible party sedition in regional economic research centers led to a natural result - a lag in economic research, poor industrialization of the necessary personnel, and miscalculations in economic planning. Uralplan, UOLE, regional studies organizations engaged in regional economic research were destroyed, which slowed down the development of economic science in Sverdlovsk for several decades.