Development Of Crisis Phenomena Research Articles

Theoretical foundations of the emergence and development of crisis phenomena in economic systems

The article summarizes the theoretical foundations of the emergence and development of crisis phenomena in economic systems and the peculiarities of their manifestation at the macro level. It is emphasized that the economic crisis represents a complexly structured and multifactorial system of relationships with the external environment, as well as a multicomponent internal structure, which complicates the process of its study. It has been established that in the scientific literature, the position of considering the crisis as an unfavorable situation in the development of individual economic systems prevails, however, there are different approaches to the definition of this concept, as well as the predominance of its favorable and unfavorable characteristics. The theoretical principles of economic science regarding the understanding of the essence of economic crises are summarized and the following approaches are highlighted: classical, rational combination of market self-regulation and state regulation, intermediary-behavioral. It was established that the crisis was viewed as a factor of negative impact on the economy, caused by the instability of the markets, and also as a process that requires prompt response in order to stabilize the crisis situation and neutralize its consequences. Attention is drawn to such a characteristic of the crisis as its duration, which depends on the state of the external and internal environment of the functioning of economic systems, which requires a detailed identification of its factors and vectors of influence. The existing approaches to the definition of the concept of «crisis» are systematized and two main groups are distinguished, one of which considers the crisis as a negative phenomenon, and the second – as a turning point in the life cycle of the enterprise, as an impulse for further development, which can have both negative and positive effects. consequences. On the basis of which, a conclusion was made about the need for the management of any enterprise to monitor its functioning environment in order to identify possible causes of crises and their monitoring. It is substantiated by the reasons for the probability of a crisis at the enterprise level due to changes in the external and internal environment of its functioning. It is proposed to distinguish the concept of «crisis» as a state of the enterprise, which involves its disorganization, and «crisis process» as an unstable, dynamic process of changing the values of the main parameters of its internal and external environment. The author's approach to the examination of the crisis involves considering the state of the enterprise at the breaking point, which is determined by the contradictions between the internal and external environment, which, in the absence of the possibility of their resolution, can cause irreversible consequences for it functioning system. Regarding the understanding of the crisis process, it should be considered as a process that changes the state of the enterprise due to the influence of contradictions between the internal and external environment, which constantly changes the values of their main parameters and has a continuous, dynamic, unstable, cyclical nature. It is argued that the crisis process begins to arise if the internal state of the enterprise does not match its macro environment, which can lead to its possible liquidation. The need to study the crisis according to the stages of the crisis process is substantiated, which will allow to determine the bifurcation points at which the enterprise becomes unstable, according to the periods of the development of the crisis process, and to distinguish the following types of crisis: strategic, liquidity, insolvency, critical. Key words: crisis, crisis process, economic system, enterprise, crisis duration, bifurcation points.

The party «Citizens» during the crisis of executive power in Spain (2015-2019)

The paper explores the activities of the party «Citizens» with a focus on its role in the development of the protracted crisis of executive power in Spain. For four years, the country has faced the problem of forming a government: during that period, early national elections were held four times, Spain lived without a government twice. The author studies the peculiarities of ideological image, social support and organizational principles; examines their evolution in connection with the development of crisis phenomena in the social and political life of Spain. Special emphasis is given to analysis of the maneuvers of the «Citizens» at the national and regional levels. It is concluded that the «Citizens» sought to realize their political potential: the party largely determined the process of forming government coalitions. Until 2019, «Citizens» successfully collaborated with two leading forces – socialists and conservatives. The lack of a clear self-identification of «Citizens» contributed to the maneuvering of the party and attracting the attention of the electorate with different political views. The partnership of «Citizens» with opposing forces led to a serious internal party crisis, as a result of which the party lost its political weight at the national level. In the period of the crisis the «Citizens» managed to become an integral part of the political system and determine the general direction of the transformation of the spanish bipartism towards confrontation between the conditionally left and right coalition.

Financial security of enterprises: characteristics, components, main threats and dangers

The planning of the development of socio-economic systems has always been at the epicenter of attention of scientific representatives, and its conceptual basis was founded in the works of R. Braley, S. Myers, R. Ackoff, M. Powcock, A. Taylor. Separate methodological, organizational and methodological aspects of the financial security of enterprises are studied by foreign scientists, such as J. Siegel, R. Curtis, F. Li Cheng, J. Finnerty, Jai K. Shim, Ukrainian scientists, the main ones are: A. G. Belaya, O. V. Arefieva, I. T. Balabanov, I. A. Blank, Yu. M. Vorobyov, T. A. Kirsanova, V. M. Grineva, V. V. Kovalev, L. A. Ligonenko, G. A. Kramarenko, E. S. Stoyanova, L. A. Shvaiko, O. E. Chernaya, V. M. Sheludko and others. In conditions of financial instability of the national economy, the volatility of transformation processes, the emergence of financial and economic imbalances and uncertainty begins. Consequently, the efficiency of the functioning of the financial system, both at the macro and micro levels, is unsatisfactory and in modern conditions is characterized by numerous shortcomings, problems and contradictions. For the effective functioning of enterprises, it is necessary to increase the level of their financial security. Improper attention to the process of managing financial security in an enterprise leads to the emergence and development of crisis phenomena, complicates the process of getting out of them and hinders the process of economic growth of enterprises. In addition, in conditions of a low level of financial security, the financial stability, competitiveness and financial independence of business entities are deteriorating. Therefore, the key to the progressive development of the enterprise and the main prerequisite for its stable operation is the development of an effective system for assessing the level of financial security of the enterprise, the study of the main risks, dangers and threats that can affect the state of its financial security, and subsequently the formation of a strategy for managing the financial security of the enterprise. Therefore, the problem of managing the financial security of a business enterprise remains relevant. The purpose of writing this article is a theoretical substantiation of the main threats to the financial security of enterprises and the advisability of introducing the necessary measures to minimize existing risks and threats. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological approaches to assessing the level of enterprise security and identifying ways to strengthen it.

Діагностика рівня транспарентності розвитку підприємств в умовах інвестиційної активності економічного середовища: методичний аспект

It is determined that the diagnostics of the level of transparency of the development of industrial enterprises, taking into account their investment activity, consists in that that in conditions of uncertainty of the external context and the emergence of a tendency to decline in the level of development it is necessary to adjust the tactics of management activities regarding the use of diagnostic instrumentarium with the already accounted manifestation of crisis phenomena in strategic periods, to accumulate financial resources in order to successfully counter the losses caused by the crisis situation: ergo, it is advisable to predict, diagnose and prevent the consequences of the financial crisis. It is concluded that the need to improve the methodological approach to assessing the level of transparency of development of industrial enterprises, taking into account the investment activity of the economic environment, is due to that that diagnostics of the level of transparency of development reduces the probability of emergence and development of crisis phenomena in the process of production and economic activity of enterprises. On the basis of the results of the aforementioned diagnostics, the negative consequences of the financial risks of enterprise are revealed, possible ways to increase the level of development are elaborated, a strategy for achieving transparency of enterprises development in the context of convergence of investment processes is built. This enables to prepare in advance options for strategically rational decisions on both the emerging and the forecast changes in resource prices, changes in own and in borrowed funds, to adjust plans for production, obtaining loans, and changes in selling prices. Also to forecast the onset of moments of destabilization of production (occurrence of crisis factors) and to use interactive innovation and investment management as the most optimal type of relevant management in order to prevent the development of crisis at industrial enterprises.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ТА ЙОГО ЗНАЧЕННЯ В УПРАВЛІННІ СУЧАСНИМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ

The article substantiates the conceptual foundations of technological management and its importance in the management of modern enterprises. It is investigated that technological management provides management of the technological development of the enterprise. To solve the goals and objectives of technological management, it is necessary to form an external environment with state support, technological innovative development of the enterprise, the introduction of innovation, investment, technological policy of the state, as well as the formation of a favorable scientific and investment environment. It was revealed that at the level of each individual enterprise, technological management requires the formation, adoption and phased implementation of the technological development strategy of the enterprise, with the development of an appropriate management system to achieve all the goals and objectives of technological development at the strategic, tactical and operational level of the enterprise. It is determined that the company has three main levels of technological management: strategic, tactical and operational, integrated into a single system of technological management. It is determined that technological management should be applied continuously, at all stages of the life cycle of an enterprise, since the change in technology determines, forms and directs the life cycle. It was revealed that technology management makes it possible to ensure continuous development and avoidance of stages of decline in financial economic activity and the development of crisis phenomena. It is generalized that technological management involves the active development, creation, introduction of innovations, the creation of new and improvement of existing technologies and the decision to abandon outdated technologies, and thus will ensure the technological renewal of products and technologies for its release, which will ensure high competitiveness of the company's products in the market, its effective implementation and profitability and will ensure dynamic technological and economic development of the enterprise in the future.

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Optimal Biphilic Surface Configuration to Enhance Boiling Heat Transfer

To study the processes of boiling on a smooth surface with contrast wettability, a hybrid model was developed based on Lattice Boltzmann method and heat transfer equation. The model makes it possible to describe the phenomena of natural convection, nucleate boiling, and transition to film boiling, and, thus, to study heat transfer and the development of crisis phenomena in a wide range of surface superheats and surface wetting characteristics. To find the optimal configuration of the biphilic surface, at the first stage a numerical simulation was carried out for a single lyophobic zone on a lyophilic surface. The dependences of the bubble departure frequency and the departure diameter of the bubble on the width of the lyophobic zone were obtained, and its optimal size was determined. At the next stage, the boiling process on an extended surface was studied in the presence of several lyophobic zones of a given size with different distances between them. It is shown that in the region of moderate surface superheat, the intensity of heat transfer on biphilic surfaces can be several times (more than 4) higher compared to surfaces with homogeneous wettability. Based on numerical calculations, an optimal configuration of the biphilic surface with the ratios of the lyophobic zones’ width of the order of 0.16 and the distance between the lyophobic zones in the range of 0.9–1.3 to the bubble departure diameter was found.

STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION ADAPTIVITY RATE CORRELATION IN RELATION TO ITS INTERNAL INTEGRITY

The focus of modern project management is increasingly shifting from the management of individual projects to the management of strategic project-oriented development of organizations. Now there is a need to pay more attention to project management as a universal tool for the development of systems at any level. The aim of the article is to study the processes of organization adaptation to constant changesthrough a synergetic portfolio of projects based on a strategic plan for the development and evolution of the organization. The spiral movement of systems development for studying development processes is considered: the process of transition of an organization from one stable state to another, the process of radical changes that accompanies innovation, as well as the processes of growth and development of crisis phenomena. The methodological principles of the organization evolutionary development management through the implementation of portfolio using its methods and tools are considered. It is proposed to manage the organization evolutionary development by building actions in the form of a synergistic portfolio of appropriate projects content, in order to increase the value of the entire portfolio of projects over the value of individual projects. The synergetic portfolio of projects is seen as a tool for a harmonious transition to the desired evolutionary state, by preserving the internal integrity of the organization and ensuring its sustainability. A mathematical model for estimating the desired properties and relations of the organizational synergetic portfolio of projects is proposed, which allows to determine and minimize the magnitude of the evolutionary goals inconsistency and to stabilize the current state of organization.It is determined that the two main tasks of any organization -external adaptation and internal integration -constantly push the organization to evolutionary development. The article proposes the author's approach to managing the organization evolutionary development through a portfolio of projectsidentifies indicators of adaptation of the organization to changes in the environment, defines the conditions for maintaining the integrity of the organization in the process of organizational changes.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES OF THE STATE

For several years in a row, Ukraine has been on the path of active democratic transformations due to a significant number of complex political, economic, environmental, and regulatory changes. Most of the transformations are due to the unwillingness of civil society to put up with situations that hinder the gradual development of all spheres of activity. Unfortunately, the leading positions are occupied by problems related to corruption in the public sector, which is one of the inhibiting factors in the implementation of state programs, reforms, and innovations. Their influence reduces the level of public confidence in the government, as well as contributes to the deterioration of the country's position at the level of international cooperation. Such actions lead to the development of crisis phenomena in sociopolitical and economic activities, reduces the level of national security and social protection of citizens. The presence of crisis phenomena leads to the need to make changes in the functioning of the most necessary industries such as health care facilities, educational services, state-owned enterprises, and industry. The phenomenon of corruption has a negative impact on the country's competitiveness, on its ability to fully meet the needs of its own citizens, which creates distrust not only of ordinary citizens but also of entrepreneurs. Based on this, identifying and preventing the influence of the main factors influencing the development of the anti-corruption policy of the state is quite relevant and important for solving the problems that have covered the activities of our country. In the course of the research, the approaches to understanding the essence of anti-corruption policy were generalized, measures were identified and priority areas for combating corruption were identified. It was found that the functioning of the process of democratic transformation in combating corruption contributes to the creation of a non-corrupt environment that promotes the progressive development of the country. Keywords: Corruption, corrupt activities, state anti-corruption policy, anti-corruption activities, public administration, public administration, public authorities.

Some aspects of the role of agricultural production for sustainable development of the state

The author draws attention to the development of crisis phenomena in most of the developed countries of the world. Possible scenarios for resolving the growing crisis contradictions are briefly analyzed. It is noted that quite serious armed conflicts are not excluded, in which a drop in the standard of living of the population of many countries of the world is inevitable. It is noted that in this scenario, the developed agriculture will contribute to the minimum inevitable losses among the population of those countries that will be involved in the conflict. In a scenario in which armed clashes will not be a serious enough problem for developed countries, there will be a problem of a decrease in the number of the indigenous population of these countries, their replacement by a population with other cultural traditions, or, in general, a critical decrease in population density. The author analyzes the reasons for this phenomenon and comes to the conclusion that it is possible to reverse the current trend by involving the population in the development of agriculture on modern principles.

Молодое поколение Калмыкии: социальное самочувствие и экономическая устойчивость (по итогам опроса 2019 г.)

The article is devoted to the study of the youth, an important active social group. It represents a quarter of the population and manifests itself in all spheres of life of the republic. One of the factors that encourage the sociological diagnostics of the state of the youth is the emergence of new social and economic threats, development of crisis phenomena in regions with complex ethnic and religious composition, which includes the Kalmyk Republic. Young people tend to participate in processes that are risky and destructive. The article analyzes the individual results of a sociological study conducted in 2019 within the framework of a grant from B. B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (N.L. Kurepin). The study allowed us determining not only the problematic aspects of this age group (economic instability, social inequality, etc.), but also the positive aspects that allow us identifying its productive opportunities for updating social relations and economic processes in the region. Our analysis shows that the Republic of Kalmykia is economically protected, as its economy is able to ensure the stability of the economic situation of an individual, provide opportunities for social and economic stability of the regional community, and guarantee protection from various types of threats and losses. The obtained data allows us to state that, despite the unresolved social problems (business, leisure during vacations, holidays, environmental situation in the region, opportunity to express political views), the life of the young population of the republic is stable and sustainable. The majority of the study group has confidence and a positive attitude towards the future, which depends on both their psychological and emotional state and the economic situation in the Kalmyk Republic.

Факторы макроэкономической динамики при переходе к информационной экономике

The study was made of the relationship between GDP growth rates and individual components of its final use by combining factor analysis using the principal component method and regression analysis. The period from 1955 to 1980 was studied using data on the average annual growth rate of components over fiveyear periods in the countries of the non-socialist world. The growth rates of the various components of the use of GDP at different stages as the fourth technical and economic structure of the fourth dominates and the development of crisis phenomena in the economy has had a variable impact on economic growth. During the crisis period, the impact of the growth of all components of using GDP on economic growth has dropped sharply. The greatest role in this period was played by the growth of current expenditures of the state. Comparison of the structure of the use of GDP using factor analysis by the method of principal components was carried out by the average annual values for the period from 1950 to 1980. As the development crisis approaches, as the models show, the influence of factors of the structure of using GDP on economic growth decreases. During the entire period, high levels of government spending had a negative effect on economic growth. The impact of exports and imports was positive for the entire period studied. Overcoming the crisis in the economies of developed countries led to a transition to a positive impact of investment on economic growth.

Development of Crisis Phenomena in Social and Economic Systems in Conditions of Globalization

The article develops proposals for the systematization of crisis phenomena in socio-economic systems in the conditions of globalization. It was established that globalization only increases the frequency of crisis phenomena and their scale. It was proved that the strengthening of relations between individual countries predetermines the growth of their interdependence. It was determined that in the context of globalization, the economic entities of one country become dependent on the markets or resources of other countries. For the socioeconomic systems of an enterprise rank, the environment in modern conditions is often not the socioeconomic system of the higher rank, which includes the enterprise, but other socio-economic systems of higher rank. Therefore, the emergence of crisis situations is often considered in terms of the interaction of the socio-economic system of a certain level with the system of the higher level, considering the fact that the impact of crisis phenomena is the determining one. Â

Experimental Study of the Influence of Structured Capillary-Porous Coatings on the Dynamics of Development of Transient Processes and the Crisis Phenomena at Stepwise Heat Release

The effect of structured plasma-sprayed capillary-porous coatings on transient processes and the development of crisis phenomena at boiling under pulsed heat release was studied. The working fluid was liquid nitrogen on the saturation line at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that under unsteady heat release, there is a degeneration of the development of the boiling crisis on heaters with structured capillary-porous coatings at q < qCHF (critical heat flux at steady heat release). Under unsteady pulsed heat release, no rapid transition to the film boiling regime (without passing through the nucleate boiling stage) is observed on heaters with such coatings until the thermal load is more than two times higher than the critical heat flux for steady heat release. This significantly increases the times of transition to post-critical heat transfer. Analysis of synchronized measurements of surface temperature of heaters and high-speed video recording of transient processes shows that the degeneration of the heat transfer crisis at q < qCHF on samples with coatings occurs due to significantly lower liquid boiling temperature differences and specific features of the dynamics of propagation of self-sustaining evaporation fronts in comparison with a smooth heater.

The Nature of Crisis Phenomena in the Russian Economy

The article analyzes the origin, nature, and development of crisis phenomena in the Russian economy.

Heat transfer and critical heat flux at evaporation and boiling in refrigerant mixture films falling down the tube with structured surfaces

The results of an experimental study of heat transfer in the liquid films flowing down a vertical cylinder with different types of surface structuring are presented. The methods of heat transfer enhancement and critical heat flux increase using horizontal ribbing, rhomb-shaped notches and mesh surface coating at the wave-laminar film flow were investigated. The mixture of refrigerants R114 and R21 was used as a working liquid; initial concentration of volatile component R114 in the mixture was varied from 0% to 19%. It is found out that a change in the character of the wave film flow on the surface with horizontal ribbing at film Reynolds numbers Re>400 leads to heat transfer intensification at evaporation compared with the smooth and rhomb-shaped surfaces. At evaporation and development of nucleate boiling, the heat transfer coefficient on the surface with mesh coating is higher than for the smooth and textured surfaces. At nucleate boiling there is no effect of surface texture on heat transfer. The influence of the initial composition of a binary mixture of refrigerants with close saturation temperatures on the heat transfer coefficient at evaporation and boiling is insignificant. The development of crisis phenomena over the studied structured surfaces is determined by the regularities of dry spot formation, specific to evaporation of the wave liquid film.

Housing Mortgage in the Russian Federation in January 2015

In 2014, the volume of housing mortgage lending (HML) in the Russian Federation continued to grow despite the development of crisis phenomena in the Russian economy. The volume of housing mortgage credits (HMC) allotted in 2014 (Rb 1.762 trillion) was 30.18% above the same index for 2013, while their number grew by 22.7% on the previous year. The quality of the ruble-denominated HMC portfolio improved: the amount of stale debt against HMC denominated in rubles shrank by 0.15 p.p. on 2013, to 0.86%. The quality of the HMC portfolio denominated in foreign currencies also improved: the amount of stale debt against HMC denominated in foreign currencies shrank by 0.12 p.p., to 12.57%. Over the course of the year, the average monthly weighted interest rate on HMC denominated in foreign currencies grew by 1.06 p.p. on 2013, to 13.16% for December 2014. The average weighted interest rate on HMC denominated in rubles shrank by 0.35 p.p. on 2013, to 9.25%.

Heat transfer and wave characteristics of a binary freon film flowing over a three-dimensional textured surface

The results of the study of heat transfer, crisis phenomena, and wave characteristics of laminar-wavy liquid films falling over a vertical three-dimensional texture surface have been considered. The R21/R114 freon mixture is served as a working fluid. Some peculiarities of heat transfer, hydrodynamics, and development of crisis phenomena in a binary liquid film falling over heat-releasing surfaces of different geometry have been revealed. The dependence of the heat-transfer coefficient on the flow rate for a three-dimensional texture surface in the regime of evaporation is shown to be similar to the dependence for a smooth surface with slightly intensified heat transfer in the region of inlet film Reynolds numbers of 100–500. The heat transfer coefficients of nucleate boiling on the studied types of structured surfaces are much lower than for a smooth tube. In the regime of undeveloped nucleate boiling, the critical heat flux for all surface types is deter-mined by the dependence obtained by considering the appearance of the heat transfer crisis in an evaporating wave liquid film.

Development of Crisis Phenomena in Falling Wavy Liquid Films at Nonstationary Heat Release

This paper deals with investigation results on crisis phenomena for nonstationary heat release in falling liquid films. According to the experimental results, in the studied range of irrigation degree alteration (Re in = 60–1,690), parameters, characterizing decay of the falling liquid film with stepped heat release (distribution of time of boiling incipience along the liquid film, velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts), depend complexly on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics and heat flux density. The time of boiling incipience at stepwise heat release was simulated numerically with consideration of intensive evaporation development from the free surface of a laminar-wave film, transportation of large wave crests at typical process times and influence of the convective component of heat transfer. It is shown that the convective component of heat transfer in the wave liquid films and film thinning because of intensive evaporation provide a significant increase in the time of boiling incipience for the given heat fluxes under the conditions of nonstationary heat release. It is also revealed that for low densities of the heat flux at decay of a laminar-wave liquid film occurs with formation of metastable regular structures with liquid rivulets and large-scale dry zones between them. When loading thermal impulses of high intensity, film decay is determined by dynamic characteristics of propagation of the self-maintained front of liquid boiling-up and the shape of structures, formed during its development.

Crisis phenomena in falling liquid films at periodic heat loads

Experimental results on development of crisis phenomena in a falling film of cryogenic liquid at alternating pulse heat release are presented. Experimental data on local temperature evolution along a heat releasing surface are obtained. It is shown that amplitude of heater temperature pulsations depends significantly on the heat flux density and coordinates along the liquid film flow. New experimental data on the critical heat fluxes corresponding to formation of stable dry spots and drying crisis are presented depending on duration of heat release pulses. It is shown that parameters of the forming metastable regular structures and critical drying parameters of the heat-releasing surface are determined by dynamics of the movable boundaries of wetting during self-organization of a system.

Study of the Dynamics of Flow and Heat Transfer in Draining Intensely Evaporated Wave Films of Liquid

The dynamics of flow and heat transfer in gravity flow of wave films of cryogenic liquid over vertical heated surfaces under the conditions of evaporation and boiling have been studied experimentally. The studies have been conducted on heated surfaces with the length along the flow of 12, 20, 42, and 64 mm within the variation range of the Reynolds number at the inlet of 10−2000. The work has showed different dynamics in the development of crisis phenomena during film boiling, depending on the length of the heated surface. It has been shown that on short thick-wall heaters the drying of the heat-release surface is related to complete rejection of the developed liquid jets directly at the inlet to the heat-release zone. It is found that on heat-release surfaces, which have greater length along the flow, a variety of the crisis develops that is conditioned by propagation of the temperature perturbation upstream in the heat-transfer wall. Generalization of the obtained experimental data shows that under the conditions of development of the given type of heat-transfer crisis the critical heat flux can be substantially lower than the one calculated by the known hydrodynamic models of its description. At the parameters of the heat-transfer wall implemented in the experiments, an autowave transition develops; this transition is characterized by displacement of the nucleate-boiling zone by the front of drying when a critical size of "dry" spots in the lower part of the heat-release surface has been reached.