Development Of Capitalist Relations Research Articles

Music Score Publishing Companies in the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Price Lists of the “P. Jurgenson” Music Sales Company (From the Collection of the Russian State Library)

This article is a continuation of research related to the activities of Russian music score publishing companies from the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the field of the production and sale of musical instruments. This particular segment of industry demonstrates a number of features which are most clearly reflected in the price lists of the leading manufacturers, as well as a number of official commercial representatives. The advertising mechanisms and technologies are connected with the design of print copies, thematic publications, as well as structural and organisational features. Each of these embodies a marketing policy by way of commercial tool designed to demonstrate the best and highest quality aspects of a given enterprise designed significantly to increase cash turnover of the profiled range of goods. One of the most significant market players was “P. Jurgenson,” a company which operated in conditions of fierce rivalry while searching for its own individual business image. The facets of this image consisted of an objective complex of features formed by the development of capitalist relations and personal qualities, as well as the totality of cultural notions and possibilities. In each case, this was a demonstration of both general and specific aspects, the latter of which reveal the inimitable features of entrepreneurship, its system and potential. The opportunity to comprehend and assess the scale arose thanks to materials in the collection of the Russian State Library, which now for the first time have been introduced into academic studies.

РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ НОРМЫ И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ СЕКТЫ СКОПЦОВ В РОССИИ (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX-НАЧАЛО XX ВВ.)

The article discusses the features of the economic activity of the sect of the Scopians in the conditions of exile in the Yakut region of Siberia of the Russian Empire. It is noted that the religious norms of the faith of the Scopians provoked the peculiarities of their economic activity. Castration, especially the "royal seal", created conditions for the isolation of the Scopians from Russian society. The economic activity of the Scopians, on the contrary, allowed them to return to society. The Scopians could not count on full loyalty to themselves from society, since society rejected the rite of castration. Nevertheless, in the conditions of exile, the Scopians introduced capitalist relations, exploiting the local population (Yakuts) and their less well-off co-religionists. The working day of agricultural salaried workers at the Skoptsy lasted 19-20 hours a day. It should be borne in mind that the process of enrichment among the Scopians was significantly different from the similar process among European Protestants and Russian Old Believers. Protestants created religious norms, which then influenced the process of enrichment, forming a specific economic ethics of capitalist relations. The Old Believers, through enrichment, created conditions for achieving a righteous life. The Scopians sought to get out of isolation and return to society through the enrichment and development of capitalist relations.

Art institutions of Western Ukraine: From self-creation to system creation

The study highlights the dominant strategies and specific practices of self-organization of artists in the cities of Western Ukraine for the representation of current art at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. “Grassroots” institutions that are not related to traditional models of national institutions, but began to emerge simultaneously with the development of capitalist relations in the 1990s and supported mainly performative practices are considered. The result of their activity was, among other things, the activation of the process of forming an alternative aesthetic taste of the artistic audience and society. The issues of self-organized institutions are considered in the context of a specific temporal perspective, where they are considered not as spaces, but as potential processes that appear under the condition of a specific temporal rearrangement of contents. In this context, the transition from group initiatives to individual projects involved in the formation of the current “cultural” capital of Western Ukrainian cities is analyzed.

К вопросу о циркулярных миграциях в городе Кизляр в контексте социально-экономической политики Российской империи на кордонных участках Левого Крыла Кавказской кордонной Линии в первой половине XIX века

Importance. A number of issues of circular and pendulum migrations in the city of Kizlyar during the Caucasian War as a part of the multi-vector Caucasian policy are developed. Materials and Methods. The theoretical basis of the research is the concept of frontier, which allows considering the fortresses along the Caucasian Line as zones of economic communication. The system approach allowed considering a set of strategies for the development of fortress towns along the Caucasian Cordon Line as components of Caucasian policy, based on various methods of policy implementation and having feedback. Results and Discussion. The socio-economic policy of the local administration is analyzed in the context of the Caucasian policy in general and the Caucasian War in particular. The economic frontier contributed to the influx of a large number of highlanders-itinerant-workers, which necessitated the regulation of migration processes and the formation of a trustee body over the highlanders. The development of capitalist relations, which were conditioned by the rapid pace of market development and, as a consequence, the increase in demand for the production sector, required an increase in the number of able-bodied population. Conclusion. Despite the limited competence, the trustee over the highlanders fulfilled the function of involving the highlanders in the socio-economic space of the empire, as well as taking into account the migration processes in the city, prevented the actions of non-peaceful highlanders, aimed at ruining the city and undermining the economic activity of Kizlyar as a key link in the provision supply of fortifications in the Eastern Caucasus, internal trade of the gavernorates of the empire, as well as prevented the sale of strategically important in the conditions of war goods to the mountains.

Ալեքսանդրապոլ-Կարս երկաթգծի շինարարության բանվորների սոցիալական վիճակը

The development of capitalist relations in the last quarter of the 19th century introduced significant changes in the social structure of Eastern Armenians. The disintegration and stratification of the peasantry created favorable conditions for the formation of a new productive force - the working class. The construction of the railway, which started in the region in the 90s of the XIX century, also played a big role in it. The so-called "construction of the century" created favorable conditions for the formation of the largest and most influential group of Eastern Armenian workers. Combining the archival documents and periodical press reports of the time allows us to assume that up to 10,000 people worked on the construction of the Tiflis-Alexandrapol-Kars railway. Despite their outnumbering, the railway workers lived and worked in the most challenging social conditions. Absolute disenfranchisement, low pay, the arbitrariness of employers, lack of social guarantees, and safety rules created favorable conditions for the activation of social movements. The mass demonstrations, sometimes spontaneous, yet more often organized, began in December 1896 and continued until World War I, keeping the authorities in a constant state of tension.

Шаймерден Қосшығұлұлының өмірі мен қызметі

The national liberation movement of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries covered the multifaceted social, cultural, political problems of the Kazakh society, and at the present stage, the issues of education, the national economic economy have not lost their relevance. During the years of independence, these issues acquire new meaning and content. The second half of the 19th–early 20th century particularly interests researchers. The development of capitalist relations in Russia led to great changes not only in the center of the country but also in all spheres of life on the colonial outskirts, in the state structure and culture. Under the influence of the objective laws of the new economic order, great changes took place in the public consciousness of the Kazakhs, and a national intelligentsia began to form. At the same time, the creation of a parliamentary system in Russia, the election of representatives of the Kazakh steppe as deputies to the 1st and 2nd Dumas contributed to the improvement of the political consciousness and experience of the national intelligentsia. The North-Eastern region of Kazakhstan developed under the influence of the political processes taking place in Russia. Local national representatives were involved in state-political processes. Sh. Kosshegulov was twice elected to the State Duma, in 1906, he participated in the All-Russian Muslim faction and in the development of its program, which is an event of great political significance. Sh. Kosshegulov conscientiously performed his work and did a lot of useful things to open the eyes and awaken the consciousness of the Kazakh people. Therefore, the article discusses the life and work of Sh. Kosshegulov in the socio-political, spiritual, and cultural development of Kazakhstan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Кредитные учреждения Области войска Донского в пореформенный период

The defeat in the Crimean War, the devastated post-war national economy and the recession in the economy cast great doubt on the future of the Russian Empire as a European power. Overcoming of the technological and military-technical lag of Russia from the leading European powers, the Tzarist government saw in the development of the banking system as well. Modernization in the financial sector contributed to the emergence of the State Bank, which carried out various accounting and loan operations to support different categories of the population. In the Don region lending to sectors of the local economy was carried out by the Rostov office of the State Bank. The economic specificity of the Don Cossack Army Region caused lending primarily to representatives of the peasant population, traders and companies selling grain crops. The author examines the functioning of commercial banks in the framework of the development of capitalist relations in the Don Cossack Army Region and Russia as a whole. Separately, he outlines the influence of state banks on the formation of domestic mortgage lending in the post-reform period. The activity of small credit institutions and inter-credit societies to the accounting of bills, the issuance of loans and the reception, and storage of deposits is considered. The influence of the Rostov City Public Bank on the Don economy is investigated.

Stratification Transformation of Russian Society: New Estate Models of Stratification

The stratification transformation of Russian society, which is influenced by the specific socio-economic processes of social and economic archaisation, expresses itself in the development of capitalist relations in atypical areas and forms of social practices. It leads to the feudalisation of many forms of socio-economic life and forms new specific models of social structure. According to archaic class models, the Russian society is stratified, transforming the former class social structure into an estate one. The new Russian classes are characterised by internal heterogeneity, and both are expressed in quasisocialisation and quasi-institutionalisation. Within each Russian class emerges its own elite, its own small middle class and a large group, shadow workers and self-employed. All of them are subject to processes of marginalisation and precarization. Shadow entrepreneurship within the marginalised lower strata of each class becomes a factor in the overall development of excellent social and labour relations in all areas of Russian life. These processes pseudo-institutionalise archaic socioeconomic practices that degrade the entire social structure of Russian society.

Trafficking in women in the late 19th – early 20th century (on the example of Sub-Russian Ukraine)

The article considers trafficking in women in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century as a problem of international scale. The author identifies the Russian Empire and Sub-Russian Ukraine in particular as one of the world's supply centers, the so-called “living goods”, mainly to Turkey and the Americas (the USA, Argentina, Brazil). The existence of an extensive system for organizing the recruitment of girls, in particular the institute of agents engaged in the search for “white slaves” are analyzed, the examples of methods they used (from press announcements and offers of high-paying jobs to fictitious marriages with fake passports) are given, the passive role of the state in preventing human trafficking is demonstrated (the term of punishment of agents was minimal, cases were often closed in the absence of witnesses, and police received bribes from the owners of brothels). The main factors causing the spread of trafficking in women in Sub-Russian Ukraine were material. Against the background of modernization and urbanization, further development of capitalist relations, expansion of the entertainment industry, officially legalized prostitution, the institution of family and marriage is being transformed, which also affected the growth of international trafficking in women in the early twentieth century. The world community began an active fight against trafficking in women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, holding international congresses in London and Frankfurt am Main. However, the active fight against human trafficking was hampered by imperfect legislation in most countries and sometimes by the lack of laws under which organizers of trafficking in women could be prosecuted. The active work of the Russian Society for the Protection of Women in the early twentieth century, in particular its Odessa branch, led to the development and implementation of the relevant law and the holding of the All-Russian Congress in the fight against trafficking in women.

THE POLICY OF RESETTLEMENT OF RUSSIANS TO THE TERRITORY OF TURKESTAN, TURNING IT INTO A RAW MATERIAL BASE FOR COTTON

One of the motives for the subjugation of Central Asia was the desire of tsarism to turn it into a colonization area for the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. However, Uzbekistan did little to justify the calculations of the tsarist government, since there was no free irrigated land. Peasant colonization became widespread only on the territory of Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The resettlement of Russian peasants was often accompanied by a violent seizure of the lands of the indigenous population. The kulak settlers exploited both the local population and the Russian poor. The tsarist government attached great importance to the resettlement of part of the peasants of Russian villages to Central Asia in order to mitigate the social contradictions in Russia caused by the lack of land in connection with the development of capitalist relations in Russian agriculture. Already in 1869, rules on peasant settlements in Semirechye were developed, which created favorable conditions for the influx of Russian settlers. During the period from 1888 to 1916, the sowing of cotton increased by almost 10 times (from 68.5 thousand dessiatins to 680 thousand 911 dessiatins), and the gross cotton harvest increased by almost 7 times (from 2.27 million poods per year). 1879 to 14.9 million poods – in 1916) The area of irrigated land and the production of agricultural products increased significantly, the range of agricultural sectors expanded. Cotton attracted Russian capital to Central Asia. At least 30 of the largest trading companies were engaged in its production and purchase. The main creditors were the largest banks in Russia

ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF LICENSE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

In the sense of the Republic of Moldova's pursuit of the European path, of the democratization process, but also in the sense of the increasingly visible development of capitalist relations, the entrepreneurial activity acquires special importance. More and more businesses are being opened in the Republic of Moldova, but one thing that unites all these businesses is the fact that regardless of the type of activity, entrepreneurs must strictly comply with the legal framework for carrying out entrepreneurial activities, especially if these activities involve obtaining certain permissive documents (authorizations / activity licenses). Since the declaration of the Republic of Moldova as an independent state and up to now, the legislator of the Republic of Moldova has made considerable and important progress in adjusting the legal framework regarding licensing in the entrepreneurial activity, the procedure for issuing, suspending and / or withdrawing the permissive acts in the entrepreneurial activity, etc.

Рецензия на монографию О.В. Васильевой «Этничность и общество в Республике Саха (Якутия): социологический анализ» (Якутск, 2020)

The article is devoted to the analysis of a new book – a monograph by O.V. Vasilyeva “Ethnicity and Society in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Sociological Analysis”, published in 2020 in Yakutsk. Its advantage is a new original approach to studying the process of constructing ethnicity in the context of the development of capitalist relations and modern global economic flows. The reviewer gives some parallels in the social development of the Yakuts and Tatars at different historical stages. This is the emergence of the bourgeoisie and political organizations at the beginning of the 20th century, specific labeling under the influence of the Soviet Republic constitutional acts and post-Soviet census campaigns, the “acquisition of republics” in the conditions of the Soviet practice of national zoning of territories, etc. All such facts highlight how much the peoples of the Turkic world of the Russian Empire, the USSR, and the Russian Federation had in common. The monograph by O.V. Vasilyeva encourages new research in the field of social aspects of the the Turkic world ethnicity functioning.

“Social fabric” of the city in the mirror of architecture

The relevance of the selected topic is determined by the fact that the city first and foremost is the center of culture and civilization, which characterizes the development of the surrounding territory and the entire country; secondly, it is the most vivid manifestation of social challenges that modern society is faced to solve. The goal of this research lies in tracing interrelation between the social problems of modern society and the architectural environment of the city. The subject of this article is the modern urban residential development, which is the center of people’s everyday life, as well as forms their attitude towards the city and the country overall. The theoretical framework is comprised of the basic provisions of urban studies presented by the Western and Russian authors: F. Braudel, A. Gutnov, G. Simmel, L. Wirth, R. Park, G. Revzin, F. Urban, C. Ellard, and others. The author proves that the development of capitalist relations in the XX century posed a problem of large-scale housing development, which had to meet the two key requirements: a) be affordable for the consumer; b) be profitable for the property developer. Industrialization, unification and typification of construction became the way to solve this task – the modern urban neighborhood units, slums of industrial and postindustrial era, in which there is neither past nor future alongside social hierarchy and local community united by common goals and values. Having assessed this phenomenon, the author proves that living in such environment aggravates the social, spiritual, and psychological problems of citizens, described by the classics of urban studies. Therefore, the main conflict of modern city is the clash between the economic efficiency of housing development and the aesthetic requirements for the organization of residential environment. This conflict goes beyond the framework of architecture due to the fact that the principles of industrialization, unification, and typification are now universal to all spheres of social life, including culture.

Регіональна періодика як джерело з історії розвитку біржової справи України у другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

The article analyzes information materials related to the development of the exchange business of Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, which in the period under study were published in the regional press of Odessa and Kyiv. The author notes that one of the least covered aspects in the study of the process of development of capitalist relations in Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. the activity of the leading exchange institutions in this period remains. The article notes that the mass of information that was published in the columns of the then regional periodicals, especially those that were published in the leading stock exchange centers of Ukraine, is practically out of the attention of Ukrainian scientists. The purpose of this article is to fill this gap and introduce into scientific circulation Ukrainian regional periodicals, which considered certain aspects of the activities of exchange institutions. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that regional periodicals are a valuable source on the history of formation and development of stock exchange business in Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century. However, it is noted that the use of this type of documentary material in the process of scientific research requires the scientist to understand the important factors that influenced the submission of materials and their characteristics. First, it is important to determine the degree of interaction of a particular publication, which dealt with stock exchange affairs, with state and provincial authorities. If the official newspapers and magazines, as a rule, did not reveal the shortcomings of the current exchange system, the private press often contained critical articles on this issue. That is why a full-fledged study of the development of the stock market on the basis of the use of periodicals is possible only through a combination of different in nature and origin of publications. The author notes that each of the characterized sources has a different information potential and saturation. The analyzed materials cover various aspects of the development of stock exchange business in Ukraine in the study period. Therefore, a comprehensive combination of the entire layer of documentary materials is important for the full disclosure of the problem under study.

THE PROBLEM OF CULTIVATING DISCIPLINE AMONG STUDENTS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINIAN PROVINCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY (on materials of the meeting of the curator’s council of Odesa educational district)

BALATSYNOVA Alla – PhD (Education), Associate Professor, Doctoral Student of Pedagogy Department, G.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, 29 Alchevskykh Str., Kharkiv, 61002, UkraineE-mail address: alla.balatsynova@hnpu.edu.ua ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-0694 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1763366/alla-balatsynova/To cite this article: Balatsynova, A. (2020). The problem of cultivating discipline among students of secondary education institutions in Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 20th century (on materials of the meeting of the curator’s council of Odesa educational district). Human Studies. Series of Pedagogy, 11/43, 9‒21. doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2413-2039.11/43.215969Article history Received: June 15, 2020Received in revised form: September 10, 2020Accepted: November 23, 2020Available online: December 30, 2020Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2020 The Author. Human studies. Series of Pedagogy published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). The article, based on the analysis of historical and pedagogical sources and archival documents, reveals the position of the curator’s council of Odesa educational district on effective ways to cultivate discipline among secondary school students in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. It has been found that the secondary schools of Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the period under study functioned in conditions of significant social, economic and political changes associated, on the one hand, with the development of capitalist relations, on the other hand, with the economic crisis of 1901–1903 and activation of workers and peasants movements and the rise of political activity among liberal and democratic strata of population and the student youth. Against this background, the inconsistency of the existing system of secondary education, which comprised mainly grammar and real schools, with the economic and social needs of the state became more and more noticeable, forcing the Ministry of Public Education to raise the issue of the secondary education reform.It has been found that the Emperor Nicholas II, concerned about the growing political activity of students and pupils, identified the requirement of combining youth education with religion, faith, loyalty to the crown and the fatherland, respect for the family, and learning from early childhood to maintain order and discipline. In pursuance of this order, the Minister of Public Education H. Zenger sent to the curators of educational districts, including Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv, a circular “About Discipline in Secondary Education Institutions” (1903), recognizing the current state of affairs with students’ discipline and control over it by school authorities and pedagogical staff as unacceptable and demanded strict execution of the monarch’s will. The desired educational results were proposed to be achieved by both pedagogical and repressive methods. Effective methods and techniques for prevention of order and discipline violations by the students to be used by pedagogical staff were considered the following: pedagogical tact and friendly attitude to students; the content of studying and its educational nature (especially at the language, literature and history lessons); organization of extracurricular educational activities with the use of teaching, suggestion, persuasion of students; cooperation with parents; moral support for pupils living in student dormitories; appeal to the religious beliefs and feelings of students.It has been found that at the meeting on December 12, 1903, the members of the curator’s council of Odesa educational district, having studied in detail the state of affairs and having considered the circular proposal by the Minister of Public Education and the views of pedagogical councils of secondary education institutions of the district on discipline issue, expressed their opinion. In the decision of the council among the most effective ways to impose the discipline among students were identified as follows: reducing occupancy of classes; introduction the institute of educators; organization of student dormitories, boarding schools, home churches; use of educational potential of literature, religious and moral discussions; establishing good relationships with students’ parents. It also highlighted the need to improve the financial and official status of teachers as a guarantee of the quality of the educational process.Acknowledgments. The author is grateful to the staff of the State Archives of Odesa Region.Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Structural changes in the modern urban lifestyle

The article deals with the issues of urban settlements and urban lifestyle from the point of view of structural changes under the influence of transformational processes in the development of productive forces, tools and means of production. The author notes the historical nature of this process associated with the geographical environment, resources and migration flows under the influence of the development of capitalist relations. Some peculiarities of lifestyle in Baku as a city with an ancient history, with a number of characteristic features of a distinctive way of life, combining the traditions of several generations and different civilizations, are analyzed.

Osmanlı İmalat Sanayisinde Sermayenin Kurumsallaşması Sorunsalı: Bursa İpek Sektörü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

The debate on transition to capitalism in the Ottoman Empire continues. In this study, the role of capital in the development of capitalist relations in the Ottoman Empire in the absence of an institutional credit mechanism was investigated through the incorporation practice. For this purpose, the XIXth century Bursa silk sector case was analysed. This is because it is the most integrated among the Ottoman Empire sectors with the European markets. This quality of the sector has enabled the comparison of Western Europe with the Ottoman Empire in terms of industrial capitalism. For making the comparison, Western European company history, secondary sources and studies on the subject were examined. In this context, the political, religious, and socioeconomic features that were effective on the emergence and development of institutional organizations in the Ottoman Empire were taken into consideration. Depending on the characteristics in question, it was understood that the capitalist transformation was realized through formal and tacit agreements of usurer-foreign/minority merchant-bureaucrat cooperation in Bursa silk sector, differently from the corporation in Western Europe, even at the point of raw material-intermediate production. However, the capitalist transformation was not observed in the manufacture of final products and other textiles, and that then loss of employment and production appeared in these branches of activity as a result of the complete incorporation of the Empire into the center-periphery relationship with the Act of Port of Treaty of 1838 signed with Britain.

Деятельность Азовско-Донского коммерческого банка в Российской империи

The great reforms of Alexander II contributed to the development of a network of state and non-state bank-ing institutions. Non-state credit organizations such as commercial banks not only lent to different sectors of the domestic economy, but also brought financial dividends to the holders of their shares. Commercial banks played the role of intermediaries between persons with free capital and citizens of the Russian Empire who needed additional financial resources. The activities of private bank institutions were aimed at supporting the people of the Russian Empire by providing various banking services. The author explores the activities of commercial banks in the context of the development of capitalist relations in the reformed Russia. The activity of lending to the Don population by central and local commercial banks is considered separately. On the basis of statistical materials, it describes the operations of the Azov-Don commercial bank. The organizational structure of the Azov-Don commercial bank is investigated. Its activity is considered as financial discount, issue of loans and reception of deposits.

Financial Situation of Residents of Simbirsk in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The financial situation and incomes of Simbirsk residents of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that understanding urban everyday life is impossible without an idea of the income that the citizens had. It is noted that in the period under review, class division is gradually turn to the division of society in the capitalist way, differentiation by income is confirmed, which is reflected in the mentality and administrative management. The difference between the population of Simbirsk and other Volga cities is shown: the share of the nobility among the urban population was twice as high as in neighboring cities, and the share of the peasantry was half that in Samara and four times less than in Saratov. A review of statistical information on the income of various classes and categories of employment is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the development of entrepreneurship and merchants and income in this area. It is noted that in Simbirsk, the development of entrepreneurship was slower than the average Russian values. The results of a comparative analysis of the standard of living and material situation of citizens living in Simbirsk with the indicators of other cities are presented. It is stated that for the sustainable development of capitalist relations, the introduction of financial organizations and entrepreneurship from the outside was necessary in Simbirsk.

CITIZENS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IN THE CITIES OFWESTERN SIBERIA (1900-1917.): THE REASONS OF STAY AND ROLE IN SOCIETY

The history of the appearance of Austro-Hungarian citizens on the territory of the Russian Empire has a close connection with the development of capitalist relations in the 1880s and 1890s.Austro-Hungarian immigrants made a significant contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of pre-revolutionary Russia in General and its individual regions in particular. The article discusses the reasons of stay citizens of Austria-Hungary in the cities of Western Siberia, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of this region. Austro-Hungarian settlers, as well as people from other European countries, acted in this region as a kind of translators of new business experience, advanced technologies, and Western culture. Descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multi-ethnic composition of Western Siberia.