Development In Bulgaria Research Articles

The SAGE handbook of political advertising

List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgments Part I. An International Context for Political Advertising 1. Political Advertising in International Comparison - Christina Holtz-Bacha and Lynda Lee Kaid 2. Methodologies for the Study of Political Advertising - Anne Johnston Part II. Political Advertising in Commercial Broadcasting Systems 3. Political Advertising in the United States - Lynda Lee Kaid Part III. Political Advertising in Public Television Systems 4. Political Advertising in the United Kingdom - Margaret Scammell and Ana Ines Langer 5. Election Broadcasts in France - Lynda Lee Kaid and Nathalie Gagnere 6. Political Advertising in Spain and Portugal - Colleen Connolly-Ahern and Julio Cesar Herrero 7. From Electoral Propaganda to Political Advertising in Israel - Dan Caspi and Baruch Leshem 8. Political Advertising and Democracy in Brazil - Mauro P. Porto 9. Political Advertising in Chile - Markus Moke Part IV. Dual Systems of Public and Commercial Political Advertising 10. Political Advertising in Germany - Christina Holtz-Bacha 11. Political Advertising on Television in the Nordic and Baltic States - Tom Moring 12. Polispots in Greece: Between Partisanship and Media Logic - Athanassios N. Samaras and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos 13. Sure to Come, But Temporarily Delayed: The Netherlands in Search of the Political Ad - Kees Brants 14. TV Political Advertising in Italy: When Politicians Are Afraid - Gianpietro Mazzoleni 15. Political Advertising in Mexico - Jose-Carlos Lozano 16. Political Advertising in Australia and Zealand - Julianne Stewart 17. Political Advertising in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan - Jinyoung Tak Part V. Political Advertising Developments in Evolving Democracies 18. A Spiral of Post-Soviet Cynicism: The First Decade of Political Advertising in Russia - Sarah Oates 19. Political Communication and Advertising in Poland - Wojciech Cwalina and Andrzej Falkowski 20. Political Advertising in Hungarian Electoral Communications - Jolan Roka 21. Fifteen Years of Televised Political Advertising Developments in Bulgaria - Lilia Raycheva 22. Political Advertising in a New Democracy: The Czech Republic - Jan Jirak and Otakar Soltys 23. Persuading Voters and Political Advertising in Turkey - Baki Can 24. Political Advertising in Emerging Democracies: The Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia - Lars Willnat and Annette Aw 25. Deficient Democracies, Media Pluralism, and Political Advertising in West Africa - Frank Wittmann and Baba Thiam 26. Political Advertising in South Africa - Ruth Teer-Tomaselli Part VI. Comparisons and Conclusions 27. Television Advertising and Democratic Systems Around the World: A Comparison of Videostyle Content and Effects - Lynda Lee Kaid and Christina Holtz-Bacha Index About the Authors

Possibilities for agroforestry development in Bulgaria: Outlooks and limitations

Current conditions in Bulgaria are favorable for the development of agroforestry due to socio-economic incentives and environmental necessities. As a scientific theory and practice, agroforestry is less familiar than other farming systems in Bulgaria. Hence, to ensure successful agroforestry development in Bulgaria, four necessary movements (or collective national ‘moments’) are described here: (1) wide-scale popularization of agroforesty's fundamental tenets, including its nature as a production system, types of agroforestry systems, structural components, methods for design, construction, maintenance and management, advantages and disadvantages and possible applications in Bulgaria; (2) a comprehensive research program on agroforestry, in areas such as high-tech selection of plant and animal species suitable for agroforestry technologies (including cultivation of lesser-known indigenous species that may be better suited to local conditions), studies of how to balance the biophysical interactions of agroforestry species to optimize and conserve natural recourses (e.g., sunlight, soil, water, microclimate), knowledge of best cultural practices (e.g., fertilization, irrigation, IPM) and economic analyses of various agroforestry systems; (3) education and preparation of interdisciplinary specialists for the development of this new economic direction; (4) realization of government policies to enhance and encourage the development of agroforestry in ways that are economically appropriate for the nation. These policies should include long-term development strategies, national and regional program plans and structures, financial incentives (loans, subsidies, tax reductions, ensuring production sales, awards, etc.) and establishment of agroforestry demonstration sites.

Bulgarian strengths and weaknesses on the verge of the EU accession

The article argues for the necessity of catch-up economic development in Bulgaria over the next years and decades. Characteristics of normal and accelerated catch-up development and their driving forces are given. 15 strengths on the verge of the EU accession, along with more than 40 weaknesses are identified and briefly characterized in economic terms. Some suggestions for future policies regarding most of the weaknesses are made. The article demonstrates that the weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy have been accumulated for many decades and that it is not dully prepared for proper EU accession. However, the article supports the accession and proves that there is no alternative to the EU accession and the catch-up development. Unrolling the two processes in parallel corresponds in the best way to Bulgarian vital national interests.

Anthropological Characteristics of Bulgarian Newborns

The aim of the study was to assess the specificity of newborns' physical development in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 21st Century. A detailed anthropological research of 219 healthy and full-term newborns (110 boys and 109 girls) was carried out during April-May 2001. In the present study, data about stature, body weight and six standard skinfolds on the body and extremities are analyzed. The relative share of each skinfold regarding the sum of the six studied skinfolds was used to characterize the topical distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue. The sexual differences in the features investigated and their secular changes were evaluated. The results show that even at birth, sexual dimorphism exists in the basic anthropometrical characteristics. Newborn boys were longer and heavier than newborn girls. Girls had thicker skinfolds than boys and a greater relative share of subcutaneous fat tissue on the back and the lower extremities, whereas boys had a greater relative share on the abdomen and the upper extremities. Compared with newborns from past generations, newborns here from both genders had lower mean values of the basic anthropometrical characteristics.

Market Orientation of Bulgarian Food and Agribusiness Enterprises in the 1990s

This exploratory study examines the degree of market orientation of Bulgarian food and agribusiness enterprises through a case study strategy. Some propositions were generated from the literature in order to organise and analyse the data, and draw conclusions. The findings suggest that the management philosophy and marketing activities of the enterprises in Bulgaria appear to be characterised by short-term tactical approaches at the expense of long-term strategic approaches. There is little recognition of the marketing concept as a guiding principle of marketing and related functions. The study also highlights the complexity of the current Bulgarian business environment, illuminates the urgency of marketisation for a rapid economic development of Bulgaria, and raises some fundamental questions with regard the prospect of market orientation during the era of transition.

Social Security, Poverty and Economic Transition: An Analysis for Bulgaria 1992–96

The paper addresses the issues of poverty and social security in a transitional environment on the basis of recent economic developments in Bulgaria. Special emphasis is placed on the need for a new type of social safety net stemming from the radical changes in the political and economic system. The evolution of the social security system in Bulgaria during the transition is analysed focusing on such elements as the pension system, unemployment benefits, child allowances, etc. The empirical analysis is based on extensive use of data from the Bulgarian Household Budget Surveys during the period 1992–1996. Poverty in Bulgaria is measured using different poverty measurements and some quantitative results showing the changing dimensions of poverty in the transition period are presented and discussed in the paper.

The Limits of Conditionality: Nuclear Reactor Safety in Central and Eastern Europe, 1991-2001

The increasingly prominent role of conditionality as a tool for promoting economic and political reform in transition countries has provoked debate among academics and policy-makers about when and under what circumstances conditionality is effective. Since the early 1990s, the West has provided financial aid to countries operating unsafe Soviet-built nuclear reactors on the condition that these countries close down these reactors. Analysis of developments in Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Lithuania demonstrate that this use of conditionality has not been successful. More recently, the EU has set conditions regarding the closure of unsafe reactors in connection with these countries' bids to become EU members. This use of conditionality appears to have been more successful. However, there is still a possibility that one or more of these countries will enter the EU operating a “high risk” reactor, which raises the prospect of “intra-EU conditionality” coming into play after accession.

On the Reception of Marxism in Bulgaria

Economic models and social-political theories imported from Western Europe and Russia played a substantial role in the modern ization of Bulgaria after its liberation in 1877/78.2 In the context of this dynamic historical process, the reception of Marxism had great impact on the rationalization of societal development and the forma tion of intellectuals during the different periods of modern Bulgarian history. In a letter dated June 9th 1893 to the editor of the first Marxist journal in Bulgaria, Stoyan Nokov, then a student in Geneva, Friedrich Engels writes: "I cordially thank you for having sent the second issue of your journal Social-Democrat, ... we here in the West are very glad that these South-eastern posts are carrying the Marxist banner of today's proletariat to the coasts of the Black and Aegean Seas."3 It is not by chance that Engels wrote this letter; in the 1890s he had contact with a number of Bulgarian Socialists. In 1893, at the international social-democratic congress in Zurich, Bulgarian delegates Nikola Gabrovski and Krustyo Rakovski met Engels in person. And later, in 1895, Engels corresponded with Andreya Konov and Krustyo Rakovski4, two Bulgarian socialists studying at the time in Switzerland. These meetings of minds come during a period when the Bulgarian socialist movement and reception of Marxism in Bulgaria were nascent. In the early 1890s, the first Bulgarian socialists attained recognition in the broader European socialist movement.5 These historical events mark a peculiar feature of intellectual and political development in Bulgaria: despite the early stage of capitalist development and relatively small working class population, the dissemination of Marxist thought in Bulgaria

Economic Development in Bulgaria after the Introduction of the Currency Board

Economic Development in Bulgaria after the Introduction of the Currency Board

Emergence and Development of Bulgaria's Environmental Movement

An environmental movement emerged in Bulgaria in the late 1980s around which regime dissent coalesced. Success was achieved in bringing an end to the communist state, but environmental problems were not resolved. Environmental issues now must be tackled within a developing pluralistic political system and its new political elite and within a struggling market economy. As Tarrow suggests in his "cycles of protest" thesis, new repertoires of political action are available to the environmental movement along with new political opportunities for it to seize. This study of the Bulgarian environmental movement suggests that even when a social movement secures significant success, far from bringing an end to activity, the movement is likely tofind that there are unresolved and even new issues to address that must be pursued under significantly changed political, social, and economic conditions.

Pharmacoepidemiology - position and development in Bulgaria

Pharmacoepidemiology - position and development in Bulgaria

Programs for regional development in Bulgaria

Programs for regional development in Bulgaria

WORLDWIDE CHEST MEDICINE: Some Recent Medical Developments in Bulgaria

WORLDWIDE CHEST MEDICINE: Some Recent Medical Developments in Bulgaria

Economic Development in Bulgaria

Economic Development in Bulgaria