Development Of Automotive Systems Research Articles

Overview of the Second Edition of ISO 26262: Functional Safety— Road Vehicles

Functional safety is of the utmost importance in the development of safety-critical automotive systems, especially with the introduction of driver assist and automated driving systems. ISO 26262: Functional Safety – Road Vehicles, has been the de facto standard for functional safety in the automotive electronics domain since the release of its first edition in 2011. It is currently available in its second edition, published in December 2018.
 In this paper, we present an overview of the standard, which applies to all activities during the safety lifecycle of system development. In the concept phase of ISO 26262, the hazard and risk assessment process focuses on identifying possible hazards caused by malfunctioning behavior of electrical/electronic (E/E) safety-related systems and mitigating them through the identification of safety goals. The design phase includes system, hardware, and software development, with requirements developed from the safety goals. ISO 26262 also prescribes the functional safety management activities to be performed during the safety lifecycle and provides requirements for the supporting processes.
 In addition to presenting an overview of the standard, this paper highlights some major changes introduced in the second edition of ISO 26262.

FuelCon ships fuel cell test stations for major German project

German company FuelCon recently despatched four of its high-performance fuel cell system test stations to an unnamed customer in Germany, which will use the stations in the development of automotive drivetrain systems.

Development of automotive computer systems based on the virtualization of transportation processes management

We proposed the concept of creating automotive computer systems based on the virtualization of transportation processes management. It was proven that the implementation of basic principles and rules of the virtual management of the enterprises of a transportation services market makes it posssible to improve efficiency of operation of transportation and road enterprises of Ukraine. A new approach is proposed to the creation of a unified informational space of the market of transportation services based on using cloud computing. A special feature of such a synergistic approach to the informational development of the market of transportation services is zero capital investment on their implementation and introduction to the transportation and traffic organizations. We investigated interactive monitoring of the chosen route. An artificial neural network for estimating a route is designed. A transportation information matrix is proposed to use a source of information about state of the routes of respective transfer, both of cargo and passengers, in contrast to conventional transportation processes.

Virtual tyre force sensors: An overview of tyre model-based and tyre model-less state estimation techniques

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on tyre force estimation and road grip recognition approaches. With the development of modern automotive control systems, a precise estimation of a large number of vehicle states is necessary to guarantee a robust actuation of the controller. Moreover, the estimation of these states must be carried out in a cost-effective and reliable way. The aim of this work is to provide a solid base for the development of automotive virtual sensors, and in particular, virtual tyre force sensors. An initial overview of the tyre force estimation problem is provided in the first section. Tyre and vehicle modelling, as well as observers for vehicle state estimation, are covered in detail in the second section. The third section introduces a brief discussion regarding the main limitations of direct tyre force measurement approaches. In the following sections, relevant works regarding three-axis tyre force estimation and road grip recognition are discussed. The review is structured around longitudinal force estimation, lateral force estimation, combined tyre force estimation, tyre self-alignment torque estimation and vertical tyre force estimation. Within each section, the most significant road grip identification approaches are introduced. An additional section, Road slope and bank angle compensation, describes relevant work on estimation methods for global chassis orientation. A brief summary of the presented approaches is provided in the section Summary of presented approaches. Finally, relevant conclusions and further research steps are given in the last section.

Optimal deceleration of surrogate models in a generic side impact set-up

ABSTRACTOptimal deceleration being defined as the fastest deceleration possible, without breaching any injury criteria, is the ultimate goal for automotive safety systems. Here, the optimal deceleration in a generic side impact set-up will be presented for three different models of the human body, commonly used in vehicle safety. Various forms of surrogate models for the human body are used in the development of automotive safety systems. Traditional crash test dummies developed for real crash tests also exist as simulation models. Modern human body models, digital surrogate models directly derived from the human body, offer more insight and higher biofidelity. A finite element model and a multibody model of a second generation European Side Impact dummy (ES-2re) will be compared to the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) through the method of optimal deceleration. This method can also be used to facilitate the design of safety systems for next generation dummy models.

Technological development in automotive industry and transformation in corporate governance system

This study aims to understand how governance change is triggered by cybernetics issues, such as the development of automotive navigation systems in German, Japanese and US automotive industry. Six points are discussed for the central question which are 1) GDP Trends for Manufacturing Activities, 2) Organizational Structure for Supply Chain Management (SCM), 3) Viewpoint related to Internet of Things (IoT) usability, 4) National IoT planning, 5) Definition of IoT, 6) Developing Navigation Systems. At first, the trend in manufacturing activity reveals two different trends: a downward trend in Japan and the USA, and a stable trend in Germany. We see several possible reasons for this difference; first, the “smiling curve concept” is applied to visualize the difference. And the organizational structure of SCM is concerned such as “Keiretsu” in Japan, “Konzern” in Germany and the “Anglo-American” model. Then, this paper addresses how the unique organizational features of SCM might react to the technological developments in the automotive industry such as autonomous driving, which has shaken the core of the industry. For this gradual change, the IoT technology is necessary. IoT means the progress of certain embedded system, which adds a network function into it. The embedded system for automobile orientation on a map (hardware and software) has to be upgraded with the network function. These technological developments could influence their corporate governance system. Then, the discussion matrix is formed for the six points, which are discussed in this paper and reveal the boundaries between Japan, Germany and the US. According to Beer, the societary maps (the cybernetic maps) are required for this structural progress to find the right way to go. Finally, we think a dynamic industrial movement is ensured by keeping fair competition, which ensures diversity as well as technological development. It could be the last resort to protect our “Designing Freedom”.

A female head–neck model for rear impact simulations

Several mathematical cervical models of the 50th percentile male have been developed and used for impact biomechanics research. However, for the 50th percentile female no similar modelling efforts have been made, despite females being subject to a higher risk of soft tissue neck injuries. This is a limitation for the development of automotive protective systems addressing Whiplash Associated Disorders (WADs), most commonly caused in rear impacts, as the risk for females sustaining WAD symptoms is double that of males.In this study, a finite element head and neck model of a 50th percentile female was validated in rear impacts. A previously validated ligamentous cervical spine model was complemented with a rigid body head, soft tissues and muscles. In both physiological flexion-extension motions and simulated rear impacts, the kinematic response at segment level was comparable to that of human subjects. Evaluation of ligament stress levels in simulations with varied initial cervical curvature revealed that if an individual assumes a more lordotic posture than the neutral, a higher risk of WAD might occur in rear impact.The female head and neck model, together with a kinematical whole body model which is under development, addresses a need for tools for assessment of automotive protection systems for the group which is at the highest risk to sustain WAD.

Model Based Design approach for Component Design Implementation in Automotive System Development

Modeling the systems helps in reducing the amount of time spent in performance evaluation by physical testing. Elaborated and expensive tools and tool chains assist during the development of automotive systems. The paper introduces a model based design of automotive components of vehicle and verifies the model. Simscape support an environment for modeling and simulating the physical systems spanning the magnetic, electrical, mechanical and other physical domains. Simulating the system with parameters got from field data helps in real-time capacity determination. Also, In this paper aims at developing a finite model of the solenoid injector and facilitate measurement, monitoring and prediction of the injector performance. The model is to be simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and the results obtained are to be validated with experimental data.

Threat and Risk Assessment Methodologies in the Automotive Domain

Safety and security are both qualities that concern the overall system. However, these disciplines are traditionally treated independently in the automotive domain. Replacement of classical mechanical systems with safety-critical embedded systems raised the awareness of the safety attribute and caused the introduction of the ISO 26262 standard. In contrast to this, security topics are traditionally seen as attacks of a mechanical nature and as only affecting single vehicles (e.g. door lock and immobilizer related). Due to the increasing interlacing of automotive systems with networks (such as Car2X), new features like autonomous driving, and online software updates, it is no longer acceptable to assume that car fleets are immune to security risks and automated remote attacks. Consequently, future automotive systems development requires appropriate systematic approaches to support cyber security and safety aware development.Therefore, this paper examines threat and risk assessment techniques that are available for the automotive domain and presents an approach to classify cyber-security threats, which can be used to determine the appropriate number of countermeasures that need to be considered. Furthermore, we present a combined approach for safety and security analysis to be applied in early development phases, which is a pre-requisite for consistent engineering throughout the development lifecycle.

To Classify Cyber-Security Threats in Automotive Doming Using Different Assessment Methodologies

Safety and security are both qualities that concern the overall system. However, these disciplines are traditionally treated independently in the automotive domain. Replacement of classical mechanical systems with safety-critical embedded systems raised the awareness of the safety attribute and caused the introduction of the ISO 26262 standard. In contrast to this, security topics are traditionally seen as attacks of a mechanical nature and as only affecting single vehicles (e.g. door lock and immobilizer related). Due to the increasing interlacing of automotive systems with networks (such as Car2X), new features like autonomous driving, and online software updates, it is no longer acceptable to assume that car fleets are immune to security risks and automated remote attacks. Consequently, future automotive systems development requires appropriate systematic approaches to support cyber security and safety aware development. Therefore, this paper examines threat and risk assessment techniques that are available for the automotive domain and presents an approach to classify cyber-security threats, which can be used to determine the appropriate number of countermeasures that need to be considered. Furthermore, we present a combined approach for safety and security analysis to be applied in early development phases, which is a pre-requisite for consistent engineering throughout the development lifecycle.

엔진 배기 폐열회수로 인한 배기 특성 변화

본 연구에서는 1-D 해석 프로그램인 AMESim을 활용하여 열전소자와 디젤엔진을 모델링하여 이를 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) 운전모드에서 구동시킨 자동차에서 나오는 폐열을 이용해 열전소자로 발전을 하고 이에 따른 결과를 분석해보는 연구를 수행하였다. 열전소자 모델링 시 배기폐열 회수율 및 전기 에너지 변환률 뿐만 아니라 재료적 특성을 고려하여 열전달부분에 초점을 맞추었다. 또한, 디젤 산화 촉매(DOC)를 설계하여 열전소자로 인한 폐열회수가 디젤 산화 촉매 활성화에 미치는 영향과, 그 결과 배기가스의 성분별 증감을 조사하였다. 열전소자를 이용한 폐열회수는 자동차 연비개 선에 도움이 되지만, 배기가스의 온도를 떨어뜨려 촉매 활성화에 영향을 미치게 되면, CO와 HC 배출이 최대 14% 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 따라서, 열전소자를 이용한 배기 폐열 회수 시스템 개발 시에 배기에 미치는 영향을 고려해야 한다.

HVAC 작동특성에 따른 자동차 실내 공기질 평가에 관한 수치해석적 연구

When using an automotive heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, we can obtain fresh outside air while maintaining the interior vehicle temperature. In this study, a correction equation considering experimental data for automotive indoor air leakage is defined to simulate the ratio of fresh air to recirculated air in the automobile cabin. With this correction equation, numerical results are compared with experimental data and validated. The <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration in the automotive cabin is evaluated by considering various boarding conditions and mass flow rates of the HVAC system. The <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration model derived in this study is expected to be used to control the effective air conditioning and become a basic research tool for automotive air quality control system development.

Recombinant Waveguide Power Divider

In this paper, a substrate integrated waveguide power divider is proposed on the basis of a recombinant topology that provides in-phase power division with an odd or even number of branches. The aim is to generate different types of power distribution to control sidelobe level in the antenna array. In this study, several power-divider designs were designed to demonstrate and validate the design approach. Each design consists of a cascade of steps and nfurcations, which were initially designed based on sinusoidal basis functions. These designs were simulated using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and shown to closely match the performance estimated using the basis functions. A substrate with thickness of 0.508 mm and dielectric constant of 2.94 is used. A three-way power divider with a binominal output taper is optimized and fabricated, showing good results in the bandwidth of interest from 72 to 81 GHz. Measurement results for a 3 × 8 slot array antenna designed in conjunction with the proposed feeding network are presented and discussed. This design can be used to build up rectangular waveguide structures. The novel structure is expected to be useful in building sub-arrays of antenna in the development of millimeter-wave automotive radar systems.

Qualitative Comparison of ADL-Based Approaches to Real-World Automotive System Development

This paper presents two different model-based approaches that use multiple architecture description languages (ADLs) for automotive system development. One approach is based on AADL (Architecture Analysis & Design Language), and the other is a collaborative approach using multiple languages: SysML (Systems Modeling Language) and MARTE (Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded systems). In this paper, the detailed modeling steps for both approaches are explained through a real-world automotive development example: a cruise control system. Moreover, discussion of the modeling steps offers a qualitative comparison of the two approaches, and then clarifies the characteristics of the different types of ADLs.

Building Blocks for Bridging Model-based Systems Engineering and Software Engineering using the FMI and AUTOSAR standards

The emerging Functional Mockup Interface standard (FMI) and the adoption of the AUTOSAR standard in automotive ECU SW development opens up new opportunities to bridge model-based systems engineering and embedded software engineering. The FMI standard allows model-exchange and co-simulation across domains. The AUTOSAR standard offers a component-based technology for automotive controls software. AUTOSAR components can be integrated in the model-based systems simulation, using the FMI standard. This attractive ability is important to further drive the virtualization of automotive system development.

Requirements to Models of Automotive System Development for Future Model-Based Design

Optimum designs by simulation and their model distributions can activate and improve production and development processes of automotive industries by cooperative development among different organizations. Simulation models are investigated for standardizations and distributions in a working group named “investigating committee on model development and distribution by international standard description” in JSAE. Present subjects and future requirements to models of automotive simulation for model-based design (MBD) are discussed.

Qualitative Comparison of ADL-Based Approaches to Real-World Automotive System Development

Qualitative Comparison of ADL-Based Approaches to Real-World Automotive System Development

A STUDY INVESTIGATING CHALLENGES IN THE INTERFACE BETWEEN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS

The automotive industry is facing a tremendous growth in the engineering of software-intensive systems, giving rise to various challenges. To prevent problems related to the fit of new software technologies in vehicles and the manufacturing processes, a well functioning interaction between the functions for product development and manufacturing is crucial. This is complicated by the fact that the changeable nature of software development causes unprecedented needs for collaboration and coordination between these two functions. This paper reports on a process assessment that focuses on the interface between the functions for product development and manufacturing in the development and design of software-intensive automotive systems. The main purpose of the study was to identify the key issues for improvement in the area assessed. The assessment was performed at two Swedish automotive companies where data were collected from documents and in interviews with practitioners. Nine key improvement issues were established ranging from challenges in requirements engineering to the need for knowledge transfer between manufacturing and product development. In addition, to increase the understandability of the results and map possible avenues for solution and future research, the paper provides an extensive analysis of each improvement issue in relation to the state-of-the-art.

A New Design Method of Automotive Electronic Real-time Control System

Abstract Structure and functionality of automotive electronic control system is becoming more and more complex. The traditional manual programming development mode to realize automotive electronic control system can’t satisfy development needs. So, in order to meet diversity and speedability of development of real-time control system, combining model-based design approach and auto code generation technology, this paper proposed a new design method of automotive electronic control system based on Simulink/RTW. Fristly, design algorithms and build a control system model in Matlab/Simulink. Then generate embedded code automatically by RTW and achieve automotive real-time control system development in OSEK/VDX operating system environment. The new development mode can significantly shorten the development cycle of automotive electronic control system, improve program's portability, reusability and scalability and had certain practical value for the development of real-time control system.

Active muscle response using feedback control of a finite element human arm model

Mathematical human body models (HBMs) are important research tools that are used to study the human response in car crash situations. Development of automotive safety systems requires the implementation of active muscle response in HBM, as novel safety systems also interact with vehicle occupants in the pre-crash phase. In this study, active muscle response was implemented using feedback control of a nonlinear muscle model in the right upper extremity of a finite element (FE) HBM. Hill-type line muscle elements were added, and the active and passive properties were assessed. Volunteer tests with low impact loading resulting in elbow flexion motions were performed. Simulations of posture maintenance in a gravity field and the volunteer tests were successfully conducted. It was concluded that feedback control of a nonlinear musculoskeletal model can be used to obtain posture maintenance and human-like reflexive responses in an FE HBM.