Development Of Adaptive Reactions Research Articles

Development of adaptive reactions when applying drinking mineral water and electromagnetic radiation against the background of a high-calorie diet on the model of experimental metabolic syndrome

To identify features of development of adaptive protective reactions when applying drinking sulfate mineral water (MW) and low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (EMR EHF) against the background of a high-calorie diet and after its elimination at an early stage of development of experimental metabolic syndrome. Experiments were conducted on 40 non-linear male rats with 200-220 g. weight. The model of metabolic syndrome was reproduced for 60 days. All animals were divided into 5 groups: 2 study groups, 2 control groups and 1 intact one. Rats of the 1st study group were given sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of a high-calorie diet, controlled by rats receiving only a high-energy diet. Rats of the 2nd study group also received sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF but when the metabolic syndrome simulation was finished and the high-calorie diet was eliminated, control was done by rats that were given standard food after eliminating the high-energy diet. Liver, testes and blood were objects of the study. Light-optical, morphometric methods of examination and electron microscopy were used. The use of sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of the high-calorie diet was the most cause of increased activity of the antioxidant system and the plastic processes were weaker; the activation of natural adaptive reactions was noted after the elimination of the diet that in combination with actions of MW and EMR EHF led to the further intensification of protein synthesis (RNA, DNA, total protein), intensification of cellular and intracellular regeneration processes. The identified adaptive shifts during the action of the studied factors were caused by their antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and detoxifying actions. The results of the study can be used to develop the problem of regulating adaptive reactions with the application of therapeutic physical factors and to create new highly effective methods of preventing and treating metabolic syndrome.

The influence of feed additive “Sylimevit” on indicators of the immune system of piglets at weaning

In the development of adaptive reactions during weaning, biological mechanisms are involved with the complete mobilization of the functional reserve, an increase in the level of catecholamines, corticosteroids, and mediators, which is accompanied by a violation of the nitrogen balance in the body, enzymopathy, and endotoxemia—the work aimed to investigate humoral and non-specific immunity indicators in piglets after weaning. Experiments were conducted based on the Ltd “KOSHET” of the Mukachiv district of the Zakarpattia region. Two groups of piglets were formed – control and experimental in the number of 10 individuals in each group, selected according to the principle of analogs – age, breed, and body weight. Weaning piglets from sows at 28 days suppress the humoral link of natural resistance. A decrease in lysocin and bactericidal activity of blood serum was established at 40.56 ± 1.75 and 21.22 ± 1.05 %. The content of circulating immune complexes in the blood of piglets of the control group remained high after weaning. Along with a decrease in the activity of the humoral link of immunity in weaned piglets, suppression of the non-specific link of the immune system was established, manifested by a decrease in phagocytic activity and a decrease in the number of phagocytes. Feeding the feed supplement “Sylimevit” to the piglets of the research group helped to strengthen the immune status of the piglets' bodies. In piglets of the research group on the 35th day of life, when feeding the feed additive “Sylimevit”, an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils by 4.26 % was established. Similar differences were obtained regarding the effect of the Butaselmevit-plus feed additive on the phagocytic number and the phagocytic index, in particular, in piglets of the experimental group on the 35th day of the experiment; they were 7.63 and 11.1 % higher than in control. These research results confirm the effectiveness of using milk thistle, methifen, selenium, and vitamins as part of the feed supplement “Sylimevit” for piglets before and after weaning to activate the protective systems of their body.

The main research areas of the science school in Ecological Biochemistry of Animals

The article presents information about the formation and development of the leading science school in Ecological Biochemistry of Animals, which is primarily composed of research associates, graduate and post-graduate students of the Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory of IB KarRC RAS, representing several generations of researchers united by common scientific interests. Studies of the science school team are mostly concerned with the biochemical and molecular-genetic mechanisms behind the development of adaptive reactions in organisms of various ecological and phylogenetic groups. The article provides information on the main scientific results and publications of the science school team regarding ecological and biochemical adaptations of organisms, mainly aquatic ones. Examples of the biochemical adaptations in aquatic organisms are given.

The influence of the anti-stress pharmacological complex “SPAO” on the effectiveness of preventive immunization of chickens against Newcastle disease

Methodology. The assessment of the appropriateness of using the anti-stress pharmacological complex of SPAO for prophylactic immunization of hens with egg productivity against Newcastle disease was started at 45 days old before intramuscular vaccination against Newcastle disease with Gallimune ND vaccine at 47–48 days old. SPAO-complex — stress protector antioxidant — pharmacological complex for birds was developed at the Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pharmacology of the South Ural State Agrarian University, which was used at a dose of 185 mg/kg of body weight according to the scheme with water through a system of medications two days before, on the day of exposure and within two days after exposure to stress factors. Antibodies to the Newcastle disease virus were tested by hem agglutination inhibition test. Results. As a result, it was proved that vaccinations by parenteral administration of vaccines cause the development of non-specific adaptive reactions in chickens. The level of development of reactions corresponds to the formation of stress. The use of the SPAO-complex reduces the immunosuppressive effect of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal system during the development of adaptive reactions in birds under industrial stresses. In the prophylaxis of Newcastle disease chickens of the egg productivity direction on the background of stress prevention by the pharmacological complex of SPAO antibody production is more uniform throughout the herd. In the experimental group, titers are in the range of 9.40–13.40 log2, in the control group — 8.52–12.36. The level of statistical differences in the intensity of antibody production log2 is at the level of P = 0.0277. After transferring the hens to the production shop in the experimental group a higher level of productivity is noted compared to the control: egg production in the experimental group is 2.04% higher, the livestock safety over the period from 105 to 250 days of life of hens reached the highest values in the experimental group and amounted to 99.72%, in the control group — 99.44%.

Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and neuroendocrine reaction of the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

The neuroendocrine system occupies an important place in the systemic mechanisms of the body response to stress. The paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (PVH) are one of the most important links of the brain`s neuroendocrine system which determine the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in response to the various stressors and thereby ensure the development of adaptive reactions by the formation of body resistance to the stress. The aim of the research was to study the functional state of the peptidergic neurons of the medial parvocellular nuclei of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVHmp) during the multi-day action of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and in the posthypoxic period. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats. Intermittent hypoxia was modeled by a daily 6-hour stay of rats at an altitude of 6000 m (pO 2 = 9.8 %) for 15 days, the posthypoxic period lasted for 10 days. The distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), [Arg 8 ]-vasopressin (AVP), β-endorphin, cFos and HIF-1α proteins was studied by quantitative immunofluorescence methods in serial frontal sections of the hypothalamus. Results. The intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulated the developing of mild hypertrophy of PVHmp neurons and increased the concentration of RNA in the cytoplasm by 37 %. An indicator of PVHmp neurons response to hypoxia was 2.5-fold increase in the concentration of the HIF-1α protein in them. IHH elevated the concentration of cFos protein in PVHmp by 37 %, increased the area of immunoreactivity to AVP by 2.5 times, to CRH and β-endorphin by 3 times. There was an increase in the synthesis of neuropeptides in response to hypoxia, which led to the elevation in the concentration of AVP in PVHmp by 6.6 times, β-endorphin by 7 times, and CRH by 8.5 times. The immunoreactivity indicators for the HIF-1α protein and its concentration in PVHmp remained at a high level in the posthypoxic period. At the same time, high immunoreactivity to CRH and β-endorphin in PVHmp was noted, as well as a high concentration of these neuropeptides in neurons against the background of AVP synthesis inhibition in neurons. It is possible that high rates of neurosecretory activity of PVHmp in the posthypoxic period may indicate the formation of neuroendocrine mechanisms of adaptation of the HPA axis to the long-term effect of hypoxia. Conclusions. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates the neurosecretory activity of the PVHmp neurons, increases the synthesis and secretion of CRH and AVP hormones that activate the HPA axis. Synthesis of the secretory response indicator cFos protein and a central regulator of hypoxic responses HIF‑1α protein is also increasing in the peptidergic neurons of the PVHmp. High levels of the PVHmp neurosecretory activity at the posthypoxic period are preserved and indicate the formation of neuroendocrine mechanisms of the HPA axis adaptation to the long term intermittent hypoxia exposures.

ПОРУШЕННЯ ВАРІАБЕЛЬНОСТІ СЕРЦЕВОГО РИТМУ ЯК МЕТОД ОЦІНЮВАННЯ АДАПТАЦІЙНИХ РЕАКЦІЙ ОРГАНІЗМУ ВАГІТНИХ ПРИ НАЯВНОСТІ ШКІДЛИВИХ ЗВИЧОК

According to modern data, the cardiovascular system is a kind of indicator of the organism's adaptive activity, and the structure of the heart rhythm carries information about the development of adaptive reactions in response to irritating factors of the external and internal environment.The aim of the study – to investigate the functional state of the autonomic nervous system in pregnant women who have harmful habits by evaluating and analyzing the parameters of heart rate variability in order to prevent complications of non-delivery of gestational process.Materials and Methods. The study involved 73 pregnant women, 53 of them were pregnant (the main group) who had malignant habits in history. Before studying adaptive reactions in pregnant women, a study of cardiac rhythm variability was performed in practically healthy non-pregnant women of reproductive age (25.3±2.2) years). The control group consisted of 20 pregnant women without any harmful habits. Determination of heart rate variability was performed on the basis of peripheral heart rate recording, which included measuring the sequence of RR intervals for 5 minutes, followed by mathematical analysis using the PlsMntr software product.Results and Discussion. It was established that in the main group, in the complicated failure to pass the gestational process, violations of cardiac rhythm variability were detected in 59.7 % of cases. There is an increase in the frequency of very low frequency (VL F) waves (43.5 % relative to control, p<0.05), indicating a predominance of humoral and metabolic rate of regulation of the cardiac rhythm. At the threat of premature births, a decrease in the particle (LF) is observed at 36.6 %, a decrease in the share of high-frequency waves (НF) by 30.8 %. Taking into account the results of the study, one can speak of a decrease in the tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, reducing the influence of the reflexive vegetative level of regulation, which, in turn, indicates the depletion of regulatory mechanisms and the lack of an adaptive protective effect of n.vagus on the heart.Conclusions. Our innovative low-invasive method of evaluating the adaptive reactions of the organism through the determination and analysis of indicators of cardiac rhythm variability in pregnant women with the existing harmful habits offers us the opportunity to observe manifestations of functional stress of regulatory systems of pregnant women, preceding the development of complication of non-delivery of gestational process.

INFLUENCE OF AIR ENVIRONMENT CHEMICAL IMPUTITIES ON EXPRESSION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS AND CYTOKINE LEVELS OF ADOLESCENTS

Emissions from oil refining, chemical industry, heat power industry, which are located in the Irkutsk region, cause a high level of air pollution in these areas. Personalized approach to assessing the risk of health disorders allows to set taxis to external influence. The aim of this study was to assess the level of expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) and cytokine content in adolescents with different risk of formation of the immune system disorders caused by the individual inhalant chemical load. Methods. The calculation of the individual chemical load, hazard quotient (HQ) of pollutants and hazard indexes (HI) and dysimmunity for 244 adolescents was carried out based on the data on air pollution and indoor air pollution, the organization of educational process and leisure time, anthropometric and spirometric indices. The content of interleukins-2 and -10, alpha and gamma interferons in the serum of adolescents was studied by the method of enzyme immunoassay. The level of expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 was assessed by polymeric chain reaction. Results. Persons with an increased risk of developing the immune system pathology were identified as a result of calculating the individual chemical load. It has been stated that the risk of immunity disorders in adolescents living in industrial cities of the Irkutsk region was due to the presence of formaldehyde, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide in the air. While assessing the role of atmospheric and indoor air pollution level in the formation of HQ it was detected that indoor air pollution with formaldehyde was of primary importance. An increase in interleukin-2 and gamma-interferon concentration and decrease in the interleukin-10 concentration was stated with an increase of the air pollution level by chemical impurities that affect the immune system. Conclusion. Thus, the presence of relationships between the indicators of the immune system and increase of their expression with an increase of HI indicates mechanisms contingency of pro-and anti-inflammatory process in the development of adaptive reactions in adolescents under the influence of chemical air pollutants.

Адаптація фізіологічного стану організму перепелів за дії стресу при включенні в раціон кормової добавки «Праймікс Біонорм-К» та «Біовір»

У статті висвітлено проблематику чутливості організму перепелів до дії різноманітних стресових факторів і пошук нових альтернативних підходів до підвищення збереженості поголів’я цього виду птиці. Метою роботи було з’ясувати фізіологічний стан організму перепелів в окремі стадії адаптаційного синдрому при включенні в раціон біологічно активної кормової добавки «Праймікс Біонорм-К» та добавки «Біовір». Дослідження проведені на клінічно здоровому молодняку перепелів породи «Фараон». Технологічні стресові фактори на 10 добу життя птиці виникали внаслідок їх перегруповування та дією фактора температурного режиму; на 40 добу життя стресорами були: розподіл за статевою ознакою, перегрупування, зміна температурного режиму та вплив додаткового антигенного навантаження на імунну систему організму в зв'язку зі зміною корму для самок. З 5 до 30 доби життя перепелам дослідних груп додатково згодовували «Праймікс Біонорм-К» і випоювали з водою добавку «Біовір». За результатами проведених досліджень встановлено, що адаптація функціонального стану організму перепелів контрольної групи на ранніх етапах постнатального онтогенезу за комплексної дії технологічних стресових факторів характеризується на стадії резистентності зменшенням числових значень еритроцитів і гемоглобіну на 26,8%, підвищенням кількості лейкоцитів на 8,7% за рахунок еозинофілів, псевдоеозинофілів на тлі низької кількості лімфоцитів. За повторної дії стресового подразника гемопоетична функція крові в перепелів 41- та 75-добового віку має аналогічну динаміку, з вираженим зростанням кількості лімфоцитів та моноцитів і зменшенням вдвічі кількості еозинофілів та псевдоеозинофілів. Представлений фактичний матеріал показує позитивний вплив згодовування БАКД «Праймікс Біонорм-К» на процеси гемопоезу в організмі перепелів на стадії тривоги, про що свідчить зростання кількості еритроцитів на 34,7% (Р < 0,05), концентрації гемоглобіну – на 23,4% (Р < 0,05), кількості лейкоцитів на 44,4–52,4% (Р < 0,05), за рахунок підвищення кількості еозинофілів, і псевдоеозинофілів в 1,3 раза (Р < 0,05), моноцитів – в 1,4 раза (Р < 0,05) при зменшенні кількості лімфоцитів на 15,8% (Р < 0,05); на стадії резистентності, про що свідчить переважання кількості еритроцитів і гемоглобіну на 30,3 та 13,0% (Р < 0,05) при зменшенні кількості еозинофілів в 1,6 раза (Р < 0,05), лімфоцитів, збільшенні кількості псевдоеозинофілів в 1,4 раза (Р < 0,05), моноцитів а також встановлено збільшення маси тіла в кінці досліду на 12,5% (Р < 0,05), порівняно з контролем. На тлі випоювання кормової добавки «Біовір» у перепелів на стадії тривоги виявлено підвищення кількості еритроцитів на 25,9% (Р < 0,05), концентрації гемоглобіну – на 11,6% (Р < 0,05), кількості лейкоцитів на 36,2–58,0% (Р < 0,05) за рахунок моноцитів в 1,5 раза (Р < 0,05) на тлі зменшення еозинофілів в 1,4 раза (Р < 0,05); на стадії резистентності установлено підвищення кількості лейкоцитів на 40,1% (Р < 0,05) за рахунок псевдоеозинофілів в 1,4 раза (Р < 0,05) на тлі зменшення кількості лімфоцитів на 13,7% (Р < 0,05), а також встановлено збільшення маси тіла в кінці досліду на 7,5%, порівняно з контролем. За показниками розвитку адаптивних реакцій та продуктивності виправданим є використання в раціоні птиці біологічно активної кормової добавки «Праймікс Біонорм-К».

Indicators of pituitary-thyroid system and lipid metabolism in female representatives of the Buryat ethnos and Europeoids

Characteristic features of indicators of the thyroid status and lipoprotein content were found in blood serum of girls and women representing Buryat ethnos and europeoids. In representatives of Buryat ethnos, as compared to europeoids, a development of adaptive reactions from the side of pituitary-thyroid part of the neuroendocrine regulation system was noted (increased concentrations of free T3 fraction in girls and decreased TTH levels in women). Changes in lipid metabolism parameters lie in lower concen- trations of atherogenic fractions of cholesterol in Buryat girls and increased level of cholesterol-contai- ning blood components in adolescent europeods. At older age period a reverse tendency is observed, cha- racterized by an increased activity of lipid metabolism in representatives of the indigenous nationality.

State of the hematopoietic system in rats subjected to emotional stress after low-dose chronic irradiation

Examination of processes occurring in the hematopoietic system of rats subjected to emotional stress shortly after 30-day exposure to low-dose γ-radiation revealed the inhibitory influence of radiation exposure on the development of adaptive reactions by this system in the stressed animals.

Morphological and functional state of the thymus and lymphatic system during development of adaptive reactions to electrical stimulation of emotiogenic brain structures

Mental stress, and negative emotions forming physicoemotional stress, lead to disturbances of the immune status or even to the formation of immunodeficiency states [4]. A characteristic feature of stress is hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue of the thymus and lymph nodes. Besides stress, the general nonspecific adaptive response (GNAR) to any extremal or strong stimuli, the GNAR to various stimuli of physiological parameters, namely weak, or threshold strength -the training reaction [2, 3], and stimuli of average strength and the activation reaction [i], differing qualitatively from stress, have been described. During the training reaction moderate functional activity is observed in the thymus and lymphatic system (TLS), and the architectonics of the structures of TLS corresponds to the pattern given in textbooks of histology, whereas in the activation reactions, there is high functional activity, expressed mainly as hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue [5].