Development Of Abdominal Obesity Research Articles

Markers of adipokine metabolism and hormonal-metabolic disorders in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency

Introduction. With the growth of urbanization processes, the problem of professional exposure to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency is an increasingly relevant topic. Recently, the scientists paid a special attention to the long-term health consequences associated with prolonged exposure to harmful physical factors. The previously obtained data on the increase in the levels of lipid metabolism and hormonal and metabolic disorders in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency determine the relevance of studying adipokine metabolism and assessing genetic risk factors for predisposition to cardiovascular pathology in employees of the electric power industry.
 The study aims to research the relationship of biochemical and molecular genetic markers of adipokine metabolism with indicators of hormonal and metabolic disorders for a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency.
 Materials and methods. The researchers examined 144 employees of the main group engaged in the repair and operation of power grid facilities and 40 employees of the control group who are not exposed to electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency.The concentration of leptin and adiponectin was determined in blood serum samples. The authors have calculated the ratio of adiponectin to leptin. We have performed a molecular genetic study of single nucleotide polymorphisms of leptin (LEP) G2548A (rs7799039), leptin receptor (LEPR) A668G (rs1137101) and adiponectin type two receptor (ADIPOR2) G795A (rs16928751) genes.
 Results. The staff of the main group revealed a higher level of leptin (8.1 (3.7; 14.4) ng/ml) relative to the same indicator in the control group (6.0 (4.1; 11.1) ng/ml), p<0.028. Levels of leptin and adiponectin moderately and weakly correlate with hormonal and metabolic parameters. In the group of employees with less than 10 years of experience, a higher level of adiponectin was established compared to the group with 11–20 years of experience (6.1 (4.6; 9.1) mcg/ml and 4.5 (3.6; 6.4) mcg/ml, respectively); with an increase in work experience of more than 20 years, a significant increase in the concentration of leptin was found (p<0.05). Scientists have identified the significance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the LEPR, LEP, ADIPOR2 genes in the development of abdominal obesity, an increase in cholesterol levels and a decrease in the level of total testosterone in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency.
 Limitations. The study is limited to the number of surveyed (144 employees).
 Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the relationship of biochemical and molecular genetic markers of adipokine metabolism with indicators of hormonal and metabolic disorders in employees exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency. When examining workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency, the use of clinical and laboratory markers of adipokine metabolism (biochemical, molecular genetic) is informative in a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk.
 Ethics. The work complies with ethical standards developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human participation" as amended in 2000 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 200n dated 01.04.2016. Informed consent to participate in the study was received from each of the surveyed, approved in accordance with the established procedure by the local ethics committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (minutes of the meeting of the Ethics committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health No. 4 dated 12/25/2013).

Altered Risk of Incident Gout According to Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study of 1.29 Million Young Men.

Few data are available on whether changes in metabolic syndrome affect incident gout. This study was undertaken to assess associations between metabolic syndrome status and incident gout, as well as changes in the clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome and incident gout, in a cohort of young men. This nationwide, population-based cohort study included 20-39-year-old men who participated in serial health check-ups. The outcome, incident gout, was defined according to the claims database diagnostic code for gout. Associations among changes in metabolic syndrome status and incident gout were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Among 1,293,166 individuals, 18,473 were diagnosed as having gout (incidence rate 3.36 per 1,000 person-years). Subjects who had chronic metabolic syndrome (defined as metabolic syndrome at all 3 health check-ups) had a nearly 4-fold higher risk of incident gout compared to subjects who did not have metabolic syndrome at any of the 3 health check-ups (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj ] 3.82 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3.67-3.98]). Development of metabolic syndrome more than doubled the risk of incident gout (HRadj 2.31 [95% CI 2.20-2.43]). Conversely, recovery from metabolic syndrome reduced the risk of incident gout by nearly half (HRadj 0.52 [95% CI 0.49-0.56]). Among metabolic syndrome components, changes in elevated triglycerides (development of elevated triglycerides, HRadj 1.74 [95% CI 1.66-1.81]; recovery from elevated triglycerides, HRadj 0.56 [95% CI 0.54-0.59]) and abdominal obesity (development of abdominal obesity, HRadj 1.94 [95% CI 1.85-2.03]; recovery from abdominal obesity, HRadj 0.69 [95% CI 0.64-0.74]) showed the greatest association with altered risk of incident gout. Associations between changes in the status and clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome and incident gout were more pronounced in subjects ages 20-29 years compared to those ages 30-39 years, and in subjects who were underweight or who had a normal weight. Changes in the status and clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome were associated with altered risk of incident gout. These results suggest that metabolic syndrome is a modifiable risk factor for gout.

Features of the development of the metabolic syndrome in workers of dust-hazardous occupations

Introduction. The article discusses the features of nutrition and the formation of the metabolic syndrome in workers in dust-hazardous industries. The relevance and urgency of studying the relation of nutrition to the development of obesity, arterial hypertension, impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is due to the steady progression of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome both in the population as a whole and among workers in hazardous industries. The purpose. Hygienic assessment of the actual nutrition in different age groups from the standpoint of the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in workers of the industrial enterprises. Materials and methods. Sixty four workers aged of 51.0±8.7 years, the average work experience being 18.4±6.9 years were surveyed in the mining and engineering industries,. The ones surveyed were divided into two groups taking into account their age: the first group included people from 30 to 44 years (28 people), the second group included people aged 45 to 60 years (36 ones). The research methods included the assessment of actual nutrition, anthropometry, measurement of blood pressure, clarification of the glycemic profile and lipid spectrum. Results. The actual nutrition of workers in hazardous industries was found to be off-balanced in terms of macronutrient intake. In the age group of 30-44 years, a significant increase in the risk of developing metabolic syndrome was determined due to alcohol consumption, exceeding the norm of added sugar. In the older group (45-60 years), the risk of developing metabolic syndrome increased due to the excessive amount of total fats in the diet and a deficiency of dietary fibers. Limitations. The study included 64 workers aged 30 to 60 years, the correlation analysis of the compared indicators was carried out using a quantitative scale, when calculating the odds ratio, the indicators were measured on a nominal scale. Conclusion. There are revealed age-related features of actual nutrition of workers in dust-hazardous occupations, resulting in the development of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome, requiring further study to develop effective measures for the nutritional prevention of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Деякі аспекти діагностики абдомінального ожиріння в міського населення України

Актуальність. Оптимізація профілактичних підходів щодо розвитку коморбідної патології в осіб із надлишком ваги різного ступеня — актуальна проблема медичної науки. Ефективність таких підходів залежить від усього спектра патогенетичних факторів щодо метаболічних ускладнень ожиріння — основи розвитку коморбідної патології та виділення найбільш інформативних маркерів їх розвитку. Такими факторами є зміни адипокіноцитокінової системи (маркером яких є вміст у сироватці крові фракталкіну, кластерину, васпіну, оментину) та пов’язані з ними порушення метаболізму вільних жирних кислот. Проте виявлення вищезазначених маркерів у більшості лікувальних закладів не проводиться. Дослідження інформативності обох цих критеріїв щодо оцінки зміни адипокіноцитокінової системи та пов’язаних із ними порушень метаболізму вільних жирних кислот у представників української популяції не здійснювалися. Мета: оцінити інформативність таких критеріїв абдомінального ожиріння, як окружність талії та співвідношення окружність талії/окружність стегон, щодо ризику розвитку локального запалення жирової тканини, системного низькоінтенсивного запалення в організмі, змін секреторної функції жирової тканини та метаболічних особливостей у міських мешканців — представників української популяції. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 250 осіб віком 65,48 ± 11,86 року, у яких імуноферментним методом визначено вміст фракталкіну, кластерину, васпіну, оментину та лептину в циркуляції; методом Данкомба — вільних жирних кислот. Проаналізовано характер взаємозв’язків вищезазначених параметрів з окружністю талії та стегон, співвідношенням окружність талії/окружність стегон. Виявлено характер вірогідних відмінностей щодо цих параметрів за наявності та відсутності абдомінального ожиріння згідно з критерієм «окружність талії/окружність стегон». Результати. Визначено, що параметр «окружність талії» є інформативним критерієм ризику розвитку запальних процесів в організмі, змін метаболізму васпіну, оментину, лептину та вільних жирних кіслот; параметр «окружність талії/окружність стегон» — змін метаболізму лептину та вільних жирних кислот. Висновки. Розвиток абдомінального ожиріння супроводжується збільшеним ризиком локального запалення жирової тканини, системного низькоінтенсивного запалення в організмі, змінами її секреторної функції щодо адипокінів васпіну та оментину, зростанням рівнів вільних жирних кислот та лептину в циркуляції. Визначено вірогідний взаємозв’язок між ступенем накопичення жирової тканини як у вісцеральному, так і в глютеофеморальному жировому депо із змінами метаболізму адипокінів васпіну та оментину.

Особливості секреції мелатоніну й серотоніну у молодих жінок із різною масою тіла та їх взаємозв’язок з розвитком інсулінорезистентності

Актуальність. Актуальність дослідження обумовлена значною поширеністю надлишку маси тіла різного ступеня серед молодого жіночого населення України та необхідністю деталізації підходів до ранньої профілактики у них гормонально-метаболічних ускладнень цих патологічних станів. Мета: деталізувати особливості балансу в системі «мелатонін — серотонін — лептин — чутливість периферичних тканин до інсуліну» у жінок молодого віку — представниць української популяції із різною масою тіла, у тому числі з урахуванням особливостей його складу. Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 130 жінок, середній вік яких становив 28,64 ± 6,91 року, з екзогенно-конституційним надлишком маси тіла різного ступеня. Шляхом анкетування оцінювалась наявність порушень сну. Визначали індекс маси тіла, окружність талії; методом біоімпедансного аналізу — склад тіла (жирову, відносну жирову, безжирову, активну клітинну маси тіла); імуноферментним методом — рівні інсулін- та лептинемії. Розраховувався індекс НОМA. Секреція мелатоніну оцінювалася за вмістом у сечі рівня його метаболіту 6-сульфатоксимелатоніну (6-СОМТ) за методом Друекса в модифікації Г.В. Зубкова; серотоніну — флуориметричним методом В.І. Кулинського та Л.С. Костюковської. Результати. Встановлено, що у молодих жінок — представниць української популяції ступінь накопичення жирової тканини в організмі негативно корелює із рівнем серотонінемії, нічної та середньодобової екскреції 6-СОМТ з сечею; позитивно — із рівнем денної фракції екскреції 6-СОМТ з сечею. Зниження середньодобової екскреції 6-СОМТ та вмісту серотоніну у циркуляції має зв’язок із зростанням значення індексу НОМА та рівня лептинемії. Розвиток абдомінального ожиріння у молодих жінок — представниць української популяції характеризується зниженням рівня серотоніну у циркуляції, нічної фракції екскреції 6-СОМТ з сечею при одночасному зростанні денної. При подальшому збільшенні окружності талії вищезазначені зміни поглиблюються. Висновки. Зниження рівня серотоніну у циркуляції, нічної фракції екскреції мелатоніну при одночасному зростанні денної є значущою відмінністю пацієнток із ожирінням порівняно із жінками з надлишковою масою тіла.

METABOLIC SYNDROME. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of individual components of the metabolic syndrome on the human body, taking into account their etiology and pathogenesis. This article is analytical analysis of scientific and medical literature basing on aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. The key role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is played by insulin resistance, which may be a result of lifestyle conditions (low physical activity, overweight or obesity) or genetic background. A certain role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is also attributed to disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the form of increased cortisol control, which may initiate the development of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Aforementioned factors (environmental, hormonal and genetic) lead to excessive fat tissue gathering. The excess of abdominal fat tissue – abdominal obesity – leads to insulin resistance, the concentration of which causes body mass gain. Such mechanism is dangerous for our health and may lead to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and premature development of atherosclerosis with all its consequences such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease.

Genetic markers of the metabolic syndrome in the Russian population (based on the ESSE-RF study)

Objective. To assess the relationship of carriers of risk alleles for the rs9939609 polymorphisms of the FTO gene and rs1225537 of the TCF7L2 gene with the metabolic syndrome (MS) component in a national population sample of three regions (Samara, Orenburg, St Petersburg) as part of the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. Design and methods . The data of 3 regions were analyzed: Samara, Orenburg and St Petersburg. The total number of patients included in the study was 4 793 people, the average age of the examined was 45,6 ± 11,9 years. All participants in the study underwent an assessment of anthropometric parameters (height, weight, waist circumference), blood pressure and heart rate; serum glucose and lipids were measured, genotyping for the determination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1225537 of the TCF7L2 gene and rs9939609 of the FTO gene polymorphism was performed. Results. The occurrence and association of genotypes of the FTO and TCF7L2 gene with the components of MS were assessed separately in men and women. In women, the risk allele of the FTO gene was significantly more common among people with abdominal obesity. In males, the risk allele of the FTO gene was associated only with hyperglycemia. In both groups, the risk allele of the TCF7L2 gene was significantly more common in persons with hyperglycemia, while in men, the risk allele of the TCF7L2 gene was also associated with the development of abdominal obesity. Conclusions. We confirmed the association between the rs9939609 risk allele of the FTO gene with the development of abdominal obesity, as well as the risk allele rs1225537 of the TCF7L2 gene with the development of hyperglycemia in the Russian population. Our study also demonstrated various combinations of components of MS in the group of men and women in carriers of risk alleles s9939609 of the FTO gene and rs1225537 of the TCF7L2 gene.

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome Development and its Correction with Grape-Derived Stilbene Concentrate

Aim: The aim of the research was to investigate the dynamics of the parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, markers of associated inflammation in an induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) model, and to estimate the effectiveness of its treatment using a grape-derived stilbene concentrate (GDSC). Methods: The research was performed on 40 white Wistar male rats of the SPF category aged 12 weeks. The MetS was induced using the fructose model (feeding the rats a diet with a 60% fructose content for 24 weeks). Rats with induced MetS were treated with GDSC, which was obtained by water-alcohol extraction of Vitis vinifera (Ressfood LLC, Russia). Results: Induction of the experimental MetS was accompanied by the development of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, increased lipids levels, cardiomyopathy and damage of blood vessels. The expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) had more expressive and early dynamics than biochemical shifts. Conclusion: The development of the accompanying inflammatory reactions was confirmed by the increased expression of TLR4 and C-reactive protein as compared to control levels. The treatment of experimental MetS with GDSC prevented associated inflammatory reactions and protected the heart and blood vessels from damage.

Физическое развитие, компонентный состав тела, фактическое питание, энергетический баланс студентов с избыточной массой тела и ожирением

The aim of the study: to research the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the features of physical development, the type of physique, the component composition of the body of students, their dependence on the energy balance and the actual nutrition of students with overweight syndrome. Material and methods: we carried out the study on the basis of Derzhavin Tambov State University. We examined 128 young men aged 18–22 years. The anthropometric program included the determination of 25 features, measured according to the standard methodology using the automated complex of CMD “Healthy Child.” Diagnosis of overweight syndrome and obesity was by body mass index. We carried out an estimation of actual power supply and power consumption by frequency method with subsequent application of computer program ”Analysis of human power supply state” (version 1.2.4) of the Main Research Institute of RAMS Power Supply. The results: we noted a high frequency of overweight (41,4 %) and obesity (23,4 %) among the examined young men, with hyperstenic physique type, excess body weight was among 58,5 %, and obesity among 73,3 % of students. An excess of the energy value of the diet over daily energy consumption, which was due to an increased number of fats due to saturated fatty acids, proteins and easily digestible carbohydrates characterizes nutrition in overweight syndrome. A decrease in the proportion of skinny body weight and muscle mass contributed to a decrease in daily energy consumption in overweight syndrome. We established an imbalance of macronutrients, leading to the development of abdominal obesity. The energy value and chemical composition of the diet did not affect the incidence of overweight and obesity in students with different types of physique.

Teacher-Based Health Promotion in Primary School Children in Baden-Württemberg: Effects on Endurance Performance and Incidence of Abdominal Obesity

Health promotion has to start early. Many prevention programmes lack proof of effectiveness. A programme that promotes an active and healthy lifestyle for primary school children in Baden-Württemberg is "Join the Healthy Boat". The effect of this one-year school-based intervention on endurance performance and incidence of paediatric abdominal obesity was investigated in a large cluster randomised study. Data of 1739 children (7.1±0.6 years) were available at baseline and follow-up. Background variables were assessed via parent questionnaires. Endurance performance (6-minute run) and anthropometric data were collected on-site. Children with waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.5 were classified as being abdominally obese. The difference in endurance capacity and the incidence of abdominal obesity between baseline and follow-up were calculated and analysed in simple and hierarchical regression models taking into account the school effect. Adjusted for gender and grade level, the difference in completed meters in the intervention group after one year was significantly greater (70.5±128.6 vs. 59.2±106.6 m, n=1708). However, after taking into account data clustering of schools, the significance was lost. Odds for the development of abdominal obesity in the intervention group were more than halved after adjustment for gender, grade, baseline WHtR and no-breakfasts (odds ratio=0.48, 95% CI [0.25; 0.94], n=1535). Children should learn to make healthy choices from an early age. With the prevention of abdominal obesity as an indicator, this intervention is characterised as an effective health promotion.

Eating patterns, body composition and cardiometabolic health in menopause

Menopausal transition is associated with hormonal changes, which contribute to the increase in visceral fat mass and the development of abdominal obesity in postmenopausal women. Additionally, postmenopausal period is characterized by several lifestyle changes resulting in decrease in energy expenditure, mainly as a result of the reduction in physical activity, as well as changes in food choices. Some of these changes have been depicted in the relevant research, examining nutrient intake and dietary adequacy. However, there is limited evidence on the dietary patterns of postmenopausal women and relevant recommendations. Dietary (or eating) patterns are a new approach in nutrition research, aiming at capturing a broader picture of dietary habits. The study of dietary patterns, beyond the intake of individual nutrients and/or food groups, provides important public health and clinical information, as these patterns more are easily interpreted for nutrition intervention and education. Among them, Mediterranean diet has been widely studied in relation to cardiovascular health. It is characterized by the abundance of plant foods: fruits (an after-dinner dessert or a between-meal snack), vegetables (either as main or side dish), bread and other forms of cereals, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Olive oil is the principal source of fat. Mediterranean diet also includes moderate amounts of dairy products (principally the fermented ones, i.e. cheese and yogurt), low to moderate amounts of fish and poultry, red meat in low amounts and wine, consumed modestly, normally with meals. Ain of the presentation is to review the available evidence on the Mediterranean and other a priori or a posteriori defined patterns and conclude on clear messages on their potential effect on obesity and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and development of abdominal obesity

Both, cardiorespiratory fitness and abdominal obesity are independently associated with developing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. However, the relationship between both attributes is unclear. We examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of developing abdominal obesity, and secondarily, other adiposity measures.Retrospective observational study of a cohort of 1284 sedentary patients, who had participated in a clinical trial of physical activity promotion carried out in Spain (2003–2007). At baseline, they were free of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and/or abdominal obesity, with an indirect VO2max measurement, were 19–80 years old, 62% women, and had completed the two year follow-up. The exposure factor was cardiorespiratory fitness categorized as high, moderate or low, according to tertiles of VO2max values. The main outcome measure was the risk of developing abdominal obesity, as defined by waist circumference >102 (men) and >88 (women) cm. Secondary outcomes were the risk of developing: general obesity, excess body fat, and their combination (“defined” obesity).At two years, 10.5% of the participants had developed abdominal obesity: 6.1% in the high cardiorespiratory fitness tertile, 9.7% in the moderate tertile (adjusted odds ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval 0.68–2.10), and 15.7% in the low tertile (adjusted odds ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval 1.34–3.91). Moreover, 2.2% of participants in the high cardiorespiratory fitness tertile developed “defined” obesity as did 5.4% in the low tertile (adjusted odds ratio, 2.90; 95% confidence interval 1.15–7.29).Low cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with a higher risk of developing abdominal and “defined” obesity.

42.2 INFLAMMATION AND GUT MICROBIOME IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS

BackgroundPatients with first-onset psychosis have evidence of impaired glucose tolerance, but otherwise are metabolically healthy when traditional cardiovascular risk markers are used. After antipsychotic treatment is started, there is rapid weight gain and emergence of dyslipidemias. Weight gain and development of abdominal obesity is accompanied by worsening chronic low-grade inflammation. Activation of innate immunity is often present at the onset of disease. One unexplored mechanism possibly contributing to these problems is altered gut microbiota.MethodsThe Helsinki Early Psychosis Study recruited 97 patients with first-episode psychosis and 62 controls into a longitudinal study. Here, data on longitudinal changes in inflammation, weight gain and abdominal obesity during the first year of treatment in patients with first-episode psychosis is presented and compared with matched healthy controls. Three time points (baseline, 2 months, 12 months) are available for patients and two (baseline, 12 month) for controls. The possible contribution of different antipsychotics will be explored, and whether patients who were no longer using antipsychotics at the one-year follow-up have less problems in these measures. First results regarding the gut microbiome will be presented (Schwarz et al. 2017), and the possible contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and weight gain in first-episode psychosis explored.ResultsOur previous findings from a subset of the study sample found most marked changes in innate immunity chemokines (Mäntylä et al. 2015), whereas full longitudinal data on 38 cyto- and chemokines will be available at the SIRS congress. As a preliminary result on the longitudinal course of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein showed a significant increase during the first year of treatment in patients (median baseline 0.65 mg/l, 2 months 0.79 mg/l and 12 months 1.68 mg/l). Data on PBMC gene expression will also be presented, revealing notable differences related to different antipsychotic use.DiscussionThe findings will be discussed in the context of to what extent they may reflect underlying disease mechanisms and environmental contributions, including gut microbiota alterations, and to what extent inflammation is a secondary phenomenon related to antipsychotic use and weight gain.References1) Mäntylä T, Mantere O, Raij TT, Kieseppä T, Laitinen H, Leiviskä J, Torniainen M, Tuominen L, Vaarala O, Suvisaari J. Altered activation of innate immunity associates with white matter volume and diffusion in first-episode psychosis. PLoS One. 2015 May 13;10(5):e0125112.2)Schwarz E, Maukonen J, Hyytiäinen T, Kieseppä T, Orešič M, Sabunciyan S, Mantere O, Saarela M, Yolken R, Suvisaari J. Analysis of microbiota in first episode psychosis identifies preliminary associations with symptom severity and treatment response. Schizophr Res. 2017 [Epub ahead of print]

Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism is not associated with risk of developing obesity in Pakistani population

Background/objectivesThe role of Neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamic control of energy balance is well established. NPY is a well-known, orexigenic peptide. Apart from increasing food intake and reducing state of satiety, NPY stimulates fat angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation of new adipocytes, resulting in development of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome-like conditions. Although there is extensive evidence of the key role of NPY in energy regulation in pre-clinical studies, evidence in humans is limited. However, single nucleotide polymorphism in the signal peptide of NPY Leu7Pro, which causes an amino acid change from leucine to proline, has been found to increase susceptibility to obesity in various populations. Therefore, we sought to genotype screen NPY Leu7Pro allele in overweight, obese and normal Pakistani individuals. MethodA total of 364 randomly selected participants were genotyped screen for the NPY Leu7Pro using PCR-RFLP followed by Sanger sequencing for conformation of the results. The participants were divided into normal, overweight and obese categories based on the BMI. ResultsOf the 364 samples screened, only one sample showed the heterozygous TC genotype. All the other samples showed homozygous TT (normal) genotype. No CC genotype was observed in both the overweight, obese and control groups. ConclusionThe NPY SNP Leu7Pro is found to be extremely rare in Pakistani population and does not contribute towards risk of developing obesity.

Glucose Abnormalities in Hypothyroidism

It is classically known that thyroid hormones excess or hyperthyroidism induce hyperglycemia. However, thyroid hormone deficiency or hypothyroidism can also induce glucose abnormalities through the development of abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to assess the frequency and predictive factors of glucose abnormalities during hypothyroidism. In this retrospective study, we included 425 patients (383 F/42 M) presenting with primary hypothyroidism. We investigated the presence of hyperglycemia, either fasting (≥100 mg/dl) and/or at 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test with 75 grams of glucose (≥140 mg/dl). Hyperglycemia was found in 37.6%. Subjects with hyperglycemia were older than those with normoglycemia (54.4±1.08 vs. 45.7±0.8 years), their Body Mass Index (BMI) was higher (31.5±0.53 vs. 28.7±0.37 kg/m 2 ), they had higher blood pressure (54.3% vs. 21.5%) and a family history of diabetes (36.2% vs. 29.8%). We conclude that glucose abnormalities are frequent in hypothyroidism and are developed mostly in patients with risk factors for insulin resistance such as age, high blood pressure and a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.

The relationship of abdominal girth with blood pressure, blood sugar and lipid profile among cardiac patients.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterize and identify the relationship of abdominal girth with blood pressure, blood sugar and lipid profile among cardiac patients.MethodsA total of 100 patients with diagnosed cardiac problems were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a multi-speciality hospital. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire was used to gather information about patients' demographics and socio-economic status. In addition, an assessment tool on the Physical and Laboratory Characteristics was employed. The data were analysed using t tests, Pearson correlations and chi squared tests.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that there was a significant positive correlation of abdominal girth with blood pressure, blood sugar and lipid profile, as the R-values were reported to be 0.32, 0.28, 0.02, 0.32, 0.32, 0.28 and 0.18. There was no significant association of the selected demographic variables with abdominal girth, blood pressure, blood sugar or lipid profile among the selected cohort of patients.ConclusionLifestyle factors contribute significant risk in the development of abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study recommends a careful monitoring of risk factors at an early age, which would go a long way towards reducing the burden of abdominal obesity and obesity related cardio metabolic risk.

The association between adiponectin G276T gene polymorphic marker and abdominal obesity in a Kyrgyz population

A population of ethnic Kyrgyz was examined with a view to elucidating the relationship between the adiponectin G276T gene polymorphic locus and the development of abdominal obesity (AO). The study included 288 subjects at the age between 40 and 70 years. 139 of them (81 women and 58 men) presented with AO while 149 without obesity (62 women and 87 men) constituted the control group. The measured anthropometric parameters included arterial pressure, blood glucose, insulin, and leptin levels, blood lipid composition. Genotypes of adiponectin (AN) G276T gene polymorphism were identified by means of PCR-RFLP analysis. The relationship between the presence of the adiponectin G276T gene polymorphic and the development of abdominal obesity in the women was demonstrated. Specifically, 31% of the women with AO were carriers of T allele compared with 17% in the control group (χ2=7.89; p =0.005). The GT + TT genotype and carriage of T allele were associated with an increased risk of development of abdominal obesity (OR=2.5; 95% CI = 1.25-4.97 for the genotype and OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.26-4.000 for the allele). No such relationship was documented among men. The women with AO and GT+TT genotype more frequently than homozygotes presented with type 2 diabetes mellitus (64 and 37% respectively; p=0.017), hypertriglyceridemia (41 and 16.2% respectively; p=0.016), and enhanced blood glucose level (7.74±3.3 and 6.52±1.17; p=0.033). Moreover, their HOMA index was higher than in the homozygotes (3.5±1.7 and 2.63±1.24 respectively; p=0.02). It is concluded that the adiponectin G276T gene polymorphic variant in the women of Kyrgyz ethnicity is associated with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause: Pathophysiology, Clinical and Diagnostic Significance.

Menopause is a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. MetS is a constellation of interdependent factors such as insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The prevalence of MetS in postmenopause is due to loss of the protective role of estrogens and increased circulating androgens resulting in changes to body fat distribution and development of abdominal obesity. Excessive visceral adipose tissue plays an important role due to synthesis and secretion of bioactive substances such as adipocytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, prothrombotic, and vasoconstrictor factors. MetS may also impact risk assessment of breast cancer, osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease, and quality of life during the menopausal transition. Increased MetS has stimulated the exploration of new laboratory tests for early detection and therapies.

Mo1044 Low Magnitude Mechanical Signals Improve Insulin Sensitivity and Suppress Development of Abdominal Obesity and Fatty Liver in Mouse Model of Obesity and Diabetes

Mo1044 Low Magnitude Mechanical Signals Improve Insulin Sensitivity and Suppress Development of Abdominal Obesity and Fatty Liver in Mouse Model of Obesity and Diabetes

Lifestyle factors and socioeconomic variables associated with abdominal obesity in Brazilian adolescents

Background and aims: Lifestyle variables have a key role in the development of abdominal obesity (AO). The objective of this study was to identify lifestyle factors and socioeconomic variables associated with AO in adolescents.Methods and results: This study carried out a school-based survey in the Brazilian city of Maringá in Paraná. The representative sample was of 991 adolescents (54.5% girls) from both public and private high schools selected through multi-stage random sampling. AO was classified according to waist circumference value. The independent variables studied were: gender, age, socioeconomic level, parental and household characteristics, smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour and nutrition-related habits. Poisson regression was used with robust variance adjustment to analyse the associations. The analysis was stratified by sexes. The prevalence of AO was 32.7% (girls = 36.3%, boys = 28.4%). In girls, excessive intake of fried foods was inversely associated with AO and excessive consumption of soda was positively associated. In boys, the results demonstrated a negative association with excessive consumption of sweets and soda.Conclusion: It is concluded that the prevalence of AO among adolescents was higher in both sexes. AO is associated with different eating habits in females and males and these relationships are mediated by familial contexts.