Development Of Metropolitan Regions Research Articles

Revisiting the Spatial Cycle: Intra-Regional Development Patterns and Future Population Dynamics in Metropolitan Athens, Greece

Being intertwined with economic development, urbanization determines the present and future development path of regions and countries. The intimate relationship between urban expansion and economic development is of particular interest in the case of large regions with complex (and mostly non-linear) socio-demographic dynamics and a relevant primacy in the metropolitan system of a given country. Typical examples of advanced economies with settlement systems characterized by a high degree of city primacy are peripheral and disadvantaged European countries such as Portugal and Greece. For instance, the administrative region of Attica—centered on Athens, the Greek capital city—represents the largest metropolitan area of the country, hosting almost 3.8 million inhabitants in 2021 (36.2% of the Greek population). In this context, this study investigates the internal redistribution of the resident population in metropolitan Athens and the progressive development of satellite cities over a relatively longtime interval, testing the assumptions of the Spatial Cycle Theory (SCT) between 1951 and 2021 and predicting future development paths up to 2051. To investigate past, present, and future intra-regional population trends, we used data released from decadal (1951–2021) censuses and demographic forecasts for the years 2031, 2041, and 2051. Being in line with the SCT, the empirical results of our study document how demographic dynamics of individual centers influence largely—and independently—the long-term development of metropolitan regions, both with policy/planning regulation and in conditions of non-intervention (spontaneous urban growth).

Waste Management of Construction and Demolition Materials Towards Sustainable Growth of Nagpur City

The higher amount of buildings and infrastructures in India, number of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is increasing continuously. These wastes, if not completely recycled, will create the environmental problems. This research paper concentrates on the use of a system dynamics technique to develop a C&D waste recycling. The project is based on the recycling of the rapidly increasing construction and demolition waste. Through this process we want to take a step ahead, the idea of stopping illegal Dumping and ultimately save our mother Earth from destruction. The cost of recycled C&D solid waste resulting in reduction of overall construction cost. The demolition is the most commonly pronounced word in the construction industry. As per the new building rules building should be demolished after its service period. Now-a-days the importance is given to sustainable and environmental friendly construction; there should be effective control of the demolition waste. The demolition waste can be reused for the construction. Construction and demolition (C and D) waste is defined as the solid waste generated by the construction, renovation, repair, alteration or demolition of residential, commercial, government or institutional buildings, industrial, commercial facilities and infrastructures such as roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, railways and airports. Construction and demolition waste is considered as high volume, low risk. It is commonly understood that this waste can be considered a resource, either for reuse in its original form or for recycling or energy recovery. Because of increasing waste production and public concerns about the environment, it is desirable to recycle materials from building demolition. If suitably selected ground cleaned appropriate industrial crushing in plants, these materials can be profitably used in concrete. Despite this, most Construction and Demolition waste ends up in landfills recycled aggregate and recycled sand that can be obtained. Further with the help of the obtained recycled material we intend to make various products such as concrete, paver blocks, hollow blocks, etc which will in turn be less costly as well. These recycled materials and products made from it are economical without any considerable change in the strength and durability aspect. Not only the cost effectiveness but it will also be aesthetically pleasing. According to Metropolitan region development authority the amount of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) must be reduced by at least 70%. 3Rs model (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in the C&D waste management with costs savings. This paper finds a broader understanding of the socioeconomic implications of waste management over time and the positive effects of these policies in the recycled to achieve the goal of C&D waste as well as the composition of Construction and Demolition waste, the need for its recycling and options that can be implemented for its efficient use in the field of concrete technology. Key Words: C & D waste; sustainable construction systems, Recycling, Concrete.

The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City

Abstract Tourism is not only a driving force behind the development of many urban areas in Vietnam, but also a cause of accelerating problems such as tourist overload and great pressure on infrastructure. The study’s purpose is to evaluate the impact that tourism has had on the development of metropolitan regions in Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City, which are the three most popular tourist destinations in Vietnam. These effects are measured through two indicators: land consumption and land use efficiency (LUE). Research data are collected through two main sources: Vietnam General Statistics Office (with population and tourist data) and JAXA (with land use data). These data were collected and compared over two periods: 2010–2015 and 2015–2020. Research results have shown that consumption is increasing in all three localities, and all three cities are expanding spatially. In particular, the period 2015–2020 shows a higher level of land consumption than the period 2010–2015. However, LUE witnessed the opposite result when the period 2010–2015 showed more efficiency than the later period. Thus, all three urban areas tend to grow more if we count the amount of tourists as residents in that locality over time. This impedes future sustainable tourism development.

Tourism Urbanisation in Metropolitan Fringe: Insights from the Tourist City of Lavasa in Pune, India

This paper examines the processes surrounding tourism-led urbanisation in the periphery of a metropolitan region using the case of Pune—a metropolitan city in India. Pune houses five million people and its hinterlands were amalgamated in 2016 into the Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR) administered by Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority. We used a geographical perspective of core-periphery focusing on “destination-bound” and “citybound” angles for conceptualising tourism in PMR. We draw attention to the significance of “destination-bound” flows from the core to the periphery using a detailed study of Lavasa city—a tourism destination located 60 km southwest of Pune. A morphological study of the Lavasa tourism sub-region was conducted using temporal mapping and direct observations at two scales: within the Lavasa city, and along the road connecting Lavasa with Pune city. The findings show how a “tourism corridor” is created when the destination at the periphery is a tourist attraction. The corridor is characterised by informal tourism activities that are outside the reach of the tourism policy. We argue that tourism sub-regions generate settlements and landscapes in the peripheries of metropolitan regions, particularly around natural resources. These leisure spaces in the periphery and hinterlands contribute to the distinct territoriality of metropolitan regions.

High-resolution mapping of transport CO2 emission in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region: Spatial-temporal characteristics and decoupling effects

Numerous studies estimating transport CO2 emissions in developing countries were on the large scales and few provided high-resolution mapping of transport CO2 emissions from different transport modes according to their respective distribution and diffusion patterns. This study proposed a hybrid method for high-resolution mapping of transport CO2 emissions in metropolitan regions, and applied it to the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region of China during 2000-2019. The results indicate that: (1) The transport CO2 emissions in the BTH region increased rapidly, of which road transport carbon emissions accounting for approximately 80%, air transport carbon emissions accounting for nearly 20%, railway and water transport accounted for a relatively small proportion. (2) For the transport CO2 emission structure from 2000 to 2019, road transport was still the main source, but its proportion has decreased since recent years, which air transport became the second largest source of emissions and had greater impact on Beijing and Tianjin. (3) The transport carbon emission hot spots were mainly located in Beijing and kept shrinking, while the cold spots were mainly located in the southern part of Hebei Province and kept expanding. (4) The decoupling relationship between county-level transport carbon emissions and economic growth changed from weak decoupling to expansive negative decoupling, showing a non-ideal development in the BTH region. Overall, this study revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics of transport CO2 emissions in the BTH region, based on which specific carbon reduction strategies could be promoted to facilitate sustainable low-carbon transport development in metropolitan regions in developing countries.

Structural drivers of sustainability and resilience strategies in small(ish) cities: a text analysis of comprehensive planning in Indiana

For decades, the world’s largest and most globally significant cities have been pledging to tackle climate change, resilience, sustainable development and social injustices through a proliferating ecology of plans. Far less is understood about what is happening in smaller communities. This study employs an institutional lens and automated text analysis to examine the resilience and sustainability “shared strategies” embedded in local land-use plans, which are used in many countries to guide the spatial distribution of development in metropolitan regions. We find evidence that communities that are more highly educated and less racially diverse focus more on “quality of life” amenities within their plans, such as pedestrian resources and environmental amenities. By contrast, communities that are more racially diverse focus greater attention on green stormwater infrastructure to address flooding. Plan “quality” is negatively associated with an amenities’ focus. Taken together, these findings suggest comprehensive land-use planning is both a means for reflecting exclusivity as well as pursuing community needs or goals related to specific resilience or sustainability themes.

Fuzzy Index of Similarity between cities: grouping municipalities according to their characteristics for joint actions in FPIC

With the intention of assisting the development process of the Metropolitan Regions, the Public Functions of Common Interest (FPIC) are presented as a fundamental tool for interfederative governance. Promoting control that helps carry out actions between municipalities, through the FPIC, contributes to the development of Metropolitan Regions, however, municipalities with different characteristics make actions of common interest difficult. The goals of this work is to develop levels of similarity through the Fuzzy Index of Similarity between Municipalities (IFSM) in order to expose the municipalities with similar characteristics, for the application of actions through the FPIC in the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba for the problem of the housing shortage. By establishing the levels, this work concludes by analyzing the efficiency of the IFSM to group municipalities with similar characteristics.

Innovations and challenges in design and construction of underground Mumbai Metro Line 3 – Lot UG‐04 and UG‐06

AbstractIndia is well on its way to create a world‐class Mass Rapid Transport system environment as an integral part of community infrastructure development. Mumbai Metro Line 3 is one such project being constructed in Mumbai city. It comprises 33.5 km‐long underground metro corridor running along Colaba to Bandra to Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone. It includes 27 stations (26 underground and 1 at grade), depot and associated twin‐tube tunnel. Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd., an affiliate organisation of Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, is responsible for the implementation of the project. Excavation and tunnelling works posed significant challenges as they cross densely inhabited zones of Mumbai. There were several buildings which were old and in delicate condition, many of which were heritage structures. In Mumbai – being a coastal city – the water table is almost at ground level which added to complications. There were several utilities, many of which were lifeline utilities, which could not be diverted or even closed, thus requiring support during excavation. Likewise, ensuring traffic movement with minimal disruptions with enormous excavation works for the project required several innovative solutions. Other criticalities included low overburden to the existing flyovers and to the air traffic control tower as well as saving a 100 year‐old banyan tree.

Structure of Polycentric Circles Based on the Urban Radiation Pattern: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China

The metropolitan area is the inevitable trend of urbanization towards an advanced form. The pattern of urban radiation is the key to building a metro area and promoting high-quality regional development. In order to effectively promote the rationalization of metropolitan areas and regional integration development, this paper takes the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region as an example, calculates the intensity of city centrality (ICC) based on the statistical data, and explores the radiation pattern and spatial relationship of cities at different levels by using methods such as the extended breaking point model and the hierarchical Voronoi diagram. The research results show that: (1) The ICC in the YRD shows a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the middle and low in the north and south”. (2) The ICC value of “strong-strong” adjacent cities shows the tendency of the radiation range to shrink and that the radiation direction is perpendicular to both sides. The “strong-weak” adjacent cities’ radiation range and direction show an expansion–contraction trend. The radiation range and direction of “weak-weak” adjacent cities exhibit disorder. (3) Because the ICC is hierarchical, urban radiation is a polycentric, nested circle structure. Shanghai is the first-level center, and Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Hefei, and Xuzhou are the second-level centers. (4) The sequence of the spatial morphological complexity and stability in each circle, from complex to simple, is the Hangzhou circle, the Shanghai circle, the Xuzhou circle, the Hefei circle, and the Nanjing circle. The spatial morphological characteristics of the Ningbo circle do not meet the morphological dimension conditions. The study of the polycentric circle structure is of practical significance for the enhancement of the radiation driving effect of the central city and the expansion and improvement of the metropolitan area.

Getting on Track: Accessibility Policy and the Design of the Mumbai Metro

In 1995, India passed the Persons with Disabilities Act to legislate the principles and requirements of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities. As part of this, the Government of India boldly committed to achieving universal design in its public transit systems. Despite legal provisions for ensuring accessibility of public transport and strong harmonized guidelines, Mumbai’s suburban rail network lacks adequate considerations for people with disabilities. From limited elevators and ramps to uneven surfaces and unmarked pathways, the suburban rail system is notoriously dangerous for people with disabilities, and a recent audit suggests that fewer than 40% of railway stations are compliant with accessibility standards. However, inaccessibility is not limited to decades-old transit systems: even the recently constructed Mumbai Monorail and Metro Line One enact only some, not all of the required accessibility standards. With its Metro currently under construction, Mumbai has the opportunity to prioritize universal design, which is a cost-effective, inclusive method, and avoid previous accessibility mistakes, which are exclusionary and inefficient. This paper reviews the current state of transport accessibility across Mumbai’s existing networks in the context of established best practices around the world to suggest ways to strengthen accessibility in constructing the new Metro. It argues that in order to achieve the government’s publicly stated commitment to universal accessibility in this next generation of rail, the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority should host consultations with people with disabilities, use architects with universal design training, and implement the guidelines for barrier-free built spaces outlined by the Central Ministry of Urban Development. These steps must also be complemented by applying the same principles in concerted effort to tackle the issue of inaccessibility on Mumbai’s streets and existing rail lines to achieve universal accessibility and greater opportunities for people with disabilities.
 
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Population influx in the metropolitan city, Guwahati, and regional development of other districts in Assam

Purpose of the study: The study is conducted to understand - the cause of rapid population migration from rural to urban areas in Assam, the availability of basic amenities in every household, different aspects of imbalance in regional development and suggestions to overcome from all these challenges.
 Methodology: The whole research was based on online survey data. Data on various issues being faced by the residents of Guwahati as well as small towns of Assam were collected from the respondents.
 Main Findings: The increase in rural dwellers, students and service people blindly pouring into cities creates problems both for the city dwellers and planners. The problems are already visible in their daily lives. 
 Applications of the study: This study is useful in understanding the causes and impact of the imbalance in the regional development of the state of Assam.
 Novelty/Originality of the study: There have been various researches on the regional development of Assam state before but in the recent 4-5 years urbanization in the city has increased which still indicates the need for change in policies and infrastructures. This study has been conducted to give solutions to the existing problems of increasing migration of residents from small districts to the main city of Guwahati.

Territorial Resilience of Metropolitan Regions: A Conceptual Framework, Recognition Methodologies and Planning Response-A Case Study of Wuhan Metropolitan Region.

As the key link and spatial form of urbanization in China, metropolitan region development has become a strategic frontier issue in the field of regional planning and territorial resilience. This paper defines the essence of territorial resilience of metropolitan regions, analyses the capacity of the system and its elements, and builds a regional planning framework. An evaluation indicator system is constructed to evaluate the territorial resilience level and identify the limiting factors in the Wuhan metropolitan region by utilizing the grey correlation model and the obstacle degree model. The results show that the resilience of Wuhan metropolitan region forms an overall pattern of one core area and four sub-regions in the east, west, north and south. According to the different limiting factors of resilience, cities can be divided into three types: cities limited by both policy and spatial resource factors, cities with lagging socioeconomic factors, and cities with insufficient innovation factors. This paper proposes planning response strategies to enhance resilience from two spatial levels. At the regional level this can be done by building a gradually balanced urban system, establishing three areas based on the degree of resilience factor agglomeration, while at the urban level it can be accomplished by maintaining ecological security, promoting economic agglomeration development and constructing innovation networks.

Expert insight into the spatial aspects and challenges facing metropolitan regions in Central Europe – Case study Bratislava region

Territorial development of metropolitan regions is broadly problematized in several international documents, strategies and policies. Following from their analysis there is a pending requirement of safeguarding sustainable development as the basis of any urban and metropolitan development concepts. Although there are several concepts addressing particular aspects of sustainable urban development in the world, all of them are basically framed by a square defined by four core concepts. Two of them are more structural, focused on spatial patterns and two processual addressing the life processes of socio-ecosystems of cities. These four concepts - Compact City, Polycentric City, Smart City and Eco/Green City, are mentioned in the New Leipzig Charter – The transformative power of cities for the common good published by the European Commission in 2020. Currently, there is no consensus on defining the criteria for identification of metropolitan regions and their territories that would reflect the diversity and specifics in metropolitan regions across the EU Member States. The OECD favours the definition of a metropolitan region not as an administrative unit but as a nodal territory. In addition, the definition of metropolitan regions clashes with the fuzzy nature of their borders, which change over time and in relation to the aspects of their identification. Paper handles the issue of metropolitan regions in Central Europe with the focus on Bratislava metropolitan region. The paper is based on research project Territorial Prognosis Bratislava 2050 developed by Spectra Centre of Excellence with the aim to identify and describe crucial trends and challenges for the development of the Bratislava region based on global megatrends and local specifics and processes and to identify principles for future sustainable development of the region until 2050. Within the broader relations, it is necessary to take into account the development in the functional urban area of the Bratislava-Vienna agglomeration, the so-called core territory of Central European metropolitan region, which also extends to the neighbouring self-governing regions (Nitra and Trnava), the federal states of Burgendland, Niederoesterreich and Vienna and the county of Gyor-Moson-Sopron in Hungary. The outcome of the case study defines trends and their projection for the future territorial development of the Bratislava region based on thematic analysis of economy, social ecology, socio-cultural and environmental, transport, housing, services, social infrastructure, technical infrastructure and energy.

Variance of destination region image according to multi-dimensional proximity: A case of the Greater Bay Area

Due to increasing accessibility and mobility, tourism destinations are broadening their spatial boundaries and cultural contexts. This study took as an example the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, which consists of 11 cities, and explored how the new path creation of a regional tourism destination reshapes people's cognitive and affective images of the destination on a megalopolitan scale. Destination region image is neither a simple aggregation of the images of member cities nor dictated by the image of a single well-known destination. Both the physical and conceptual connections among multiple cities within the destination region are key nodes of the inclusive image of the region. Connectivity is not only embedded within institutional relations and discourses, but also represented through multi-functional tourism networks and regional culture. The study further explored the image heterogeneity of three proximity-based tourist clusters, divided in terms of cultural and geographical distance and previous travel experience. The research findings of this study can inform planning and marketing strategies for the path creation and development of metropolitan destination regions. • Three phases of path development in the Greater Bay Area are traced. • People's new cognitive system in response to regional path creation is identified. • The key node is connectivity in institutions, networks, and regional culture. • Image heterogeneity among proximity-based tourist clusters is identified. • Variances of destination region image have implications for destination innovation.

МЕТРОПОЛІТЕНСЬКИЙ РЕГІОН: ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ПІДХОДІВ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОСТОРОВОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ НА ПРИКЛАДІ НЬЮ-ЙОРКА, США

Aim. The article is aimed to show the evolution of approaches and current thinking on metropolitan regions in the context of world urbanization; to analyze the main tendencies of New York metropolitan area development – one of the biggest metropolitan regions in the world with a core in a global city; basing on the case of New York, to illustrate the evolution of the methodology for metropolitan region delineation, its planning and spatial development in long-term perspective. Methodology. The methodology is based on a long-term analysis of the dynamics of New York city as well as spatial organization of the metropolitan region from the viewpoint of the evolution of approaches for delineation of the urbanized areas in the US and spatial planning perspectives, basing on several generations of New York metropolitan area regional plans. Results. The article reflects the evolution of ideas and basic concepts of metropolitan regions development as spatial entities. Basing on the US experience in the methodology of urban areas delineation, the main changes over recent decades and their relation to urbanization processes are reflected, in particular the role of low-density corridors, population density and housing density as criteria for urban areas identification is analyzed. This experience can be used to develop a methodology for identifying metropolitan regions in Ukraine, making delineation process and providing more balanced governance policy for these regions. Using the example of New York, the article shows the need to constantly update and adapt governance and planning policies in such regions, which is reflected in changes of managing growth, now mostly focusing on reducing segregation, preventing climate change, enhancing institutional transformations and strengthening the role of spatial planning. Novelty. Revealing the experience of metropolitan regions delineation, challenges for their spatial development and planning strategy for the case of New York metropolitan area, the article reflects actual methodological approaches to metropolitan regions delineation, making governance policy and spatial planning that can be adapted in Ukraine. Among the key proposed changes aimed at strengthening the sustainable development of such regions in Ukraine - development the methodology for their delineation, elaboration of metropolitan region development strategy and spatial planning for the whole region.

Polycentric development and local fertility in metropolitan regions: An empirical analysis for Barcelona, Spain

AbstractThe present study verifies if spatial variability in local fertility reflects the shift from a monocentric dense settlement model towards a polycentric metropolis organised in central cores and subcentral locations. The spatial distribution of a crude birth rate in Barcelona's province was investigated for a long time span (1975–2018), identifying distinctive trends within five concentric rings around Barcelona at four subperiods (1975–1985, 1986–1996, 1997–2007 and 2008–2018). Using multivariate exploratory statistics, local fertility rates were correlated with background indicators delineating the socio‐economic profile of each municipality in the study area. Fertility rates decreased with the distance from downward Barcelona and with population density. In the first time interval (1975–1985), fertility levels—higher in subcentral municipalities and peri‐urban locations than in downtown Barcelona—were positively associated with urban growth. In the following two subperiods (1986–1996 and 1997–2007), the contribution of local fertility to urban growth decreased significantly, reaching the lowest‐low figures at the end of the 1980s. In the most recent time interval (2008–2018), a moderate (and spatially heterogeneous) recovery of fertility rates was observed in subcentral locations. Demographic processes underlying Barcelona's expansion provide evidence in favour of a positive relationship between polycentric development and local fertility. Our article finally debates on the use of fertility indicators in the assessment of monocentric versus polycentric (metropolitan) growth in advanced economies.

The urban density in two Nordic capitals – comparing the development of Oslo and Helsinki metropolitan regions

ABSTRACT Situated in northern Europe, the capital regions of Helsinki, and Oslo have many similar premises concerning urban development. However, the structure of the two regions differs by many measures. We explore the differences in urban density and its development in the both regions and the policy instruments that have affected them. Differences are identified by comparing the population densities of urban settlements and the mean distances from residents and workplaces to the city centres of Oslo and Helsinki using GIS methodology and existing literature. In the Oslo region, the population density shifted from a decreasing trend to an increasing one in the late 1980s. In contrast, the Helsinki region only started to densify in the 2010s. Also, the mean distance of residents and workplaces from the city centre is farther in Helsinki. The long period of low-density housing development and the creation of jobs outside centres in Helsinki is related to weaker political steering towards a compact urban form. In Oslo, regulations such as a greenbelt policy but also physical factors, led to densification relatively early. Lagging in densification policies, Helsinki could learn from the experiences of steering land use and mobility in Oslo, which would need additional research.

Population Trends and Urbanization: Simulating Density Effects Using a Local Regression Approach

Density-dependent population growth regulates long-term urban expansion and shapes distinctive socioeconomic trends. Despite a marked heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the resident population, Mediterranean European countries are considered more homogeneous than countries in other European regions as far as settlement structure and processes of metropolitan growth are concerned. However, rising socioeconomic inequalities among Southern European regions reflect latent demographic and territorial transformations that require further investigation. An integrated assessment of the spatio-temporal distribution of resident populations in more than 1000 municipalities (1961–2011) was carried out in this study to characterize density-dependent processes of metropolitan growth in Greece. Using geographically weighted regressions, the results of our study identified distinctive local relationships between population density and growth rates over time. Our results demonstrate that demographic growth rates were non-linearly correlated with other variables, such as population density, with positive and negative impacts during the first (1961–1971) and the last (2001–2011) observation decade, respectively. These findings outline a progressive shift over time from density-dependent processes of population growth, reflecting a rapid development of large metropolitan regions (Athens, Thessaloniki) in the 1960s, to density-dependent processes more evident in medium-sized cities and accessible rural regions in the 2000s. Density-independent processes of population growth have been detected in the intermediate study period (1971–2001). This work finally discusses how a long-term analysis of demographic growth, testing for density-dependent mechanisms, may clarify the intrinsic role of population concentration and dispersion in different phases of the metropolitan cycle in Mediterranean Europe.

ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

Metropolitan cities are progressively interlinked and dependent on secondary cities to boost trade, Investment and local economic development.According to UN Habitat, Satellite Towns are one such spatial category associated with secondary cities surrounding the large urban metropolitan region. Majorly, the expansion and development of parent cities are sprawling along the transportation corridor connected to these satellites. Subsequently, it induces the development of the satellite town along the corridor. Satellite Towns act as a catalysts and a supporting hub for production, trade, transport and transfer of goods and people in the current system of global cities. Few Satellite towns are neglected as a part of the development and often lack financial and technical influence of larger cities. In some cases, these towns are strongly considered for the further development with regard to the regional context. This paper presents the identified 5 satellite towns around Bangalore metropolis proposed by the Bangalore Metropolitan Regional Development Authority under the structure plan 2011. Furthermore, the towns which are well populated and exhibit definite spatial interaction pattern were considered for the study, analysed through gravity model of interaction. The linkages between the parent city and the satellite towns were determined by the flow analysis. The degree of dependency between the city and the towns were analysed based on core indicators from the literature and available data. The Town with maximum degree of dependency were carried out for significance test. Finally, the paper concludes whether the town with close proximity exhibit strong dependency with the parent city.

DEFINING GREEN ROAD PROJECT MANAGEMENT SCOPE BY PDRI

This study is about the project early operation content of the green road development, takes full account of the operation items of various stages of the life cycle, by the use of special case define the Project Definition Rating Index (PDRI). PDRI assessment framework, defining the need and scope of green road project development operations in the metropolitan area, and inquire set various assessment indicators of the work to complete building the overall indicator assessment system. From research in a policy aspect, as well as data collection out of instances of project case, research program obtains evaluation index operation item, and by semistructured interviews supplements insufficient evaluation index items and particularity needs. Research results will be beneficial to the application in the metropolitan regional overall development project. Building green road index evaluation system helps to avoid the environmental impact brought about by land development, reduce damage to people's life safety as a consequence from needs for road maintenance, alleviate future maintenance and management expenses, and is in line with the expected benefit of green road project sustainable development.