Development In Egypt Research Articles

Branding the Green Education: Challenges Facing Implementation of Education for Sustainable Development in Egypt

Abstract Due to the scarcity in natural resources and the demand for green labour and economy, education for sustainable development (ESD) gained a great importance in developed countries, let alone developing ones. From this point of view, this paper is studying the possibility of infusing ESD in Egypt after one and a half years since January 2011 youth revolution. A primary data gathering method was conducted within a sample of 79 young undergraduate people (67 from the American University in Cairo and 12 fresh graduates from conventional educational systems). The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between high cultural resources along with early childhood awareness and ESD adoption and infusion. Also, Spearman’s rank association test showed a negative relationship between ESD infusion and the satisfaction level of the current conventional curriculum. On the other hand, Spearman’s rank association test showed that α is greater than 0.05; accordingly, there was no correlation between ESD infusion if introduced within the curriculum of an existing well-established university than if introduced as the final outcome of a new university specialised in ESD. The paper highlights the importance of ESD brand associations offered as a service product. After validating the hypothesis, the author discusses the findings and provides solid recommendations for ESD infusion in Egypt.

Free and open source software (FOSS) as a vehicle for human development in Egypt: some evidence and insights

This paper is based on the hypothesis that free and open source software (FOSS) has a developmental potential in Egypt as it relies on a democratising technology and a collaborative liberalising knowledge production model that encourages smaller business structures rather than proprietary conglomerates. This hypothesis is tested through in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Fieldwork reveals a strong potential for FOSS, particularly towards enhancing different layers of human capital. As FOSS in Egypt is at its infancy stage, its developmental potential is stunted as market forces point towards reinforcing larger proprietary software models at the expense of smaller FOSS-based businesses. This is compounded by limited political will, lack of awareness and absence of FOSS from educational curricula, all of which pose additional challenges. This paper provides recommendations for action in the short and long-terms to promote FOSS as a vehicle for Egypt’s development.

Liberty, Democracy, and Discord in Egypt

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Tariq al-Bishri, “Al-kha'ifun min al-dimuqratiya (The ones who fear democracy),” al-Shorouk (Cairo), March 17, 2011, http://www.shorouknews.com/contentdata.aspx?id=410792 2. “Al-Bastawisi: al-Dustur awalan, wa na'ib al-ra'is wa al-muhafathin wa al-‘umad bi al-intikhab (the constitution first and the vice president, governors, and mayors by election,” al-Fajr (Cairo), May 21, 2011, http://www.masress.com/elfagr/19369 3. Hassan Nafi‘a, ‘‘al-Kha'ifun ‘ala al-dimuqratiya (The ones who fear for democracy),’’ al—Masry al-Yawm (Cairo), March 27, 2011, http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.apx?ArticleID=291694&IssueID=2087. 4. The advertisement can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRDs7iu1C1E 5. Jeffrey Fleishman, “Egypt's pro-democracy activists feel their grip slipping,” Los Angeles Times, June 27, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/27/world/la-fg-egypt-political-battle-20110627 6. Emad Gad, “Political participation for Egyptians,” Ahram Weekly, April 27, 2011, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/4/0/10904/Opinion/0/Political-participation-for-Egyptians.aspx 7. Heba Saleh, “ElBaradei to launch bill of rights for Egypt,” Financial Times, June 19, 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/13acd2c8-9a91-11e0-bab2-00144feab49a.html#ixzz1T66Q77Kf 8. Cynthia Haven, “What should America do in Egypt? Try nothing, says Stanford expert,” Stanford University News Service, February 9, 2011, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2011/pr-egypt-experts-panel-020911.html 9. Muhammad Hasan Sha‘ban, “The Ghost of the National Party hangs over the political scene in Egypt…and demands for the delay of parliamentary elections (Shabah al-hizb al-watani yukhayyim ‘ala al-mashhad al-siyasi fi misr…wa matalib bi ta'jil al-intikhabat al-barlamaniyya),” al-Sharq al-Awsat, March 2, 2011, http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&issueno=11782&article=610624&feature= 10. Al-Bishri, “Al-kha'ifun min al-dimuqratiya (The ones who fear democracy).” 11. Lisa Blaydes, “Who Votes in Authoritarian Elections and Why?: Determinants of Voter Turnout in Contemporary Egypt,” prepared for delivery at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31–September 3, 2006, Philadelphia, http://www.stanford.edu/~blaydes/Turnout.pdf 12. Sarah Bin-Nafisa and Ala'uddin ‘Arafat, Al-Intikhabat wa al-Zaba'iniyya al- Siyassiya fi-Misr (Elections and Political Clientelism in Egypt) (Cairo: Center for Human Rights Studies, 2005). 13. See Fareed Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 6 (November/December 1997). 14. “ElBaradei calls for abandoning religious slogans,” Al-Masry Al-Youm, July 20, 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/479002 15. Charney Research/International Peace Institute Egypt Polls, March and June 2011, http://www.charneyresearch.com/ 16. “Egyptians Embrace Revolt Leaders, Religious Parties and Military, As Well,” Pew Research Center, April 25, 2011, http://pewglobal.org/files/2011/04/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Egypt-Report-FINAL-April-25-2011.pdf 17. Ibrahim ‘Issa, ‘‘Sa aqul la’ lilta‘dilat al-dusturiya li hadhihi al-asbab (I will say no to the constitutional amendments for these reasons),’’ Akhbar Live (Cairo), March 16, 2011, http://akhbarlive.com/news/4910.html. 18. Usama ‘abd al-Salam, ‘‘Mumathilu 17 hizban islamiyan yu'akidun wasatiyya al-Islam (The representatives of 17 Islamic parties affirm the centrism of Islam),’’ Ikhwan Online, July 20, 2011, http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?SecID=230& ArtID=88080. 19. “2005-2006 World Values Survey, Egypt,” http://www.worldvaluessurvey.com/ 20. Marwa Awad, “Egypt Presidential poll must come first: ElBaradei,” Reuters, March 3, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/03/us-egypt-elbaradei-idUSTRE72258620110303 21. ‘‘Bayan min al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin bikhusus fa‘aliyat al-jum'a 29 yulyu 2011 (Statement of the Muslim Brotherhood Concerning the Events of July 29, 2011),’’ Ikhwan Online, July 23, 2011, http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=88234&SecID=212. 22. Mahmud Ramzi, ‘‘al-Majlis al-watani wa al-wataniya liltaghyir yuhadidn bimuqadah qiyadat al-Ikhwan bisabab tasrihat Mursi (The National Council and the National [Association] for Change threaten to sue the Brotherhood's leaders because of Mursi's statements),’’ Al-Masry al-Yawm, July 6, 2011, http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=302883. 23. Haitham al-Sharqawi, ‘‘Khatib al-Fath: Misr satathal Islamiya wa ‘ala al-‘ilmaniyin an yakhraju minha (The imam of al-Fath: Egypt will remain Islamic, and secularists can leave),’’ al-Masry al-Yawm, July 22, 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/479460. 24. Usama ‘abd al-Salam, ‘‘Mumathilu 17 hizban islamiyan yu'akidun wasatiyya al-Islam (The representatives of 17 Islamic parties affirm the centrism of Islam).’’ 25. Muhammad Mursi, speech to students from Zagazig University, Muslim Brotherhood office, Zagazig, al-Sharkia, Egypt, October 2005. 26. Steven Cook, Ruling but not governing: The military and political development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey (Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007). 27. Thanks to William Dobson for pointing me to this statement, which is also quoted in Hasan Zaidi and Qurat al ain Siddiqui, ‘‘What friends say about Pakistan in private,’’ Dawn.com, May 28, 2011, http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/28/what-friends-say-aboutpakistan-in-private.html. 28. See http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=298245. 29. “Abu al-‘Ila Madi: ‘We won't participate in the Friday Million man march if they are under the Slogan, Constitution First,’” al-Yawm al-Sabi‘ (Cairo), July 4, 2011, http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=448229&SecID=65&IssueID=0 30. Ahmad Rahim, ‘‘Misr: Murshid al-Ikhwan yudafa‘ ‘an al-‘askar wa al-jama‘a lam tatakhidh mawqifan min jum‘a al-indhar al-akhir (Egypt: The Brotherhoods Guide defends the military and the Society has not taken a stance regarding the Friday of Last Warning),’’ al-Hayat (London), July 14, 2011, http://www.daralhayat.com/portalarticlendah/287835. 31. Nawara Fakhry and Nirmin ‘abd al-Thahir, ‘‘Mamduh Shahin: al-dustur al-jadid yajib an yahmi al-jaysh min hawa al-ra'is al-qadim (Mamduh Shahin: The new constitution must defend the army from the whims of the next president,’’ al-Yawm al-Sabi‘ (Cairo), May 26, 2011, http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID_421567&SecID_12 . 32. Majdi al-Jallad, ‘‘al-Bastawisi yuhadad wad‘ al-jaysh fi al-dustur wa 10 mabadi’ fawq dusturiya fi mudhakira li-al-quwwat al-misalahha (al-Bastawisi specifies the army's place in the constitution and 10 supraconstitutional principles in a memo to the armed forces),’’ al-Masry al-Yawm (Cairo), July 4, 2011, alyoum.com/article2.aspx?Article ID_3025832186. Additional informationNotes on contributorsTarek MasoudTarek Masoud is an assistant professor of public policy at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and a Carnegie Scholar

Beyond Mubarak: Reframing The “Politics” and “Economics” of Egypt’s Uprising

Adam Hanieh's Beyond Mubarak: Reframing the ‘Politics' and ‘Economics' of Egypt's Uprising challenges the view that the uprisings were inspired simply by demands for democracy and political freedom. While these were important, he argues that they were inextricably linked to the widespread impoverishment and gross inequalities created by neoliberal capitalist development in Egypt, together with that country's role in sustaining US domination in the Middle East. The future trajectory of the uprising will depend on the capacity of the independent workers and other mass organizations to challenge the power of the military and capitalist class.

Gravity and magnetotelluric investigations to elicit the origin of Hammam Faraun hot spring, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of current geothermal development and the seismically active boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined by the plate tectonic models of the Earth. The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of African continent suggests that the most important areas for geothermal exploration are in the region where a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures was located around the Gulf of Suez. Gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were made in the area of Hammam Faraun hot spring, which represents the most promising area for geothermal development in Egypt. These surveys were carried out for the purpose of eliciting the origin of Hammam Faraun hot spring. The results of the analyses and interpretations of these data show that the heat source of the hot spring is due to uplift of hot basement rock. This uplift may cause deep circulation and heating of the undergroundwater.

The Potential of GIS Tools in Strategic Urban Planning Process; as an Approach for Sustainable Development in Egypt

During the last 20 years, geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged from the scientific laboratories into the heart of conventional planning practice. During this period, planners have been aggressive adopters and adapters, and strong advocates for local governments deploying GIS. This is true at least in part because GIS provides spatial analysis and manipulation capabilities that align closely with the professional needs of urban and regional planners. GIS technology is currently converging with several other technologies to provide new levels of accessibility and functionality. As GIS use becomes more widespread, planners make up less of the market. The aim of this paper is to study the potential of GIS applications in supporting strategic urban planning process for effective urban governance in sustainable urban development projects in Egypt, and developing the capacity and the empowerment of local administration tools, decision-making and good control for urban areas. As well, to interface the complex problems of urbanization, unplanned and negative impacts on the facilities and services and the environment in general in the cities of developing countries.

Challenges and Advantages of Community Participation as an Approach for Sustainable Urban Development in Egypt

The structural heterogeneity of formal and informal residential and economic spheres in Egypt, as in many countries of the South, continues to increase disparities and aggravate the social and environmental problems of the urban poor. In recent years, a shift has taken place to incorporate local communities as active partners into urban upgrading and development interventions. The following paper will discuss the experience of the Participatory Urban Development Project in Egypt. It tries to identify and demonstrate mechanisms and solutions for the manifold and interrelated problems which could then be applied in other informal areas, too. In doing so, the paper focuses particularly on promoting community participation and multi-actor partnerships without which any attempt to achieve remarkable and sustainable impacts is bound to fail. The paper will give an overview of informal residential development, the institutional framework and the dominant physical and socio-economic features followed by a brief presentation of the strategies, areas of action, potentials and obstacles faced by the project.

State versus society in Egypt: Consolidating democracy or upgrading autocracy

It is to be noted that the ideological and theoretical debate concerning issues of social evolution and development in Egypt was generally state centered, and relied heavily on theoretical concepts such as bureaucratic authoritarianism, Oriental despotism and the Asiatic mode of production. For some considerable time the state seemed formidable enough to have subdued society through its authoritarian mechanisms such as the military, the security institution and the centralized economy. This study seeks to achieve two main objectives: First, to discuss and explain the dynamics of Egyptian mode of authoritarianism during the presidencies of Gamal Abdul Nasser (1952 - 1970), Anwar Sadat (1970 - 1981) and Hosni Mubarak (1981 - present). Secondly, to look at the future prospects for establishing a democratic state in Egypt based on constitution and constitutionalism. Key words: Pharaonicism, democratization, liberalization, civil society, Naser, Sadat, Mubarak

Book Review: Cook, S. A. (2007). Ruling But Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press

Book Review: Cook, S. A. (2007). Ruling But Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press

Salafism in Modern Egypt: Panacea or Pest?

The aim of the article is to introduce the reader to the nature of Salafism in Egypt and its growing influence on the population. It sets out to explore the degree to which Egypt's current Salafi networks may justifiably be described as a Saudi Arabian phenomenon, and as promoting behaviours that clash with Egyptian religious and cultural traditions. The paper is divided into three sections: (1) It begins with an overview of what Salafism means in the modern global context; (2) It briefly describes Salafism's development in Egypt since the early twentieth century; (3) It explores the ways in which Salafism acts in concert with, as well as confronts, Egypt's cultural and religious traditions.

The role of tourism development in the framework of integrated development in Egypt

The role of tourism development in the framework of integrated development in Egypt

Skilled Egyptian diaspora contributions to Egypt

PurposeThe study aims to learn of the contributions of the skilled Egyptian diaspora to the development of Egypt; to understand how these contributions differ according to their characteristics; and to discover obstacles and incentives to these contributions in the areas of investment, entrepreneurship, and return migration.Design/methodology/approachA total of 384 skilled Egyptian diasporans were surveyed online using a snowball sampling technique. Data were analyzed through frequency analyses, crosstabulations, and chi‐square statistics.FindingsThe skilled Egyptian diaspora did make some contributions to Egypt; especially in technology transfer, entrepreneurship, return migration, remittances, and charity. However, their potential is not fully utilized. Contributions of the diaspora differed according to their age, industry, and prior work in Egypt. Government bureaucracy, unfair competition, and lack of innovation acted as obstacles to diaspora engagement, while the attractiveness of the Egyptian market, availability of labor, and the Egyptian culture acted as incentives.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of a non‐probability sample poses challenges to the generalizability of the results. The use of questionnaires meant that more in‐depth analysis was not possible to obtain.Practical implicationsGovernment reform, market stimulation, and better outreach programs are needed for further diaspora mobilization.Originality/valueNot enough research has been conducted to gauge the effect of the diaspora in Egypt even though they represent an important development opportunity for the country.

DEVELOPING NEW PROMISING GALIA MELON F1 HYBRIDS BY UTILIZING SOME EGYPTIAN MELON GENETIC RESOURCES

Nine local races and ten introduced cultivars were selected basing on the stability for year around cultivation of available melon genetic resources. Those selected genetic resources were subjected to inbreeding for 4-6 generations. Six inbred lines were selected and utilized in half diallel crosses. Fifteen local F 1 hybrids were produced according to general combining ability. The inbred lines and their F 1 hybrids were evaluated in winter season under low tunnel, in two different ecological regions for two successive growing seasons. Yield components and some fruit physical characters of twenty one breeding entries were compared with that of five commercial hybrids. Results showed that many of investigated traits were improved by hybridization. Some local F 1 hybrids might be promising and competitive in commercials levels, since they produced higher yields and better fruit quality than some commercial hybrids. Moreover, the locally improved hybrids showed more stability against biotic and abiotic stress comparing with the commercial hybrids. According to this investigation, it could be concluded that conventional breeding using local genetic resources still have an important role in sustainable agricultural development in Egypt.

Mental health policy and development in Egypt - integrating mental health into health sector reforms 2001-9

BackgroundFollowing a situation appraisal in 2001, a six year mental health reform programme (Egymen) 2002-7 was initiated by an Egyptian-Finnish bilateral aid project at the request of a former Egyptian minister of health, and the work was incorporated directly into the Ministry of Health and Population from 2007 onwards. This paper describes the aims, methodology and implementation of the mental health reforms and mental health policy in Egypt 2002-2009.MethodsA multi-faceted and comprehensive programme which combined situation appraisal to inform planning; establishment of a health sector system for coordination, supervision and training of each level (national, governorate, district and primary care); development workshops; production of toolkits, development of guidelines and standards; encouragement of intersectoral liaison at each level; integration of mental health into health management systems; and dedicated efforts to improve forensic services, rehabilitation services, and child psychiatry services.ResultsThe project has achieved detailed situation appraisal, epidemiological needs assessment, inclusion of mental health into the health sector reform plans, and into the National Package of Essential Health Interventions, mental health masterplan (policy guidelines) to accompany the general health policy, updated Egyptian mental health legislation, Code of Practice, adaptation of the WHO primary care guidelines, primary care training, construction of a quality system of roles and responsibilities, availability of medicines at primary care level, public education about mental health, and a research programme to inform future developments. Intersectoral liaison with education, social welfare, police and prisons at national level is underway, but has not yet been established for governorate and district levels, nor mental health training for police, prison staff and teachers.ConclusionsThe bilateral collaboration programme initiated a reform programme which has been sustained beyond the end of the funding. The project has demonstrated the importance of using a multi-faceted and comprehensive programme to promote sustainable system change, key elements of which include a focus on the use of rapid appropriate treatment at primary care level, strengthening the referral system, interministerial and intersectoral liaison, rehabilitation, and media work to mobilize community engagement.

The private capitals social responsibility role in the sustainable human resources development with reference to Egypt

The private capital’s social responsibility concept refers to the existence of implicit contract which determines the rights and responsibilities of businessmen towards the society. It is notable that the private sector’s social responsibility concept is deep rooted and well-established to the extent that it could be sometimes misinterpreted as beneficiary work concept or public relations. This research is aim at identifying the concept and importance of social responsibility, its various components and forms with focus on private capital’s role in bearing social responsibility. It also aims to clarify the relationship between social capital and the realization of sustainable development. This research also handled the role of private sectors and their contribution in Egypt in the field of social responsibility and the potential benefits that the working companies in Egypt could gain through the contribution to social capital. Finally, the research reviews other countries experiences in the field of social responsibility and its benefit in order to introduce the necessary recommendation for activating the Egyptian private sector’s role in bearing the social responsibility. There is also no clear organization of the private sector’s work mechanisms as the private sector’s contribution is still less than what is expected. In spite of the latest development of the social work concept, it does not exceed being individual initiatives because of the absence of the organizing vision and the consistency among the needs of the society. This research relies on the descriptive method to describe, interpret and analyze the relationship between social capital and the realization of sustainable development in Egypt. The study examines the following hypotheses: There is a close relationship between social capital and sustainable development. Key words: Private capital social responsibility, sustainable human resources development, social responsibility in Egypt, international experiences.

Water desalination: An imperative measure for water security in Egypt

Water Desalination is an indispensable industry for the most of the Arab countries. In the last four decades, the number and capacities of desalination units have increased dramatically (45% Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) and 42% Reverse Osmosis (RO) of world capacity); especially in the Gulf States. Almost all available conventional water resources in Egypt - represented by the Nile water, renewable groundwater, and some scant annual precipitation- have been exhausted. Further development measures require review of current water allocations in order to raise efficiencies and protect against pollution, in addition to exploring new options of non-conventional water resources to narrow the gap between water supply and demand. These measures are the pillars of Egypt's integrated water policy and have been clearly postulated in its National Water Resources Plan 2017. The objective of this paper is to study and investigate water desalination as a solution for water scarcity in Egypt. Moreover, the present work demonstrates the significance of seawater desalination for national development in Egypt. At present, Egypt is encouraging, not only the public sector but also the private sector, to apply modern technologies for desalination, which historically started with Distillation then Electrodyalisis and followed by RO. The great achievements in desalination technology have now moved the costs for desalting in many applications from the realm of "expensive" to "competitive". Current technology is feasible for tourist villages in the north coast and the Red Sea, due to its far distances from conventional sources that makes the cost of water conveyance very high and subject to pollution problems. The results indicated that, in spite of research and developments, still the energy requirement and membrane know-how are limiting factors. Thus, Egypt's future vision is non-traditional in the field of desalination. It is based on a real breakthrough towards the use of renewable energy, namely, solar energy to be harnessed for operating high compression pumps needed for reverse osmosis modular systems. The reasons are obvious, since Egypt has great potential of brackish water wells, immense amounts of solar radiation in remote areas and future integrated development projects are located at a distance from the Nile water. This trend is what Egypt is focusing on as a prospective future for wide applications of desalination. Finally, this research concluded that, the water desalination as a conventional water resource should be considered as an imperative measure for water security in Egypt. The future use of such resource for different purposes will largely depend on the rate of improvement in the technologies used for desalination and the cost of needed power.

IMPACT OF CONFLICT BETWEEN REGIONAL PLANNING POLICY AND CITIES STRATEGIES UPON CITIES URBAN SITUATION CASE STUDY: MANSOURA CITY, EGYPT

This paper discuss the problem of urban growth of metropolitan cities, which often occur steadily at the expense of land, especially if the attention of planners urban development comes in the framework of achieving people's needs and maintain the city's resources in a balanced, and that witnesses the world to economic changes and transformations with multiple end of the twentieth century and the beginnings of the new century (globalization, new world economic order, a revolution of information and communication). These global changes will have significant impact on the attitudes of urban development in Egypt, especially in determining the direction and rate of urban development. The reasons for choosing the city of Mansoura to a case study because of its specifications are similar to the regional cities which are urban growth at the expense of the surrounding agricultural land, the growth is not simple, particularly as it is on the agricultural land classified as firstclass in terms of quality and richness of soil productivity and crop structure. Hence the importance of studying and monitoring the growth of the city to prevent the negative effects of unregulated growth and shows that significantly through the study of urban growth of the city from 1903 until now. Therefore, research aims to:
assess the usefulness of governmental actions to the problems of urban growth and the success of the planned destruction of the city of Mansoura in 2012 to solve the problem of urbanization and the development of residential areas degraded.
to provide the best solutions to overcome the problems of urban growth (urban and environmental), by providing a new vision of the concept applied to the nature of the planned destruction of the city of Mansoura to impose conditions and improve the quality of housing, through an overview of the future based on communication and sustainability, and optimal utilization of available resources in the city.
analysis and evaluation of policies and strategies proposed to solve the problems of urban growth in the development plans to provide a new vision of the scheme of the city of Mansoura year. He specialized in research examining the negative consequences for the growth of the city of Mansoura to unplanned land use and therefore the residential areas, then make several assumptions have been aimed at achieving the objective of the research are as follows:
the level in the Nile Delta: The Politics of Urban Development Region must be consistent with the absorptive capacity of cities in the region taking into account the mutual influences between these cities to each other.
the level of Daqahliya: policies and strategies to solve the problems of land should be through a policy of comprehensive, integrated and not part of these strategies should be based on the thought of sustainable development.
the level of the city of Mansoura: The planned destruction of the city of Mansoura in 2012 is not appropriate to resolve the problems urban city, the new thought for another comprehensive plan must be submitted.
Method of research is descriptive method of the suit and comparative study between the target and has been implemented - the analytical method to analyze urban growth of the city - the measurements and analysis of the results of these measurements, especially for the extent of contamination incident in the city.

Biotechnology Research and Development in Academia: providing the foundation for Egypt's Biotechnology spectrum of colors. Sixteenth Annual American University in Cairo Research Conference, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt

Biotechnology research and development in Egypt was addressed in the 2009 annual American University in Cairo (AUC) research conference held at the AUC new campus in Cairo, Egypt, that took place on April 5th 2009. The aim of the event was to present examples of ongoing biotechnology research activities in Egypt with focus on agricultural and biomedical biotechnology and to highlight the expansion of academic biotechnology research to industry.

Land Tenure, Rural Space, and the Political Economy of Ptolemaic Egypt (332 BC-30 BC)

In this paper I argue that statist (or “despotic”) assumptions of royal power does not adequately describe the nature of political power in the Ptolemaic development of Egypt. I examine the process of Ptolemaic state formation from the point of view of the expansion and the settlement of the Fayyum, the foundation of Ptolemais in the Thebaid, and from the point of view of new fiscal institutions.

The Impact of ICT Investments on Economic Development in Egypt

AbstractSince the mid 1980s, Egypt has realized significant growth in information and communication technology (ICT) usage across different sectors in the economy. However, in today's global environment, the challenge no longer lies in accommodating the growth of the ICT sector that introduced changes that are arguably the most important since the industrial revolution. The essence is the diffusion of ICT across the society and ensuring that it furthers socioeconomic development. Managing this transformational process requires cooperation and partnerships between different stakeholders in the society to ensure steady and successful progress towards the goal of realizing a fully developed information society. Moreover, in order to generate economic development and growth, ICT need to be transformed into economic activities offering services, applications and content that create new markets, reduce costs and increase productivity. While ICT are generally adaptable; their effectiveness in addressing development issues still depends on their introduction, adoption, diffusion and adaptation within a healthy and encouraging regulatory environment. In that respect, the importance of ICT in socioeconomic development in Egypt was realized since 1999 leading to the allocation of ICT on the government agenda supported by the private sector and the civil society. This article addresses the recent efforts that were exerted in Egypt, as an emerging economy, in terms of building its ICT sector while analyzing the associated investments and their impact on economic development.