Group Of Developing Countries Research Articles

A Study on Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Medical and Nursing Students, HIMS, Sitapur

Introduction: CVDs are an emerging public health problem and responsible for about 25 per cent of theDALYs lost due to NCDs in SEAR countries while this trend is rising in younger age group in developingcountries where more than three quarters of NCDs deaths occur. Objective: The objective of this study wasto assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among medical and nursing students of HIMS Sitapur,and their association in apparently healthy students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried outin December 2019 among medical and nursing students of HIMS, Sitapur. A total of 820 students whichincluded 496 males and 324 females participated in the study. A Structured questionnaire for anthropometricmeasurements, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar was recorded among students. Data collection wascompiled in MS Excel software and analysed in institutional SPSS version 22. Result: This study has beenobserved the prevalence of overweight 192 (23.4%) and obesity17 (2%) as per WHO, waist circumference210 (25.6%) and abnormal waist hip ratio 219 (26.7%), prediabetics 110 (13.4%) in fasting blood sugar andprehypertensive 175 (21.3%) with none of the medical and nursing students either diabetic or hypertensive.Conclusion: Health education and primary level interventions like reducing body weight, blood pressureand blood glucose level have a beneficial impact on these biological CVDs risk factors.

Institutional quality, macroeconomic factors and stock market volatility: A cross-country analysis for pre, during and post global financial crisis

This paper investigates how stock market volatility of Ten (10) developed and Seven (7) emerging economies were affected by the institutional quality and macroeconomic factors using data from 2001 to 2012. Applying the standard historical volatility model adopted by Jones et al. (1998) and Andersen and Bollerslev (1998) we find that stock market of the sample countries was volatile during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and these effects were statistically significant for the sample emerging countries as well as developed country groups. There is evidence that the sample emerging stock markets exhibited higher stock return volatility than developed stock markets during the observation period. We also find that stock return time-series variables were not stationary over the study period at 1 per cent difference. The study uses the fixed-effects approach to determine the institutional quality and macroeconomic factors that impacted higher stock market volatility for the sample emerging and developed country group. Aligned with institutional theory, we also document that several institutional quality country-level governance indicators and macroeconomic variables are statistically correlated with the stock market volatility during the observation period. For example, we find evidence that some institutional quality and macroeconomic indicators such as rule of law, and credit information have a significantly negative effect on stock market volatility, while other macroeconomic variables such as carbon dioxide (Co2) emission, tax revenue, and board money have a significant positive association with stock market volatility. These findings suggest that our sample markets were volatile not only because of the other macroeconomic factors but also for institutional quality factors. The robustness test also produces similar results with little variation. The findings of this investigation have several policy implications. First, there is evidence that stock markets of the developed and emerging countries were volatile during the GFC and the rule of law appears to be the dominant factor in deterring the stock market volatility. Further, several macroeconomic and fiscal factors, including Co2 emission, tax revenue and board money may seem to be a potential barrier for international investment and portfolio diversification. Therefore, an international investor needs to be careful on portfolio diversification while investing in a poorly structured economy.

Openness-inflation Nexus in alternative monetary regimes

Abstract By applying an endogenous switching regression model to a sample of 64 countries, this article explores whether the effect of trade openness on inflation is influenced by the adoption of inflation targeting (IT). The outcome indicates that, while there exists a significant and negative impact of trade openness on inflation in the non-IT countries with flexible exchange rate system, the effect is negligible in the IT economies. In addition, the above differential inflation effect of trade openness across IT and non-IT regimes is only present in the developing subsample with flexible exchange rate system, but not the developed counterpart. Moreover, apart from trade openness, financial openness reinforces inflation in those developing countries not adopting IT, whereas no such significant effect is found in developing countries adopting IT. Instead of inflation, further results show that trade openness lowers inflation volatility both in developing and developed countries not adopting IT, yet the impact is smaller in developed country group. However, no such statistically significant link is found in developing and developed countries that adopt IT.

What determinants influence the diffusion of ISO 9001 by countries?

PurposeThis study has the main aim of analyzing the influence of six factors on ISO 9001 implementation: Economic Development, Exporting to Europe, Reputation, Competitiveness, Innovation and Business Sophistication. As a complement, a new factor relating to quality by country has been added: the World Quality Scoreboard.Design/methodology/approachHypotheses are proposed that establish a (positive or negative) linear relationship between the diffusion of ISO 9001 and the indicators of the different factors analyzed in each country. The SPSS program was used to evaluate the hypotheses using data from 2009 to 2018.FindingsThe results indicate strong positive relationship for the country's economic development only when countries with low levels of income are considered. For the rest of the variables, the results indicate that their behavior varies according to the degree of development of the countries. When only developed countries are considered, significant and negative correlations are obtained for reputation, competitiveness, innovation and business sophistication, while considering the group of less developed countries, the results are reversed. The new World Quality Scoreboard has the same behavior whereas regarding exports; we did not obtain conclusive results.Originality/valueThis study adds important information on the studying of ISO 9000 phenomenon diffusion/evolution by analyzing the effect of six variables on the degree of implementation of the ISO 9001 standard in different countries. This information is interesting for companies and certification bodies across the world because it allows a better understanding of the reasons and conditions of implementing a quality management system.

Kurumsal Yapı, Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi

In this study, the relationship between human capital, and economic growth is discussed for developed and developing countries from an institutional perspective. 26 developed and 64 developing country groups with their annual data of 2002-2016 period is analyzed using real GDP per capita, education index, per capita health expenditure, democracy index, rule of law index and the control of corruption index with the panel data analysis method. Since the models installed in the analysis do not have model assumptions, the Driscoll-Kraay resistive estimator is predicted to achieve effective and consistent results. According to findings, it is determined that the relationship among education, health, democracy, legal structure, control of corruption and economic growth is positive in developed countries. It is determined that there is a positive relationship among education, health, corruption control and economic growth in the developing country group and a statistically insignificant relationship between democracy and legal structure.

Empirical investigation on the relationship between exports and economic growth in selected LDCs country groups (1988-2018)

This study aims to investigate the export-led growth hypothesis for two developing country groups i.e. the Middle East and North African (MENA), and South Asian (SA) countries. The study uses time-series data for the period of (1990-2018) based on the unit root, cointegration, error correction modelling, and Granger causality tests. Findings/originality: The results found a long-run cointegration, but no evidence for significant relations between the variables was confirmed. Furthermore, there is no Granger causality between economic growth and exports in the two directions for the MENA countries. But for the SA countries, we note a unidirectional causality from economic growth to exports, i.e. the growth in both country groups was not driven by an export-led growth strategy. This implies that exports aren’t the cause of output growth, and Accordingly, looking for alternative factors of growth in the countries concerned can be suggested.

Specificity of estimation and prognostic value of glomerular filtration rate in older age groups with cardiovascular pathology.

The demographic situation in recent decades has been characterized by a progressive increase in the proportion of older age groups in both developed countries and the Russian Federation. The main contribution to morbidity and mortality of people over 60 years of age is made by diseases of the circulatory system. Early development and progression of cardiovascular diseases contributes to kidney dysfunction, often developing against the background of morphological changes occurring with age in the kidneys, called "senile kidney". Reduction of glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients is not mandatory and in most cases occurs as a result of an existing pathological process. The combined effect of changes in GFR and cardiovascular disease on the prognosis of older patients remains poorly understood, which determines the relevance of the study of chronic kidney disease in geriatric patients.

High Probability Cycles of the Sugar Subcomplex Activities in the Agro-Industrial Complex

The article aims at defining the sets of high probability cycles and at revealing the common cyclic genome for sugar industry which, taken as a whole, affect the production of sugar, sugar beet, and sugarcane. The author also studies the principles of big regional structures in the sugar subcomplex. For the first time, the concept of revealing a cyclic genome by means of the forward analysis (instead of the spectral analysis) is realised in practice, i. e. periodograms are built on the basis of a forward analysis and not of a spectral analysis. It has been confirmed in practice that the forward analysis shows substantially better results in building periodograms than the traditional spectral analysis. The author has revealed new principles in shift (mutation) of the cyclic genome of the world sugar production and has defined the sociogenetic principles (cycles of various nature), such as following: the cycle of the developed countries group is 8.23 years, the cycles of the developing countries is 8.39, the cycle of the Third World countries in 7.6. The article has also revealed a cyclic “drift” in the world sugar production. So, after World War II it has shifted from 9.49 years (typical for the period from the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century) to the current value of 7.12 years.

Impact of Sustainable Financial and Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Developed and Converging Economies

Several studies have examined the relationship between environmental performance and economic development. However, most of them did not take sustainable development and financial development into account. The study argues that sustainable financial and economic development contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We use the panel data regression model to capture the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and sustainable economic and financial development. The panel data refers to the period of 2007–2017. The EU 25 countries were analysed. The results show that the relationship between sustainable financial development and environmental degradation is more relevant for converging economies than developed countries. We found that the variable “energy productivity” has the strongest impact on greenhouse gas emissions for both country groups (converging and developed); however, it increases for developed countries and it decreases the greenhouse gas emissions for converging economies. We also found that environmental taxes are an efficient instrument that mitigates greenhouse gas emissions, especially in developed countries group.

Inflation and income inequality in developed and developing countries

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate both linear and/or nonlinear effects of inflation on income inequality and to test the Kuznets hypothesis using panel data of 24 developed countries (DCs) and 66 developing countries (LDCs) observed over the period of 1990–2014. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores the short- and long-run Granger causality relationship between inflation and income inequality using the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure and a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach. The existence of a nonlinear relationship between inflation and income inequality is confirmed implying as inflation rises income inequality decreases. Income inequality then reaches a minimum and then starts rising again. The findings of this paper show the existence of Kuznets “U-shaped” hypothesis between income inequality and real GDP per capita in DCs group, and the existence of Kuznets’ inverted “U-shaped” hypothesis for LDCs group. Findings The results indicate that there is no bi-directional Granger causality between inflation and income inequality in the short-run, but, there is bi-directional Granger causality in the long-run for both the DCs and LDCs group. The results help us to assess the effectiveness of monetary policy in reducing income inequality in both the DCs and LDCs group. As a policy implication, monetary policy is often aimed at controlling the annual rate of inflation in the long-run with a short-run focus on reducing output gaps and creating employment. However, managing inflation may have implications for income inequality. Originality/value This is original research paper which analyzes the “U-shaped” and inverted “U-shaped” paths of income inequality and real GDP per capita for large sample of two group countries including developed and developing countries, respectively. Also, this paper analyzes the nonlinear relationship between inflation and income inequality in two groups. Furthermore, this paper investigates the short- and long-run relationship between variables. The results are important for policy makers.

Determination of factors influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey using categorical data analyses1

The aim of this study is to specify factors influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey, which belongs to developing countries group, and to determine the extent of their influence. Factors related to the sociodemographic, economic, personal, environmental, and healthy life indicators influencing tobacco consumption in Turkey were determined using logistic and probit regression analyses. According to the results of the study, age, gender, education, marital status, fruit consumption, exposure to tobacco smoke at home, and frequent of alcohol consumption are the most influential variables effecting tobacco consumption. More effective results in policies aimed at preventing tobacco consumption can be accomplished by giving priority to individuals more inclined to tobacco consumption. People in 25–44 age group, men, graduates of high school and its equivalents, divorced/widowed individuals, individuals exposed to tobacco smoke, and alcohol users are individuals who tend to use tobacco.

The causal relationship between innovation, competitiveness and foreign trade in developed and developing countries

In this paper, we examine the causal relations between competitiveness, innovation and foreign trade for 31 developed and 26 developing countries using panel causality analysis between 2007 and 2017. Global competitiveness, global innovation, information and communication technologies, development indices and annual export rates of countries are selected as variables for analysis. We first test for cross sectional dependence, the result of which proves that there is cross sectional dependence. Following this, we apply the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality analysis, which takes into account the correlation between cross sections. According to the results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test, unidirectional causality is detected from export to innovation and information-communication technology, from information-communication technology to competitiveness in both developed and developing countries. Unlike the developed country group results, the developing country group findings show unidirectional causality from competitiveness to export and from innovation to competitiveness. These findings suggest that foreign trade dynamics are different in developed and developing countries.

Innovativeness as a driver of the international expansion of developing markets’ firms

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the curvilinear effects of firm innovativeness (i.e. product, organisational and marketing innovation) on international expansion as well as the effect of expansion on performance in the developing countries (DCs) setting.Design/methodology/approachResearch hypotheses are tested using survey data obtained from firms located in four South-East European DCs. Covariance-based structural equation modelling is used to test the proposed conceptual framework.FindingsEmpirical findings support the hypothesised U-shaped relationship between product innovation and organisational innovation and the level of international expansion of firms in developing markets. The authors found an inverse U-shaped relationship between marketing innovation and the level of international expansion. Furthermore, the existence of a strong positive link between the level of international expansion and firm performance is also confirmed.Research limitations/implicationsWhile this research utilises a sample of firms from a homogenous group of DCs, further research could use a more heterogeneous sample and thus control the model for various contingency effects (e.g. environment turbulence, market structure and competitive dynamics).Practical implicationsWhen it comes to product and organisational innovation, international expansion is achieved only with a higher level of innovativeness. On the contrary, beyond a certain level, further investments in marketing innovation do not have additional positive effects on international expansion.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first that explicitly focuses on examining the non-linear effects of innovativeness on international expansion in the DC context.

Study of prognostic and predictive factors in locally advanced breast cancer in Egypt

Objective We aimed to evaluate the prognosis in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), and the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in inducing pathological response in LABC. Background Despite efforts at early detection, LABC remains a clinical challenge, as distant metastasis develops in most patients, and they will experience disease relapse and eventual death. Patients and methods To study the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of pretreatment and post-treatment specimens and correlate them with prognostic and predictive factors. Results LABC in Egypt showed poor prognostic factors such as a high proportion of the cases have a large tumor size (46%) and axillary lymph node (LN) metastasis (87%) and younger age at time of presentation (median = 53 year). These results indicate a more aggressive biology of LABC in Egypt compared with the same group in developed countries. Negative preoperative LN predicts complete response in postoperative LN. Prolonged survival was observed within the triple-negative (P = 0.004) and progesterone receptor negative groups (P = 0.02). The disease-free survival was shortened in positive lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.04) and high histologic grade (0.03). Conclusion LABC in Egypt showed poor prognostic outcome. Triple-negative and progesterone-negative cases that received neoadjuvant therapy showed significant prolonged survival.

Revisiting coal consumption and output nexus in China and India: A frequency domain approach

ABSTRACTDependency on coal consumption to maintain energy security is common to the majority of developing countries where the coal is found in abundance. China and India are the leaders in coal consumption from the developing countries group, so establishing a relationship between the coal consumption and the economic growth for these two will derive useful lessons for policy-makers. This paper re-examines the causal relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China and India for the period 1969–2013, for the first time using a frequency domain–based Granger causality test proposed by Brietung and Candelon (2006). The empirical results support unidirectional causality running from coal consumption to economic growth for both China and India. The findings of this paper provide important policy implications for energy policies and strategies for these two countries under study.

The CO 2 emission Gini index and the environmental efficiency: An analysis for 60 leading world economies

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the CO 2 emission Gini index and the environmental efficiency for 60 leading world economies, in 2010. We consider the technological heterogeneity dividing the sample into similar groups, and estimating environmental efficiency indicators into metafrontier and group frontiers. Despite the fact that pollution concentration is more prominent in developed countries, the results showed that this group is more efficient. On the other hand, lower-income group, and medium-technology countries present the worst indicators. We could conclude that the inefficiency observed in developed countries group was attributed to mismanagement, while in the developing countries group the inefficiency could be related to technological differences.

Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries

The main objective of this article is to investigate both linear and nonlinear effects of inflation on income inequality and to test the Kuznets hypothesis using panel data of 24 developed countries (DCs) and 66 developing countries (LDCs) observed over the period of 1990 to 2014. Additionally, we explore the short- and long-run Granger causality relationship between inflation and income inequality using the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) procedure and a vector error correction model (VECM) approach. The existence of a nonlinear relationship between inflation and income inequality is confirmed implying as inflation rises income inequality decreases. Income inequality then reaches a minimum and then starts rising again. The findings of this article show the existence of Kuznets' 'U-shaped' hypothesis between income inequality and real GDP per capita in DCs group, and the existence of Kuznets' inverted 'U-shaped' hypothesis for LDCs group. The results indicate that there is no bidirectional Granger causality between inflation and income inequality in the short-run, but, there is bidirectional Granger causality in the long-run for both the DCs and LDCs group. The results help us to assess the effectiveness of monetary policy in reducing income inequality in both the DCs and LDCs group. As a policy implication, monetary policy is often aimed at controlling the annual rate of inflation in the long-run with a short-run focus on reducing output gaps and creating employment. However, managing inflation may have implications for income inequality.

NGO's Advocacy in Bangladesh and Other Developed Countries: A Comparison

In recent years, advocacy groups play a unique role in advocacy movement and they are eager to create connection among politics, democracy and rights in favour of the poor people. They play as powerful drivers of social development by making valuable contribution in promoting human rights and social, economical, cultural and environmental protection. It is worth mentioning that non-government organisations (NGOs) act as advocacy groups and have been encouraged to engage more directly in advocacy. Some of their advocacy campaigns have drawn the attention of many in both the developed and developing countries. The paper tries to identify NGOs as advocacy groups and how it advocates for the disadvantages and marginalised groups in Bangladesh and other developed countries. It also compares two form of NGO's advocacy from Bangladesh and developed countries. The study primarily draws on established secondary sources of information. The paper asserts that though there is some difference between two NGO's advocacy perspectives, but there are also some similar issues that NGOs can help to raise voice for those who have been historically marginalised and make institutions of governance transparent and accountable to citizen.

East Asian Trade Cooperation versus US and EU Protectionist Trends and their Association to Chinese Steel Exports

The Asia-Pacific region has recently witnessed unprecedented trade cooperation, prompted especially by China. Successfully negotiated Chinese bilateral and regional Free Trade Agreements are now common, leading to greater rates of economic success for all involved parties, particularly Chinese exporters. FTA’s are not limited to this region, though. The success of the Chinese pursuit of new FTA’s has inspired economic rivals to pursue their own new FTA’s. Many of these are developed countries which have a history of filing anti-dumping grievances with the World Trade Organization, many of which have been directed at China. This has led to heightened international trade tensions between China and non-Chinese FTA partners. For example, the US Trans-Pacific Partnership, a proposed FTA between the US and East Asian countries, intentionally did not include China. Many attribute the exclusion of China to the influence of US labor groups that have spearheaded anti-dumping grievances along with similar groups in other developed countries in an attempt to thwart China’s efforts to increase their exports to these regions.

Suicidal deaths in depth-Eastern Province-Saudi Arabia

Suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon often comprising the collaboration of a number of different risk factors, including psychiatric illnesses and adverse life events occurring during the course of the life. Suicide has a great public health effect. Suicide ranks among the top ten causes of death among individuals of all age groups in most developed countries. ObjectiveTo investigate suicidal deaths, over a period of two years in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. MethodsA retrospective study was carried out on 145 suicide cases examined at the Forensic Medicine Center in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, since start of January 2012 till end of December 2013. ResultsOf the investigated 145 suicidal cases, 122 (84.1%) were males and 23 (15.9%) were females, and the ratio of the males to females was 5.3:1. Around 38.6% of the studied subjects were in their third decade. The largest percentage of suicides were among non-Saudis (116, 80%), and the highest is the Indian population (65, 45%), followed by Saudi nationals (29, 20%). Suicide by hanging was the most common method (110, 75.9%). The highest incidence of cases was encountered in Dammam (N=48, 33%) followed by Khobar, Jubail and Qatif with equal number of fatalities per each region (N=19, 13%). ConclusionIn conclusion, extensive socio-demographic variability exists across different suicidal cases. Acknowledgement of this variability may help to tailor prevention efforts in different parts of the world.