Development Of Innovative Strategies Research Articles

Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera-Doxorubicin Conjugate Nanoassemblies for Dual Treatment of EGFR-TKI Sensitive and Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a promising strategy for targeted protein degradation and drug discovery. However, traditional PROTACs face inherent limitations and may also contribute to induce drug resistance. These challenges have driven the development of innovative strategies to overcome these obstacles. In current study, a PROTAC-DOX conjugates (PDCs) nanoassembly strategy was introduced to enhance tumor-targeting capability and overcome the drawbacks of conventional PROTACs. The designed PDC-S nanoparticles (PDC-S NPs) demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity against drug-resistant strains (IC50 = 4.7 µM) and improved in vivo efficacy (TGI = 76%) against drug-sensitive strains, while minimizing side effects. Additionally, PDC-S NPs have great potential in tumor immunotherapy. This study provides a novel and promising strategy for the development of PROTAC-Drug Conjugates (PDCs). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We developed a PROTAC-DOX conjugate (PDC) nanoassembly strategy to address the limitations of traditional PROTACs, such as poor solubility, low targeting specificity, and drug resistance. PDC-S NPs were constructed via self-assembly, which simplified preparation and minimized the toxicity typically associated with carrier-assisted delivery systems. The PDC-S NPs showed improved aqueous solubility and cellular uptake, resulting in efficient EGFR degradation in HCC827 cells. In vivo, PDC-S NPs accumulated at tumor sites via the EPR effect, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor potency with reduced side effects. Furthermore, PDC-S NPs induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and suppressed PD-L1 and VEGF expression, showing great potential in tumor immunotherapy.

Overcoming strength-ductility trade-off by hybridising different classes of titanium alloys

Two types of HYbrid Titanium Alloys (HYTAs) were created using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF): a ternary HYTA composed of α commercially pure (CP) Ti, α-β Ti-64, and β Ti-5553, and a binary HYTA made of α CP Ti and β Ti-5553. The resulting microstructures were highly heterogeneous, incorporating all possible phases and structures, which do not co-exist in traditional monolithic titanium alloys. Detailed characterisation of the intricate microstructures revealed the significant influences of several factors including the distribution of alloy particles, Marangoni convection and solute diffusion during melting, and solute microsegregation during solidification. Despite the different combinations of ingredient powders, the ternary and binary HYTAs exhibited nearly identical tensile properties, with a remarkable combination of high yield strength (1000 MPa) and enhanced ductility (uniform elongation of ∼15% and total elongation of ∼20%), surpassing various conventional titanium alloys. Both HYTAs exhibited highly heterogeneous microstructures and displayed effective coordination of major mechanisms enabling smooth transfer of deformation between regions with a wide range of hardness (4–6 GPa), leading to their exceptional performance. This outcome further demonstrates the potential of microstructure hybridisation as an innovative strategy for future alloy development.

The Role of Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Pain: Potential Therapeutic Implications.

Chronic pain represents a prevalent and costly medical challenge globally. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), one type of ligand-gated ion channels found extensively in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for chronic pain. Although there are currently no FDA-approved analgesics specifically targeting nAChRs, accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that selective ligands for alpha 7 (α7) nAChRs show potential for treating chronic pain, boasting a reduced incidence of side effects compared with other nicotinic receptor types. The recent structural resolution of human α7 nAChRs has confirmed their negative association with heightened pain, providing a valuable foundation for the development of targeted medications. This review presents a comprehensive overview, encompassing insights into the roles of α7 nAChRs derived from structural and functional studies, recent advancements in pharmacology, and investigations into their involvement in the pathophysiology of chronic pain. Moreover, the review addresses the variability in analgesic effects based on the type of receptor agonist and highlights the current research limitations. As such, this review offers potential therapeutic approaches for the development of innovative strategies for chronic pain management.

Exosomes and non-coding RNAs: Exploring their roles in human myocardial dysfunction.

Myocardial dysfunction, characterized by impaired cardiac muscle function, arises from diverse etiologies, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Recent advancements have highlighted the roles of exosomes and non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by cardiac and other cells that facilitate intercellular communication through their molecular cargo, including ncRNAs. ncRNAs are known to play critical roles in gene regulation through diverse mechanisms, impacting oxidative stress, fibrosis, and other factors associated with myocardial dysfunction. Dysregulation of these molecules correlates with disease progression, presenting opportunities for therapeutic interventions. This review explores the mechanistic interplay between exosomes and ncRNAs, underscoring their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in myocardial dysfunction. Emerging evidence supports the use of engineered exosomes and modified ncRNAs to enhance cardiac repair by targeting signaling pathways associated with fibrosis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Despite promising preclinical results, delivery, stability, and immunogenicity challenges remain. Further research is needed to optimize clinical translation. Understanding these intricate mechanisms may drive the development of innovative strategies for diagnosing and treating myocardial dysfunction, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Hybrid Pennisetum colonization by Bacillus megaterium BM18-2 labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) under Cd stress

Researchers have reported that Bacillus megaterium BM18-2 reduces Cd toxicity in Hybrid Pennisetum, but understanding the interaction between plants and associated endophytes is crucial for understanding phytoremediation strategies under heavy metal stress. The current study aims to monitor the colonization patterns of GFP-labeled endophytic bacteria BM18-2 on Hybrid Pennisetum grass. Additionally, it will monitor Cd’s effect on plant bacterial colonization. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of plant roots infected with gfp tagged BM18-2 revealed that the bacterium colonised root hairs and epidermal cells at the early stage of colonization, and over time, the bacteria penetrated to the internal tissues following their colonization of the stem and leaf. The roots, stems, and leaves of H. Pennisetum grown in Cd-contaminated soil contained a higher number of bacteria than those grown in normal soil. The result of Cd translocation indicated the condensation of heavy metals in the root cells and stem, while no Cd was found in the leaf. The study will also look for the enzymatic activity of bacteria BM18-2 and use Leadmium Green AM dye to track how Cd is taken up and moved through the plant. The enzymatic activity results showed that BM18-2 can produce catalase and amylase, but did not record any cellulase or lipase activity. As a result, the pattern of useful endophytic BM18-2 colonization through H. Pennisetum grass will aid in the application and maintenance of these bacteria in farming, and it presents new opportunities for the development of innovative strategies in the fields of agriculture and biotechnology.

Immunosenescence, Physical Exercise, and their Implications in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy.

Aging is associated with a decline in immune function, termed immunosenescence, which compromises host defences and increases susceptibility to infections and cancer. Physical exercise is widely recognized for its myriad health benefits, including the potential to modulate the immune system. This review explores the bidirectional relationship between immunosenescence and physical exercise, focusing on their interplay in shaping antitumor immunity. We summarize the impact of aging on innate and adaptive immune cells, highlighting alterations that contribute to immunosenescence and cancer development. We further delineate the effects of exercise on immune cell function, demonstrating its potential to mitigate immunosenescence and enhance antitumor responses. We also discuss the implications of immunosenescence for the efficacy of immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapy, and explore the potential benefits of combining exercise with these interventions. Collectively, this review underscores the importance of understanding the complex relationship between immunosenescence, physical exercise, and antitumor immunity, paving the way for the development of innovative strategies to improve cancer outcomes in the aging population.

Lipidomics of Huntington's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Current Status and Future Directions.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a multifaceted neurological disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric functions. Despite a limited understanding of its pathogenesis, research has implicated abnormal trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene (HTT) as a critical factor. The development of innovative strategies is imperative for the early detection of predictive biomarkers, enabling timely intervention and mitigating irreversible cellular damage. Lipidomics, a comprehensive analytical approach, has emerged as an indispensable tool for systematically characterizing lipid profiles and elucidating their role in disease pathology. A MedLine search was performed to identify studies that use lipidomics for the characterization of HD. Search terms included "Huntington disease"; "lipidomics"; "biomarker discovery"; "NMR"; and "Mass spectrometry". This review highlights the significance of lipidomics in HD diagnosis and treatment, exploring changes in brain lipids and their functions. Recent breakthroughs in analytical techniques, particularly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, have revolutionized brain lipidomics research, enabling researchers to gain deeper insights into the complex lipidome of the brain. A comprehensive understanding of the broad spectrum of lipidomics alterations in HD is vital for precise diagnostic evaluation and effective disease management. The integration of lipidomics with artificial intelligence and interdisciplinary collaboration holds promise for addressing the clinical variability of HD.

Nuclear calcium signaling in D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the nucleus accumbens regulates molecular, cellular and behavioral adaptations to cocaine.

The persistence of cocaine-evoked adaptations relies on gene regulations within the reward circuit, especially in the ventral striatum (i.e., nucleus accumbens (NAc)). Notably, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the striatum is known to trigger a transcriptional program shaping long-term responses to cocaine. Nuclear calcium signaling has also been shown to control multiple forms of transcription-dependent neuroadaptations but the dynamics and roles of striatal nuclear calcium signaling in preclinical models of addiction remains unknown. A genetically-encoded cell-type-specific nuclear calcium probe has been developed to monitor calcium dynamics in the nuclei of striatal neurons, including in freely-moving mice. A cell-type-specific inhibitor of nuclear calcium signaling, combined with 3D imaging of neuronal morphology, immunostaining and behavior, was used to disentangle the roles of nuclear calcium in NAc medium-sized spiny neurons (MSN) expressing the dopamine D1 (D1R) or D2 (D2R) receptor on cocaine-evoked responses. The D1R-mediated potentiation of calcium influx through glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), which shapes cocaine effects, also drives nuclear calcium transients. Fiber photometry revealed that cocaine-treated mice display a sustained nuclear calcium increase in NAc D1R-MSN. Disrupting nuclear calcium in D1R-MSN, but not D2R-MSN, blocks cocaine-evoked morphological changes of MSN and gene expression, and blunts cocaine's rewarding effects. Our study unravels the dynamics and roles of cocaine-induced nuclear calcium signaling increases in D1R-MSN on molecular, cellular and behavioral adaptations to cocaine, and brings a significant breakthrough as it could contribute to the development of innovative strategies with therapeutic potential to alleviate addiction symptoms.

Borrelia burgdorferi radiosensitivity and Mn antioxidant content: antigenic preservation and pathobiology.

The bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, accumulates high levels of manganese without iron and possesses a polyploid genome, characteristics suggesting potential extreme resistance to radiation. Contrary to expectations, we report that wild-type B. burgdorferi B31 cells are radiosensitive, with a gamma-radiation survival limit for 106 wild-type cells of <1 kGy. Thus, we explored B. burgdorferi radiosensitivity through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy by quantitating the fraction of Mn2+ present as antioxidant Mn2+ metabolite complexes (H-Mn). The spirochetes displayed relatively low levels of H-Mn, in stark contrast to the extremely radiation-resistant Deinococcus radiodurans. The H-Mn content as revealed by EPR spectroscopy is sufficiently sensitive to detect small changes in radiosensitivity among B. burgdorferi strains. However, B. burgdorferi cells are significantly more sensitive than predicted by EPR, implicating their linear genome architecture as an additional explanation for radiosensitivity. We then explored the influence of the Mn2+-decapeptide-phosphate antioxidant complex MDP, known to shield proteins during irradiation, and showed that treatment with MDP preserves B. burgdorferi's epitopes at 5 kGy irradiation, which crucially prevents cell proliferation. This finding defines some of the pivotal mechanisms that B. burgdorferi evolved to survive oxidative conditions experienced with tick and mammal immune responses. These observations also provide an opportunity for innovative vaccine development strategies employing ionizing radiation to disrupt the B. burgdorferi genome, while maintaining antigenic potency. These fresh insights extend our understanding of the unique biology of B. burgdorferi and open new avenues for considering novel whole-cell Lyme disease vaccines using MDP and irradiation-based inactivation.IMPORTANCEThe study highlights that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is sufficiently sensitive to detect small differences in radiation resistance among Borrelia burgdorferi strains based on their population of Mn2+-metabolite complexes (H-Mn). B. burgdorferi appears to have evolved a system not to protect from irradiation, but presumably to protect from oxidative stress when cyclically transmitted from tick to mammalian host and back. These data also suggest a path forward in the development of novel vaccines against spirochete infections, including Lyme disease, through preparation involving the synthetic Mn2+-decapeptide-phosphate antioxidant complex MDP to provide B. burgdorferi epitope protection during sterilizing gamma-irradiation that eliminates growth. Given the current lack of effective whole-cell vaccines for Lyme disease, this research identifies a potential strategy for developing alternative radiation-inactivated, yet highly effective vaccines.

Key directions for global higher education in the post-Covid era

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the adaptation of the educational process to the changing conditions. Efforts to stop the spread of the disease, including social distancing and self-isolation, led to the need to implement a new education model and develop effective communications in higher education, with the online educational process from March to April 2020. Platforms such as Discord, Google Meet, Zoom, Skype, and others were used for distance learning. Training for future doctors working in hospitals repurposed to treat COVID-19 patients was organised, including remotely. This rapid transition to distance learning significantly transformed modern higher education. This article explores the features and necessity of internationalising the higher education system as an integral component of the innovative development strategy of higher education institutions in post-COVID conditions. The transition of education to a qualitatively new level – the international online space – requires implementing new strategies and forms of learning. One such form is Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) programmes. The COIL model aims to integrate educational standards, structures, teaching styles, and academic calendars of different countries into the higher education system, thereby contributing to developing intercultural professional competencies. Collaborative international online learning programmes are designed to develop relationships between educational institutions and their partners within a comprehensive global engagement strategy. From the globalisation of the curriculum to building funding capacity and creating new projects in research, education, and experiential learning, these programmes engage students and faculty in international activities. The COIL model brings teachers and students worldwide to collaborate within academic disciplines and in an interdisciplinary field as part of a joint virtual project. To demonstrate the timeliness and adequacy of the higher education system's response in the post-COVID-19 pandemic, the article presents global experiences using the distance learning principle for teaching.

Click-and-Release Formation of Urea Bonds in Living Cells Enabled by Micelle Nanoreactors.

The development of innovative strategies enabling chemical reactions in living systems is of great interest for exploring and manipulating biological processes. Herein, we present a pioneering approach based on both bioorthogonal and confined chemistry for intracellular drug synthesis. Exploiting a click-to-release reaction, we engineered nanoparticles capable of synthesizing drugs within cellular environments through bioorthogonal reactions with cyclooctynes. Proof of concept experiments showed that this new approach could be successfully applied to the synthesis of the FDA-approved Sorafenib within cancer cells. The integration of bioorthogonal and confined chemistry not only offers exciting prospects for advancing therapeutic strategies but also opens up new avenues for exploring non-natural reactions within living systems. This innovative approach represents a fundamental extension of the biorthogonal chemistry concept and holds great promise for pioneering developments in therapeutic applications.

An Effective Precursor‐Solutioned Strategy for Developing Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 Thin Film Toward High Efficiency Solar Cell

AbstractEnhancing the efficiency of Cu2ZnSn (S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin‐film solar cells requires the development of well‐crystallized light‐absorbing layers. A deep understanding of the role of precursor solution chemistry in film nucleation and crystal growth processes is essential. Insights into these processes enable the development of innovative strategies to enhance absorber quality, minimize detrimental bulk defects, and ultimately improve device performance. This study elucidates the condensation reactions between thiourea and metal cations, as well as the alcoholysis of 2‐methoxyethanol (MOE), at different concentrations of precursor solutions. The primary focus of this study is implementing a simple and environmentally friendly innovative spin‐coating strategy, aimed at optimizing Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor films and adjusting the Se content within the film bulk to promote grain growth during selenization. This strategy effectively improves absorber morphology while suppressing the formation of deep‐level defects, thereby enhancing carrier transport in both interfacial and bulk regions of the absorber layer. Consequently, CZTSSe absorbers with enhanced crystallinity and reduced defects are synthesized, resulting in a solar cell with an impressive efficiency of 14.10%. These findings underscore the potential for creating highly efficient kesterite CZTSSe solar cells through the manipulation of precursor solution chemistry using environmentally friendly solvents.

STRATEGY OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

This article explores comprehensive approaches to the formulation of an innovative business development strategy, emphasising its critical role in enhancing competitiveness in the face of rapid market transformations. The article begins with an analysis of the current challenges faced by enterprises due to accelerating technological progress and changing consumer expectations, emphasising the urgency of integrating innovative solutions to maintain market relevance. The strategic development process is broken down into key stages, including analysing the internal and external environment, identifying priority innovation areas, selecting practical tools for implementation and evaluating effectiveness. Particular attention is paid to the application of design thinking, innovation clusters and start-up accelerators - tools that enable businesses to integrate innovative thinking into their core business processes and respond effectively to market demands. Design thinking is seen as a consumer-oriented approach that allows for the creation of products and services that resonate with market needs, promoting deeper customer engagement and satisfaction. Innovation clusters are seen as collaborative networks that bring together businesses, research institutions and industry experts to facilitate knowledge sharing and joint technological advancements. In addition, start-up incubators and accelerators are seen as important resources for small businesses and start-ups, providing mentoring, access to finance and strategic insights that can accelerate growth and bring innovative ideas to life. The article discusses the significant challenges faced by enterprises in implementing innovation-oriented strategies, including limited resources, high upfront costs and resistance to organisational culture change. In addition, the study highlights the importance of monitoring the results of innovation through key performance indicators (KPIs) and return on investment (ROI) to understand the effectiveness of strategic initiatives and guide necessary adjustments. The final section of the article offers recommendations for Ukrainian enterprises on how to successfully integrate innovation into their operations, suggesting that targeted government support, investment in digital infrastructure, and the promotion of an innovation culture can have a significant impact on national competitiveness.

Green Tea Catechins and Skin Health.

Green tea catechins (GTCs) are a group of bioactive polyphenolic compounds found in fresh tea leaves (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). They have garnered significant attention due to their diverse health benefits and potential therapeutic applications, including as antioxidant and sunscreen agents. Human skin serves as the primary barrier against various external aggressors, including pathogens, pollutants, and harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic factors such as genetics and hormonal changes, as well as extrinsic factors like environmental stressors, among which UVR plays a pivotal role in accelerating skin aging and contributing to various dermatological conditions. Research has demonstrated that GTCs possess potent antioxidant properties that help neutralize free radicals generated by oxidative stress. This action not only mitigates cellular damage but also supports the repair mechanisms inherent in human skin. Furthermore, GTCs exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects by inhibiting pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression. GTCs have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Chronic inflammation is known to contribute significantly to both premature aging and various dermatological diseases such as psoriasis or eczema. By regulating these pathways effectively, GTCs may alleviate symptoms associated with inflammatory conditions. GTCs can enhance wound healing processes by stimulating angiogenesis. They also facilitate DNA repair mechanisms within dermal fibroblasts exposed to damaging agents. The photoprotective properties attributed to GTCs further underscore their relevance in skincare formulations aimed at preventing sun-induced damage. Their ability to screen UV light helps shield underlying tissues from harmful rays. This review paper aims to comprehensively examine the beneficial effects of GTCs on skin health through an analysis encompassing in vivo and in vitro studies alongside insights into molecular mechanisms underpinning these effects. Such knowledge could pave the way for the development of innovative strategies focused on harnessing natural compounds like GTCs for improved skincare solutions tailored to combat environmental stresses faced by the human epidermis.

Prospects for Treatment of Lung Cancer Using Activated Lymphocytes Combined with Other Anti-Cancer Modalities.

This review explores the significance and prospects of using diverse T-cell variants in the context of combined therapy for lung cancer treatment. Recently, there has been an increase in research focused on understanding the critical role of tumor-specific T lymphocytes and the potential benefits of autologous T-cell-based treatments for individuals with lung cancer. One promising approach involves intravenous administration of ex vivo-activated autologous lymphocytes to improve the immune status of patients with cancer. Investigations are also exploring the factors that influence the success of T-cell therapy and the methods used to stimulate them. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of activated lymphocytes and deciphering the mechanisms underlying their activation of innate anti-tumor immunity will pave the way for numerous clinical trials and the development of innovative strategies for cancer therapy like combined immunotherapy and radiation therapy.

Development of Innovative Strategies to Promote the Growth of Entrepreneurships in the Canton Sucre, Province of Manabí, Ecuador

Development of Innovative Strategies to Promote the Growth of Entrepreneurships in the Canton Sucre, Province of Manabí, Ecuador

Radiation-Induced Macrovessel/Microvessel Disease.

Radiation therapy (RT) is a cornerstone in cancer treatment (used in 50% of cases), yet challenges persist because damage to normal tissue through direct impact of radiation or bystander effects is inevitable. Injury of macrovessels by RT manifests as obstructive disease, which is akin to atherosclerotic disease. Historically observed in coronary arteries of patients treated for breast cancer and lymphoma, it also affects patients receiving contemporary therapy for lung and chest cancers. Moreover, radiation at various sites can lead to peripheral vascular disease. An aspect of radiation-induced injury that has received little attention is microvascular injury, which typically results from damage to the endothelium and is considered the primary driver of RT-induced toxicity in the skin, kidney, and brain. This review delves into the clinical manifestations of RT-induced vascular disease, signaling pathways, cellular targets affected by radiation injury, and preclinical models of RT-induced vascular injury. The goal is to inspire the development of innovative strategies to prevent RT-related cardiovascular disease.

Trend, challenges, and determinants of technology integration in geometry problems-solving: A sequential explanatory analysis

This study explores trends, challenges, and success factors in integrating technology to enhance students' conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills in geometry. Using a sequential explanatory design, a quantitative analysis based on text mining and bibliometric methods was conducted on 197 articles from the ERIC database, followed by thematic analysis. The results indicate an annual publication growth of 32.26%, with key success factors including teacher competence, students' mathematical literacy, pedagogy-technology integration, and evaluation of instructional effectiveness. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the transformation of technology from an auxiliary tool to a core element of active learning. However, limited access and technological adaptation to complex problems remain significant obstacles. This study recommends teacher training, exploration of technology in teaching, and the development of innovative strategies and accessible technological tools. The implications of this study provide strategic guidance for policymakers, educators, and developers to optimize the use of technology in geometry education more innovatively and inclusively.

Protacs in cancer therapy: mechanisms, design, clinical trials, and future directions.

Cancer develops as a result of changes in both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which lead to the activation of oncogenes and the suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Despite advancements in cancer treatments, the primary approach still involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, typically providing a median survival of approximately five years for patients. Unfortunately, these therapeutic interventions often bring about substantial side effects and toxicities, significantly impacting the overall quality of life for individuals undergoing treatment. Therefore, urgent need of research required which comes up with effective treatment of cancer. This review explores the transformative role of Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) in cancer therapy. PROTACs, an innovative drug development strategy, utilize the cell's protein degradation machinery to selectively eliminate disease-causing proteins. The review covers the historical background, mechanism of action, design, and structure of PROTACs, emphasizing their precision in targeting oncogenic proteins. The discussion extends to the challenges, nanotechnology applications, and ongoing clinical trials, showcasing promising results and clinical progress. The review concludes with insights into patents, future directions, and the potential impact of PROTACs in addressing dysregulated protein expression across various diseases. Overall, it provides a concise yet comprehensive overview for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals involved in developing targeted therapies.

How to Build a Rural Community to Develop High-Quality Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Innovative Development Strategies for Idle Rural Homesteads in China

In China, rural tourism development constitutes a significant strategy for integrating and utilizing rural resources to achieve rural prosperity. However, reconciling the interests of villagers, government entities, and market actors is difficult in practice, leading to potential pitfalls such as the erosion of rural characteristics, villagers’ rights, and sustainability. The establishment of rural communities in China’s current rural areas can effectively resolve conflicts of interest among diverse stakeholders and address bottlenecks in rural tourism development. However, there is still a lack of theoretical and practical exploration of the maintenance and value realization of rural communities. This study explores the impact of innovative strategies employed during rural tourism development on community growth through a case study of the village of Baifeng in the Anhui province. The results indicate that fostering a sense of community among stakeholders and supporting marginalized groups are the most significant values in the development of rural communities. In practice, effective collaboration and communication among stakeholders, mutual acceptance and conflict resolution, and the development of community emotions/consciousness can help rural communities achieve high-quality construction. This study offers valuable insights into the theoretical advancement of rural communities and represents an excellent case study for the research on rural revitalization and common prosperity.