Detoxification Methods Research Articles

Infiltration of porcine pancreatic lipase into magnetic hierarchical mesoporous UiO-66-NH2 metal–organic frameworks for efficient detoxification of patulin from apple juice

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin known to globally contaminate fruits. The economic losses and health hazards caused by PAT desires a safe and efficient strategy for detoxifying PAT. Here, a magnetic core–shell hierarchical mesoporous metal–organic framework (Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2) was synthesized via a salt-assisted nanoemulsion guided assembly method. This mesoporous structure (centered at 4.25 nm) allowed porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) to infiltrate into the MOF shell at an immobilized amount of 255 mg/g, providing protection for PPL and enabling rapid separation and recovery. Compared with free PPL, PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 at 70 °C possessed 4.7 folds improved thermal stability in terms of half-life. The detoxification rates of immobilized enzyme for PAT in neutral water, acidic water, and apple juice were 99.6%, 60.9%, and 52.6%, respectively. Moreover, the so designed PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 showed extraordinary storage stability, reusability, and biocompatibility. Crucially, the quality of apple juice did not change significantly after PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 treatment, which facilitated its application in apple juice. The magnetic core–shell mesoporous structure along with the revealed mechanism of immobilized enzyme detoxification of PAT provide tremendous opportunity for designing a safe and efficient PAT detoxification method.

An Introduction to Ayurvedic Methods of Bloodletting

Ayurveda aims to prevent and cure diseases. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, bloodletting procedure is a kind of para-surgery practiced for the treatment of specifically blood borne diseases along with other surgical diseases. Therapeutic bloodletting is indicated in abscess, cellulitis, chronic ulcers resulting from snake bite, filariasis, genital infections, gout, herpes, inflammatory conditions, Skin disorders, tumors, ulcers, etc. While mentioning the five methods of body detoxification, the Ayurvedic texts mentions bloodletting as one among them, so it is one of the important therapies in Panchakarma. Bloodletting is also known as Phlebotomy and considered to be a prime treatment modality among the surgical procedures in Ayurveda. With curative aspects it also acts in preventive and promotive aspects. The vitiated impure blood is removed out from the body by the seven procedures - Venesection (Siravyadhana), scrapping (Pracchanna karma), horn application (Sringa avacharana), gourd application (Alabu avacharana), leech application (Jalauka avacharana), application of cupping pot/glass (Ghatiyantra avacharana), and needle application (Suchivyadhana). Bloodletting is also used to lower the iron levels and prevents its accumulation in various organs. Therapeutic bleed is a holistic treatment for impure blood and it helps to bring the body back into its natural and homoeostatic state.

Aflatoxins degradation and quality evaluation in naturally contaminated rice by dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma

In this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma was explored for degrading aflatoxins in naturally contaminated rice. Rice samples were inoculated with strains of toxigenic Aspergillus and incubated to produce various levels of aflatoxins. Cold plasma showed degradation rates of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxins (AFs) that were related to moisture content, oxygen content, treatment time and voltage. Generally, the treatment reduced 1.08%–55.34% of AFB1 and 4.23%–56.37% of AFs in rice under different conditions. Relative lower degradation rates can be due to low permeability of the plasma and interference from food matrix. In addition, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in moisture, protein, amylose and color of rice before and after treatment. However, cold plasma aggravated the fat oxidation of rice, and made its surface smoother and more porous. The results provided a theoretical basis for aflatoxins degradation from grain system using cold plasma. Industry relevanceIn this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma was applied in the degradation of aflatoxins in naturally contaminated rice, having obvious degradation effect and little quality impact. Cold plasma treatment, as a novel non-thermal processing technology, can reduce mycotoxins in food in order to fully ensure the product safety in various links, including production, storage and so on. Compared with other detoxification methods currently used in the industry, this technology can achieve similar or higher degradation effect in a shorter time. In addition, it is low-cost and will not pollute the environment or damage the sensory properties and nutritional value of products.

Highly efficient catalytic ozonation degradation of levofloxacin by facile hydrogenation-modified red mud wastes

Iron-rich red mud (RM) is a potential catalyst. However, as industrial waste, is strongly alkaline, low effectiveness, and safety concerns are problems that cannot be ignored, it is urgent to mine out a reasonable disposal and utilization technology for the waste. In this study, an effective catalyst (H-RM) was obtained by facile hydrogenation heating modification of red mud. Then above-prepared H-RM was applied in the catalytic ozonation degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). The H-RM exhibited more remarkable catalytic activities than the RM in terms of LEV degradation, and the optimal efficiency can reach over 90% within 50 min. The mechanism experiment proved that the concentration of dissolved ozone and hydroxyl radical (•OH) significantly increased, which enhanced the oxidation effect. Hydroxyl radical played a dominant role in the degradation of LEV. In the safety test, it is concluded that the concentration of total hexavalent chromium (total Cr(Ⅵ)) in the H-RM catalyst decreases and the leaching concentration of water-soluble Cr(Ⅵ) in aqueous solution is low. The results indicated that the hydrogenation technique is an available Cr (Ⅵ) detoxification method for RM. Moreover, the H-RM has excellent catalytic stability, which is beneficial to recycling and maintains high activity. This research provides an effective means to fulfill the reuse of industrial waste as an alternative to standard raw materials, and comprehensive utilization of the waste to attain the purpose of treating pollution with wastes.

РERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS OF ECOSYSTEMS

. Тhе development of synthetic organic chemistry is always determined bу creating of new compounds and application in medicine (pharmaceutics), production of cleaning, cosmetic remedies and nutrient additives. The production and application of such compounds are of minimum harm for people and environment regarding to special toxicological and sanitary requirements are concerned. However, multi-tonnage production of lacquers, dyes, rubber, pesticides, disinfectors, plastics, mineral and synthetic lubricants and their stabilizers, industrial surfactants and detergents, fluorocarbons, organometallic compounds make a great harm to environment. In this article the physico-chemical and toxicological characteristics of the most important persistent organic pollutants (РОР) have been described. The possible approaches and technologies of РОР disposal have bееn considered іn the framework of Stockholm Convention. Research show that when determining the most appropriate method of POPs detoxification, it is necessary to take into account, in addition to technological, some more economic and social factors, pay attention to ensuring human health.

Extracorporeal Detoxification Methods and Hemostasis System for Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clinical Case

Introduction. Malignant tumors dominate in the picture of disability and mortality worldwide. One of the most frequent and dangerous comorbid conditions is kidney injury. At the same time, the most unfavorable incidence of acute kidney injury is recorded in multiple myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma and kidney and/or liver cancer and malignant ovarian neoplasms. In this regard, of vital importance is the choice of tactics in the prevention of thrombosis and thromboembolic complications, as well as the individual approach to of the anticoagulant therapy regimen during renal replacement therapy sessions, depending on the underlying disease and the state of the hemostatic system. Aim. To evaluate the effect of calcium citrate veno-venous hemodiafi ltration sessions on the hemostatic system of a patient with progressive organ dysfunctions associated with malignant ovarian neoplasm. Materials and methods. The methodology involved literature review and a case study to assess the effect of veno-venous hemodiafi ltration on hemostasis. Results and discussion. The clinical case was assessed in terms of P-selectin (CD62), which characterizes platelet activation processes. It should be noted that in this patient, the expression of P-selectin increased with each session of renal replacement therapy, while the platelet aggregation values remained at the level of the lower thresholds, which indicates a low probability of coagulation initiation. However, due to aggressive regulation of ovarian cancer by the hemostatic system in the form of production of inflammatory mediators, microvesicles, tissue factor expression and endothelial activation, attention should be paid to the molecular aspects of platelet activation in renal replacement therapy with regional citrate coagulation. Conclusion. The widespread use of extracorporeal detoxification methods is an independent risk factor not only for bleeding events, but may potentially contribute to thrombosis and thromboembolic complications, which requires a further detailed study of molecular mechanisms of hemostasis regulation by tumor and clinical evaluation of various anticoagulation methods.

AFB1 Microbial Degradation by Bacillus subtilis WJ6 and Its Degradation Mechanism Exploration Based on the Comparative Transcriptomics Approach.

Aflatoxin pollution poses great harm to human and animal health and causes huge economic losses. The biological detoxification method that utilizes microorganisms and their secreted enzymes to degrade aflatoxin has the advantages of strong specificity, high efficiency, and no pollution inflicted onto the environment. In this study, Bacillus subtilis WJ6 with a high efficiency in aflatoxin B1 degradation was screened and identified through molecular identification, physiological, and biochemical methods. The fermentation broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell suspension degraded 81.57%, 73.27%, and 8.39% of AFB1, respectively. The comparative transcriptomics analysis indicated that AFB1 led to 60 up-regulated genes and 31 down-regulated genes in B. subtilis WJ6. A gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the function classifications of cell aggregation, the organizational aspect, and the structural molecule activity were all of large proportions among the up-regulated genes. The down-regulated gene expression was mainly related to the multi-organism process function under the fermentation condition. Therefore, B. subtilis WJ6 degraded AFB1 through secreted extracellular enzymes with the up-regulated genes of structural molecule activity and down-regulated genes of multi-organism process function.

Proso millet peroxidase-mediated degradation and detoxification of Rhodamine B in water

ABSTRACT Enzymatic catalysis is a promising approach for the degradation of organic pollutants and peroxidases (PODs) are one of the most common enzyme classes used to degrade organic pollutants. Proso millet peroxidase (PmPOD) is a peroxidase extracted and purified from proso millet bran which is the by-product of proso millet processing. In this study, we investigated the effects of PmPOD on the degradation of typical organic pollutants (Rhodamine B (RhB), bisphenol A, sulfadiazine) for the first time. Moreover, we screened RhB as the substrate with the best degradation effect. The degradation rate of RhB catalyzed by PmPOD (10 nM) reached 99.46% in 30 min under the optimal conditions (pH 5, 30°C, and molar ratio of RhB, H2O2 and HOBT of 1:9.58:1.94 × 10−3). The reaction kinetics parameters of PmPOD-mediated RhB degradation Km , V max and k cat were 62.2, 935.7 and 9.357 × 104, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses confirmed that PmPOD transformed RhB into two new products. Furthermore, toxicological evaluation in Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated that 10 μg/mL RhB significantly reduced the lifespan by 8.3%, reduced the motility and pharynx-pumping rate compared with the control group, while the 10 μg/mL RhB product had no significant effect on these indexes. These data indicated that the toxicity of RhB disappeared after catalytic degradation by PmPOD. Taken together, these data suggest that catalysis of PmPOD is an effective method for degradation and detoxification of RhB. This study provides a potential candidate method for the biological treatment of RhB, and improves the added value of proso millet bran.

Live Biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus: A Sustainable Method for Decoloration and Detoxification of Dyes in Water.

In this study, white-rot fungus, Rigidoporus vinctus, collected from an unidentified fallen twig from Pathankot, Punjab, India, was used for biosorption of anionic Congo red and cationic Methylene blue dyes from an aqueous medium. The biosorption efficiency of the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus was investigated to optimize biosorbent dosage, process time, concentrations of dyes, and pH of solutions. The results indicated that Rigidoporus vinctus is more efficient than other reported bio-adsorbents for Congo red and Methylene blue dyes. The maximum biosorption activity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red was found at pH 2, and that for Methylene blue was at pH 10, after 24 h of the reaction period. The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, which indicated that the interaction of both dyes to the adsorption sites on the surface of Rigidoporus vinctus was responsive to biosorption. The biosorption process could be well explained by the Langmuir isotherm for both dyes. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of Rigidoporus vinctus for Congo red and Methylene blue was observed to be 54.0 mg/g and 80.6 mg/g, respectively. The seed germination test was carried out, and it was assessed that the toxicity of dyes was reduced up to significant levels. Based on the present experimental findings, it can be concluded that biosorption using the live biomass of Rigidoporus vinctus can effectively decolorize dye-containing wastewater, thus reducing the hazardous effects of dyes on human beings.

Design and Functionality of a Prototype for Cold Needle Perforation of Wheat

Wheat is a vital crop in global food security, but up to 25% of the wheat harvested is contaminated with mycotoxins that have detrimental effects on human health. To address this issue, biological detoxification strategies have been developed using microorganisms and enzymes. Perforating the whole wheat kernel using cold needle perforation (CNP) followed by a detoxification step could be a promising approach to reduce cross-contamination during the milling of mycotoxin-containing wheat. In this study, a pilot-scale CNP prototype was developed to perforate wheat kernels, and its effectiveness was evaluated. The height-adjustable perforation unit consists of 3120 needles. The throughput of the CNP prototype was adjusted to 6 kg/h, and the kernels were perforated for 1, 5, or 10 cycles. The results show that the CNP prototype effectively perforates wheat kernels, as evidenced by the significant increase in pore count. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the penetration of particles in the size range of enzymes and microorganisms into the kernel. This study demonstrates the successful scale-up of CNP for wheat kernel perforation and highlights the potential of CNP as a cost-effective and efficient method for the biological detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated wheat.

Improvement of catalytic activity of sorbose dehydrogenase for deoxynivalenol degradation by rational design

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequently contaminated mycotoxin in food and feed worldwide, causing significant economic losses and health risks. Physical and chemical detoxification methods are widely used, but they cannot efficiently and specifically remove DON. In the study, the combination of bioinformatics screening and experimental verification confirmed that sorbose dehydrogenase (SDH) can effectively convert DON to 3-keto-DON and a substance that removes four hydrogen atoms for DON. Through rational design, the Vmax of the mutants F103L and F103A were increased by 5 and 23 times, respectively. Furthermore, we identified catalytic sites W218 and D281. SDH and its mutants have broad application conditions, including temperature ranges of 10–45 °C and pH levels of 4–9. Additionally, the half-lives of F103A at 90 °C (processing temperature) and 30 °C (storage temperature) were 60.1 min and 100.5 d, respectively. These results suggest that F103A has significant potential in the detoxification application of DON.

Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects.

Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.

Mycotoxin Contamination Status of Cereals in China and Potential Microbial Decontamination Methods.

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals can pose a significant health risk to animals and humans. China is one of the countries that is facing cereal contamination by mycotoxins. Treating mycotoxin-contaminated cereals with established physical and chemical methods can lead to negative effects, such as the loss of nutrients, chemical residues, and high energy consumption. Therefore, microbial detoxification techniques are being considered for reducing and treating mycotoxins in cereals. This paper reviews the contamination of aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A in major cereals (rice, wheat, and maize). Our discussion is based on 8700 samples from 30 provincial areas in China between 2005 and 2021. Previous research suggests that the temperature and humidity in the highly contaminated Chinese cereal-growing regions match the growth conditions of potential antagonists. Therefore, this review takes biological detoxification as the starting point and summarizes the methods of microbial detoxification, microbial active substance detoxification, and other microbial inhibition methods for treating contaminated cereals. Furthermore, their respective mechanisms are systematically analyzed, and a series of strategies for combining the above methods with the treatment of contaminated cereals in China are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for subsequent solutions to cereal contamination problems and for the development of safer and more efficient methods of biological detoxification.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Exploration of the traditional medicine Ipomoea carnea Jacq.

Background: Ipomoea carnea Jacq is an ethnopharmacological drug and its leaves, roots and latex are used for various indications by traditional healers. But seeds are not used in the treatment as they are more toxic. As the herbal medicines are becoming endangered, ethnopharmacological drug can be used efficiently as they are available abundantly. But the toxicity should be reduced for safer use in the treatment. Aim: Seeds of Ipomoea carnea Jacq are studied in the present study to observe the macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical changes in seeds after detoxification in different media. Methods and Materials: Detoxification method described in Ayurveda was used. Ipomoea carnea seeds were subjected to boiling for three hours with Cow’s milk. The same procedure was followed for another sample separately with Cow urine, sour gruel, Triphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) decoction and Distilled water as media. One raw sample was kept for comparison. The transverse section of the raw seed was studied. Microscopy of powder, physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of all the six samples was conducted and the observations were compared among all the samples. Results: The toxic principle Swainsonine was estimated as 3% in all the samples at retention time 3 minutes. The numbers of peaks were reduced in all the treated samples except DWSIC in comparison with raw sample and 2-4 peaks are observed at retention time 1-3 minutes in all treated samples. A new phytoamine having concentration 12% was detected at retention time 17 minutes in all (crude and purified) samples. Conclusion: The morpho-anatomical characteristics of the seed remain same even after being treated with different liquid media. The changes observed in HPLC may be due to antagonist and antidotal action of media used for detoxification.

Successful removal of heavy metals and environmental toxins using modern Mayr chelating detoxication in a patient: a model for prefertility treatment screening

Introduction: Heavy metals are naturally existing constituents of the earth that have a high specific density (above 5 g/cm3) and atomic weights (>40.4 Da). Once taken into the body, heavy metals are distributed in the blood and deposited in tissues. The contamination chain follows a cyclic order: from industry, to the atmosphere, soil, water, and foods, then humans. At Martlife detox clinic, a comprehensive treatment plan based on the Mayr method of detoxification designed for the removal of heavy metals is available. To begin with, a bio-energetic test which reveals the types of heavy metals present in the patient’s body is conducted. Thereafter, therapies targeted at extracting the heavy metals and neutralizing their effect on the reproductive organs are commenced. Methods: Patient A underwent a metal toxicity test using urine samples at Genova Diagnostics laboratory in the United States. Patient A afterward underwent a bioenergetics test followed by a detoxification plan during the following month at the Martlife Detox Clinic. We performed a repeat test after detoxication at the Genova Diagnostics laboratory to know the outcome of the detoxication. Results: Genova Diagnostics laboratory’s first metal toxicity test revealed significantly high values of copper, manganese, vanadium, rubidium, gadolinium, and cesium. It also revealed similar outcomes with the bioenergetics testing before the detoxication process began at Martlife Detox Clinic. The repeat test showed that the detoxication process was successful. Conclusion(s): Our findings conclude that the modern Mayr method effectively reduces toxic levels of heavy metals. The bioenergetics test, which is less invasive, cheaper, and faster than the urine test, can also be used to check for toxins in the body.

Impact of enteral administration of sodium hypochlorite on the mechanisms of inflammation and hemostasis in cancer patients with enteral insufficiency syndrome after multi-organ surgeries

Background. Enteral insufficiency syndrome is a complicated and multifactorial symptom complex that is accompanied with impaired functions of the gastrointestinal tract and is also one of the main causes of the development of endotoxicosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, abdominal sepsis, septic shock, and multi-organ failure. Thrombosis, which is associated with oncological diseases, is another common cause of death among patients with cancer after the progression of the disease. Development and implementation of new methods of detoxification in cancer patients in clinical practice after multi-organ surgeries is a major problem in intensive care. Purpose – to study the effectiveness of the enteral administration of sodium hypochlorite in cancer patients after multi-organ surgeries with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and to monitor the dynamics of certain markers of inflammation. Materials and methods. 53 patients with cancer were observed after having undergone multi-organ surgeries on the abdominal organs. The patients were divided into two groups: the main group (n=27), in which indirect electrochemical detoxification with sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 0,06% was carried out by the drip infusion method through a gastrointestinal tube, and the comparison group (n=26), in which the treatment was performed according to standard treatment regimens. The examination was carried out at 3 stages – before NaClO infusion, on the 1st and the 7th day after the indirect electrochemical detoxification. Groups were compared according to age and anatomical and functional zones of the surgery (the surgery was performed on the abdominal organs). Results. Patients with stage 2/3 enteral insufficiency syndrome were treated with the method of electrochemical detoxification with sodium hypochlorite, which led to the inflammation reduction and normalization of the hemostatic system parameters. In patients, who were receiving sodium hypochlorite (the main group), the reduction in inflammatory mediators was observed: C-reactive protein (CRP) – from 22.1 to 5.6 mg/l, interleukin-6 (IL-6) – from 14,36 to 1.55 pg/ml, and also hemostatic parameters were improved. A decrease in the international normalized ratio (INR), fibrin, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer level, blood clotting time, and an increase in prothrombin index were observed. Analyzing the effectiveness, it should be noted that the correction of the hemostatic system and the development of inflammation are significantly faster (on the 1st day after the NaClO infusion) compared with standard treatment methods while also ensuring plasma preservation. Conclusions. The use of the method of electrochemical detoxification with 0,06% NaClO in postoperative intensive therapy in enteral insufficiency syndrome prevents the development of systemic inflammation and hypocoagulation. The inclusion of sodium hypochlorite in the complex postoperative therapy during the day allowed the development of inflammation (a decrease in the expression of IL-6 and CRP) to be halted and procoagulative changes (a decrease in INR, fibrin, APTT, D-dimer level, blood clotting time, and an increase in prothrombin index) to be achieved.

Detoxification of fluoroglucocorticoid by Acinetobacter pittii C3 via a novel defluorination pathway with hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction: Performance, genomic characteristics, and mechanism

Biological dehalogenation degradation was an important detoxification method for the ecotoxicity and teratogenic toxicity of fluorocorticosteroids (FGCs). The functional strain Acinetobacter pittii C3 can effectively biodegrade and defluorinate to 1 mg/L Triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a representative FGCs, with 86 % and 79 % removal proportion in 168 h with the biodegradation and detoxification kinetic constant of 0.031/h and 0.016/h. The dehalogenation and degradation ability of strain C3 was related to its dehalogenation genomic characteristics, which manifested in the functional gene expression of dehalogenation, degradation, and toxicity tolerance. Three detoxification mechanisms were positively correlated with defluorination pathways through hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction, which were regulated by the expression of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) gene (mupP, yrfG, and gph), oxygenase gene (dmpA and catA), and reductase gene (nrdAB and TgnAB). Hydrolysis defluorination was the most critical way for TA detoxification metabolism, which could rapidly generate low-toxicity metabolites and reduce toxic bioaccumulation due to hydrolytic dehalogenase-induced defluorination. The mechanism of hydrolytic defluorination was that the active pocket of hydrolytic dehalogenase was matched well with the spatial structure of TA under the adjustment of the hydrogen bond, and thus induced molecular recognition to promote the catalytic hydrolytic degradation of various amino acid residues. This work provided an effective bioremediation method and mechanism for improving defluorination and detoxification performance.

Mixed infection with COVID-19 and tropical malaria (case report)

This article describes a clinical case of mixed infection with COVID-19 and tropical malaria. Patient Z., 37 years old, arrived from the Central African Republic with a diagnosis of New coronavirus infection COVID-19, confirmed (PCR RNA SARS-CoV-2+ from January 27, 2022) mild form. During an objective examination, the subictericity of the sclera and skin integument attracted attention. During thermometry, an increase in body temperature to 39.0C was found. Consciousness at the level of somnolence was observed. Hemodynamics was unstable, with episodes of arterial hypotension; heart rate was 96 beats per minute. Respiratory rate was 24 breaths in 1 minute, SpO2 95%, and with inspiratory dyspnea. According to the patients laboratory study results, severe thrombocytopenia, apparent signs of hepatic and renal insufficiency, hyperbilirubinemia, increased concentrations of C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin were revealed. A differential diagnostic search was performed between acute viral hepatitis and malaria. Blood microscopy revealed young trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum (++++) using the thick drop method. Antimalarial therapy with Malacur was prescribed, which was then replaced with parenteral Quinine followed by mefloquine. In parallel, extracorporeal detoxification operations were performed. The patients condition was stabilized against adequate etiotropic therapy and complex intensive care measures. On the 40th day, the patient was discharged restored health.
 The purpose of demonstrating a clinical case is to attract increased attention to the problem of imported cases of malaria, which, when combined with COVID-19 infection, may remain unrecognized for a long time, especially in cases where the diagnosis of COVID-19 receives rapid laboratory confirmation.
 Adequate and timely antimalarial therapy, including a complex of intensive care measures supplemented with extracorporeal detoxification methods, is the basis for a successful outcome in patients with severe malaria with the development of severe complications.

Deoxynivalenol in food and feed: Recent advances in decontamination strategies.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates animal feed and crops around the world. DON not only causes significant economic losses, but can also lead diarrhea, vomiting, and gastroenteritis in humans and farm animals. Thus, there is an urgent need to find efficient approaches for DON decontamination in feed and food. However, physical and chemical treatment of DON may affect the nutrients, safety, and palatability of food. By contrast, biological detoxification methods based on microbial strains or enzymes have the advantages of high specificity, efficiency, and no secondary pollution. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recently developed strategies for DON detoxification and classify their mechanisms. In addition, we identify remaining challenges in DON biodegradation and suggest research directions to address them. In the future, an in-depth understanding of the specific mechanisms through which DON is detoxified will provide an efficient, safe, and economical means for the removal of toxins from food and feed.

Detoxification of patulin in apple juice by enzymes and evaluation of its degradation products

The contamination of patulin is widely present in apple, hawthorn, pear, and their products. Many patulin detoxification methods have already been reported, among which enzymes are considered as one of the most promising degradation methods. However, in the reports available so far, patulin-degrading enzymes have rarely been separated and produced, making their application limited. In this study, four commercial enzymes including esterase, peroxidase, lipase A, and lipase M with the potential ability were used for patulin degradation. The results showed that four enzymes can degrade patulin with a rate of 97.8%, 53.2%, 76.3%, and 68.2%, respectively. The soluble solids content, pH value, browning degree, transmittance, organic acids and soluble sugar content, and volatile components of apple juice did not vary much or were within the acceptable range. The main degradation products of patulin were desoxypatulinic acid and hydroascladiol, the toxicity of which have been reported to be lower than that of patulin. Our discovery may provide a more convenient option for enzymes in juice detoxification. • The removal effects of four commercial enzymes on patulin were evaluated. • Esterase with a high degradation rate of 97.8% for Patulin was screened. • The effects of commercial enzymes on the quality of apple juice were evaluated. • The degradation products DPA and Hydroascladiol with lower toxicity were obtained.